The document discusses using the present perfect and past perfect tenses when reporting what someone else has said. It explains that: 1) When reporting speech, tenses shift backwards since the original speech occurred in the past. So the present perfect becomes the past perfect, formed with "had" plus the past participle. 2) The past simple tense also changes to the past perfect when reporting past speech. 3) Examples are given demonstrating how direct speech shifts to reported speech by changing the verb tenses to the appropriate past tense.

1. Reported speech
Using the present and past perfect

2. Present Perfect Tense
This tense links the past with the past with the present
We form it using has/have + past participle
“I’ve lived in Cambodia my whole life” -Bill
NowPast
Bill started living in Cambodia when
he was born, and he still does today

3. Past Perfect Tense
When we talk about something someone has said, we change the tense since
it was said in the past. Here, the present perfect changes to the past perfect.
“I’ve lived in Cambodia my whole life” -Bill
When Bill said itPast Now

4. Past Perfect Tense
We form the past perfect using had + past participle.
Bill said he had lived in Cambodia his whole life.
“I’ve lived in Cambodia my whole life” -Bill
When Bill said itPast Now
Remember, our pronouns also
need to change because
someone else is talking about
Bill

5. Changing from the Past Simple
Just like the present perfect, the past simple changes to the past perfect.
Bill said he had lived in Cambodia until he was 12.
“I lived in Cambodia until I was 12” -Bill
When Bill said itPast Now
In this case the past tense
and past participle lived are
the same, but sometimes the
verb will have to change.

6. Further Examples
Direct Speech
“I have been to Spain,” he said.
She said, “my brother has beaten so many
games!”
“I lived in England,” she said.
“Ted ate a whole pizza,” he said.
Reported Speech
He said he had been to Spain.
She said her brother had beaten so many
games”
She said she had lived in England
He said Ted had eaten a whole pizza.