12 Common Philosophies

1. 12 Common
Teaching
pilosophies
BY: ANTHONETTE LASTIMA

2. 12 Common Teaching Philosophies:
1. Behaviorism
2. Conservatism
3. Constructivism
4. Essentialism
5. Humanism
6. Idealism
7. Liberalism
8. Perennialism
9. Positivism
10. Pragmatism
11. Progressivism
12. Realism

3. 1. Behaviorism
Behaviorism suggests that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning, with no inherent behaviors. It
suggests that our actions are shaped by external
influences, such as positive or negative
reinforcement, which shape our understanding of the
world and desired outcomes.

4. Behaviorism
The two types of behavioral learning are:
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning involves learning new behavior by
associating two neutral stimuli, one causing a natural response
and the other triggering a conditioned response in the subject's
mind.
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning technique where
consequences control responses, based on the theory that
behavior is more likely to occur when a person knows it might
lead to reward or punishment, and introduces positive or
negative reinforcement.

5. 2. Conservatism
Conservatism in pedagogy suggests that education's
original purpose was to prepare learners for entering
an established culture with its traditional values and
social pathways. It views teaching as data
transmission and learning as obedience and data
acceptance. This school of thought may deny
nonacademic functions of education, such as teaching
about social interactions and individual values, and
may deny the importance of schools in these areas.

6. Constructivist philosophy posits that learners develop
knowledge by building on previous experiences,
acknowledging that they come from diverse
backgrounds and bring their unique circumstances and
experiences to the classroom environment, which can
impact their ability to absorb new information.
3. Constructivism

7. Constructivism
Constructivism encompasses ideas about unique foundations and learning
outcomes, along with the following precepts:
Social interactions, such as those experienced through discussion and
group work, are essential to the construction of knowledge.
It's necessary for learners to engage actively in learning activities not only
to gain knowledge but also to retain it and build meaningfully on top of it.
It's also necessary for individuals to reflect actively on their learning so
that they achieve a more complete understanding of new ideas.
Learning happens when people can connect new information with what
they already know or thought they knew.
Motivation and a willingness to reflect on previous learning are crucial to
the learning process.
As learners develop, they become better and identifying relevant
information, classifying it mentally and weaving it into sophisticated
systems of thought that incorporate multiple simultaneous ideas.

8. 4. Essentialism
Essentialism is a teaching approach that focuses on
mastering core subjects and skills, such as reading,
writing, mathematics, science, history, art, music, and
foreign languages. It begins with simple concepts and
gradually increases complexity as students progress.
Essentialist teaching methods often use rote practice
and standardized assessment, with technology
becoming a modern addition.

9. 5. Humanism
Humanism is a teaching philosophy that prioritizes
student needs and self-direction. It aims to foster a love
for learning and competency by creating a safe,
nonthreatening environment. Humanistic educators
validate students' feelings and use self-evaluation as the
only meaningful form of assessment. Grades play little
to no role in this approach, ensuring a positive learning
experience for all students.

10. 6. Idealism
Idealism is a teaching philosophy that believes ideas are
the only true reality and that the goal of learning is to
seek the truth. It suggests that true ideas are universal
constants, and learners can discover knowledge but not
necessarily create it. The idealist approach aims to
develop a mind and skills that can better serve society,
with a role model serving as a guide to understanding
one's place and contributions.

11. 7. Liberalism
Liberalism is a philosophy that promotes the
development of free individuals through exposure to
diverse subjects and skills, and the application of civic
values. It is a multidisciplinary approach to education,
allowing learners to choose their path and develop
knowledge across various subjects, resulting in a well-
rounded education. Thus, this philosophy tends to result
in what people commonly call a "well-rounded
education."

12. 8. Perennialism
Perennialist teaching philosophy emphasizes teaching
timeless, universally valuable ideas, including reasoning
and critical thinking, and incorporating concepts from
figures like Plato and Einstein. The educator guides
students in critical thinking and logical thinking,
demonstrating appreciation for great works and
promoting universal value and truth.

13. 9. Positivism
Positivism, derived from the Latin word "a posteriori,"
meaning "from experience," is a teaching philosophy
rooted in the idea that knowledge is best acquired
through observation and experimentation. It
emphasizes concrete data and verifiable notions,
making it a prominent approach in science and
engineering education.

14. Positivism
Positivist classrooms are often characterized by:
Hands-on learning: Students learn by actively engaging with the
material, conducting experiments, and collecting data.
Emphasis on data analysis: Students learn to analyze and interpret data
to draw conclusions and support their understanding.
Focus on objectivity: Subjectivity and personal opinions are minimized,
with the priority given to factual information and evidence-based
reasoning.
Logical reasoning: Students are encouraged to develop critical thinking
skills and draw logical conclusions from their observations and data.

15. 10. Pragmatism
The pragmatist approach in education aims to teach
practical knowledge and skills to learners through
methods like project-based learning, experiential
learning, experimentation, and excursions. The
definition of pragmatic depends on the learner's
circumstances, environment, and time. As societies
evolve, the pragmatic teaching philosophy adapts to
provide relevant education, adapting to changing
technologies and lifestyles.

16. 11. Progressivism
Progressivism is a student-oriented teaching philosophy
that emphasizes individuality and active learning. It
suggests that the ideal learning situation is when
subject matter is relevant to the learner's life and
abilities. Progressivist educators aim to spark curiosity
and engagement by highlighting the relevance of
academic topics, emphasizing interaction, cooperation,
and considering other viewpoints as essential elements
of learning.

17. 12. Realism
The realist teaching philosophy asserts that reality and
the mind's perception are separate phenomena, with
objective truths and values. Education aims to promote
rational thought to uncover truth. Realist educators
focus on critical thinking and the scientific method,
helping learners overcome preconceptions and biases to
approach a more logical perception.

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