Renewable energy is an energy source which can be replenished naturally and indefinitely and thus is not going to run out. Most of the renewable energy sources comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other Forms of renewable energy.  Solar  Wind  Geothermal  Bioenergy  Ocean energy  Hydrogen & fuel cells About 23.7% of global electricity consumptions comes from renewables, with 16.6% for hydroelectricity. [1] The electrical generation globally is mainly from hydroelectricity and the rest from new renewables. Renewable Energy can be divided into three sectors. [2]  Electric Power sector  Heat Energy Sector  Transport Sector On each of these sectors different forms of renewables dominate, hence the requirement of renewable energy sources are increasing rapidly. When considering the Electric Power Sector the following renewable energy forms are used.  Hydro  Bio Energy  Geothermal  Solar PV  Solar CSP (concentrated solar thermal Power)  Wind When consider the Heat sector geothermal, solar, biomass are used. More over the transport industry is dominated by ethanol and biodiesel renewables. Countries like China, United States, India Japan, and Brazil are continuously working on the conversion process from non-renewable energy sources to renewable energy sources.

1. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF RUHUNA
ME 7312: ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Renewable Energy Technologies
31st
July 2018
Group members:
DINUSHA G.L.N (EG/2014/2392)
HARESANKAR J (EG/2014/2420)

2. i
Contents
1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1
2 Reasons for deploying Renewable Energy ............................................................................. 1
3 Wind energy............................................................................................................................ 2
3.1 Horizontal axis ................................................................................................................. 2
3.2 Vertical axis...................................................................................................................... 2
3.3 Darrieus turbine................................................................................................................ 2
3.4 Giromill turbine................................................................................................................ 2
3.5 Savonius turbine............................................................................................................... 3
3.6 Wind energy consumption in the world ........................................................................... 3
4 Ocean wave energy................................................................................................................. 3
4.1.1 Wave energy converters (WEC)............................................................................... 4
4.2 Research and Development.............................................................................................. 5
4.3 Wave energy consumption in the world........................................................................... 6
5 Hydro energy .......................................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Parts of hydro power plant ............................................................................................... 6
5.1.1 Dams ......................................................................................................................... 6
5.1.2 Water reservoir.......................................................................................................... 6
5.1.3 Intake or control gates............................................................................................... 6
5.1.4 The Penstock............................................................................................................. 6
5.1.5 Water turbines........................................................................................................... 6
5.1.6 Generator................................................................................................................... 7
5.1.7 Turbine...................................................................................................................... 7
5.2 Hydropower energy consumption in the world................................................................ 7
6 Bio Energy .............................................................................................................................. 7
6.1.1 Direct Combustion process....................................................................................... 8
6.2 Thermochemical Process.................................................................................................. 8
6.2.1 Biochemical Processes.............................................................................................. 9
6.2.2 Chemical Processes................................................................................................... 9
6.2.3 Bio Energy and Global Market................................................................................. 9
6.2.4 Novel trends and integrations to the Bio energy industry....................................... 10
7 Geothermal Energy............................................................................................................... 11
7.1.1 Technology overview.............................................................................................. 11
7.1.2 Global Market ......................................................................................................... 11
7.1.3 Trend in the Industry and new integrations ............................................................ 11
8 Solar Energy.......................................................................................................................... 11
8.1 Solar PV Industry........................................................................................................... 11
8.2 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power.............................................................................. 12
8.3 Solar Thermal Heating and cooling ............................................................................... 12
9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 13
References..................................................................................................................................... 14

3. ii
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 Renewable Energy Sources used in Villages in India [1]............................................. 1
Figure 3-1: Parts of horizontal axis wind mill ................................................................................ 2
Figure 3-2: Darrieus type turbine.................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3-3: Giromill type turbine.................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3-4: Sayonius wind turbine.................................................................................................. 3
Figure 4-1: Attenuator device: Pelamis wave farm [6].................................................................. 4
Figure 4-2: Point absorber device: OTP Powerbuoy [3] ................................................................ 4
Figure 4-3: Terminator device: Salter’s Duck [7]........................................................................... 4
Figure 4-4: Submerged pressure differential [8]............................................................................. 5
Figure 4-5: Over topping device..................................................................................................... 5
Figure 4-6: OWC: the Limpet [10]................................................................................................. 5
Figure 4-7: Schematics of the INWAVE device model configuration [8] ..................................... 5
Figure 4-8: Hydro power plant dam................................................................................................ 6
Figure 4-9: Illustration of the wave energy converter (WEC) device developed in Lysekil Project:
(a) one of the WEC prototypes L12 was assembled at the harbor; and (b) a simplified mechanical
structure of a direct-drive type WEC device................................................................................... 6
Figure 5-1 Parts of a Dam............................................................................................................... 6
Figure 6-1 wood chips used in bioenergy generation [4] ............................................................... 7
Figure 6-2 Direct combustion Process [6] ...................................................................................... 8
Figure 6-3 Bio energy plant [6] ...................................................................................................... 8
Figure 6-4 Bio Diesel Plant [5]....................................................................................................... 9
Figure 6-5 Bio chemical Plant [1]................................................................................................. 10
Figure 6-6 Geothermal Plant......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 8-1 Solar PV Panel [9]....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 8-2 CSP Plant in Spain [12]............................................................................................... 12
Figure 8-3 Solar Thermal Heating panel [17]............................................................................... 13
Figure 9-1 Solar panel donation in India [9]................................................................................. 13

4. iii
List of Tables
Table 3.1: Wind energy consumption in the world......................................................................... 3
Table 5.1 Country and Hydro Power consumption ........................................................................ 7
Table 6.1 Bio Energy consumption by country [1]....................................................................... 10
Table 7.1 Geothermal Energy Consumption by country [1]......................................................... 11
Table 8.1 Solar PV Usage by Country [1] .................................................................................... 12
Table 8.2 Solar CSP plant Forecast [1]......................................................................................... 12
Table 8.3 Solar Heating Usage by country [1] ............................................................................. 13
Table 9.1 Change in Renewable power addition relative to 2014 [1] .......................................... 13
Table 9.2 Addition of Energy in transport sector and power sector [1] [9].................................. 14

5. 1
1 Introduction
Renewable energy is an energy source which
can be replenished naturally and indefinitely
and thus is not going to run out. Most of the
renewable energy sources comes either
directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight
can be used directly for heating and lighting
homes and other Forms of renewable
energy.
 Solar
 Wind
 Geothermal
 Bioenergy
 Ocean energy
 Hydrogen & fuel cells
About 23.7% of global electricity
consumptions comes from renewables, with
16.6% for hydroelectricity. [1]
The electrical generation globally is mainly
from hydroelectricity and the rest from new
renewables.
Renewable Energy can be divided into
three sectors. [2]
 Electric Power sector
 Heat Energy Sector
 Transport Sector
On each of these sectors different forms
of renewables dominate, hence the
requirement of renewable energy sources are
increasing rapidly.
When considering the Electric Power
Sector the following renewable energy forms
are used.
 Hydro
 Bio Energy
 Geothermal
 Solar PV
 Solar CSP (concentrated solar
thermal Power)
 Wind
When consider the Heat sector
geothermal, solar, biomass are used. More
over the transport industry is dominated by
ethanol and biodiesel renewables.
Countries like China, United States,
India Japan, and Brazil are continuously
working on the conversion process from non-
renewable energy sources to renewable
energy sources. [1]
2 Reasons for deploying Renewable
Energy
When considering nonrenewable energy
sources like fossil the trend of depletion is
very rapid and the possibility of complete
extinction is closing in these energy carriers.
Therefore the need of alternative energy
supply is increasingly rapidly. [3]
More over when considering the
impact on the environment Renewable
energy sources can be considered complete
green as the net effect on eco cycle is zero.
Meanwhile nonrenewable sources cause
large impact on the environment causing
global warming, effect on flora and fauna,
and also paves the way to an unbalanced eco
system.
Due to these reasons it is very much
necessary to concentrate on renewable
energy sources and invest more on these
industries.
Figure 2-1 Renewable Energy Sources used in Villages
in India [1]

6. 2
3 Wind energy
Wind power is a renewable used to
generate electricity by converting wind
energy into mechanical energy. The wind is
use to govern the wind turbines (wind mill).
This mechanical energy is then converted
into electricity by the use of an electrical
generator located within each individual
wind machine. Wind turbines can be
categorized in to two, horizontal and vertical
axis. All these turbines have their unique
properties.
3.1 Horizontal axis
Horizontal axis wind turbines are the
most common type used to generate the
electricity. All the main components such as
wind blades, shaft and generator are located
on top of a tall tower. Shaft is horizontal to
the ground and blades are attached to the
shaft perpendicular manner. Shaft start to
rotate when the wind hits the blades. This
kinematic energy is transfer to the generator
via gear box to manage the speed. Then
generator convers the kinetic energy into the
electrical energy. Horizontal axis wind
turbine are further divided into two types,
1. Upwind turbine: The turbine which
the rotor faces the wind first.
2. Downwind turbine: The turbine
which the rotor is present at the
downside of the tower.
3.2 Vertical axis
In vertical axis turbine blades are
attached to the top and the bottom of a
vertical shaft which is perpendicular to the
earth flow. All the components of the turbine
is closer to the ground and fixed to a tower.
Vertical – axis wind turbines quantity is less
because of they do not perform as well as
horizontal-axis turbines.
There are further classified as,
3.3 Darrieus turbine
This turbine is discovered by French
aeronautical engineer, Georges Jean Marie
Darrieus. It also call as egg beater turbine
because of it shape.
Figure 3-2: Darrieus type turbine
3.4 Giromill turbine
It is quite similar to the Darrieus turbine but,
it has H-shaped rotor. It works on the same
concept of Darrieus turbine.
Figure 3-1: Parts of horizontal axis wind mill

7. 3
3.5 Savonius turbine
Savorius turbine was discovered by a
finish engineer Sigurd Johannes. It is drag
type device and consists of two or three
scoops. Its top cross section view has a shape
of ‘S’.
Figure 3-4: Sayonius wind turbine
Advantages:
 No pollution
 Lowest prices renewable resources
 Don’t produce atmospheric
emissions that cause acid rains and
greenhouse effect.
Disadvantages:
 Energy generation change according
to the wind variations and many
good wind sites are located in remote
locations.
 Wind energy can’t be stored.
 Migrations birds have been killed by
flying in to the rotors of the wind
mills.
3.6 Wind energy consumption in the
world
Table 3.1: Wind energy consumption in the world
China Consumption (MW)
USA 114609
Germany 65879
Spain 39165
India 22987
United Kingdom 12440
4 Ocean wave energy
Ocean wave energy is captured directly
from surface waves or pressure fluctuations
below the ocean surface. Tidal are generated
by the wind as it blows across the sea surface.
Energy is transferred from the wind to the
waves.
Advantages
 Highest energy density among
renewable energy sources.
 Limited negative environmental
impact.
 Free unlimited energy.
 Not expensive to operate and
maintain.
 Can generate power up to 90% of the
time, compared to 20-30% for wind
and solar power devices.
Figure 3-3: Giromill type turbine

8. 4
Disadvantages
 Suitable to certain locations.
 Effect on marine ecosystem.
 Power generation is depend on the
wave.
 Should be able to withstand in the
rough weather conditions.
 A significant challenge is the
conversion of the slow (0.1Hz),
random, and high-force oscillatory
motion into useful motion to drive a
generator.
 Operating in high corrosive
environment.
4.1.1 Wave energy converters (WEC)
A machine able to exploit
wave power is generally known as a wave
energy converter (WEC). There are over
1000 wave energy converting concepts and
method all over the world. Despite this large
variation in design, WECs are generally
categorized by location, type and the modes
of the operation. There are three type of
locations in the oceans according to the
establishment of the wav energy power plant.
Shoreline devices which can be placed on sea
bottom in shallow water, Near to shore
devices which can be deployment in
approximately 10 -20 meters of water depth,
hundreds of meters or up to some kilometers
away from shore and the offshore devices
which Floating or submerged devices in deep
waters, moored to the sea floor. The
advantage of siting a WEC in deep water is
that it can harvest and generate greater
amount of energy because of the higher
energy content in the deep water waves but it
is difficult to construct and maintain because
of the greater wave height and energy content
in the waves, need to be designed with high
strength and non-corrosive materials. But,
floating devices in deep water offer greater
structural economy. It is useful to note that
wave energy occurs in the movements of
water near the surface of the sea. Up to 95%
of the energy in a wave is located between the
water surface and one- quarter of a wave
length below it. From the large variation in
designs and concepts, WECs can be
classified into three predominant types.
Which are point absorber, attenuator and the
terminator.
Figure 4-2: Point absorber device: OTP Powerbuoy [3]
Figure 4-1: Attenuator device: Pelamis wave farm [6].
Figure 4-3: Terminator device: Salter’s Duck [7].

9. 5
Methods of operation also can be divided in
to the three main four main categories, which
are submerged pressure differential,
oscillating wave surge converter, oscillating
water column and the over topping device.
4.2 Research and Development
Modeling and Simulation of wave Energy
converter INWAVE
INGINE Inc. developed its own wave energy
converter (WEC) named INWAVE and has
currently installed three prototype modules in
Jeju Island, Korea. This device is an on shore
type WEC that consists of a buoy, pulleys
fixed to the sea-floor and a power take off
module (PTO). Three ropes are moored
tightly on the bottom of the buoy and
connected to the PTO via the pulleys, which
are moving back and forth according to the
motion of the buy [8].
Impact of Generator Stroke Length on
Energy Production for a direct drive wave
Energy Converter
The Lysekil wave energy converter (WEC),
developed by the wave energy research group
of Uppsala University, has evolved through a
variety of mechanical designs since the first
prototype was installed in 2006 [9]
Figure 4-5: Over topping device
Figure 4-4: Submerged pressure differential [8]
Figure 4-6: OWC: the Limpet [10]
Figure 4-7: Schematics of the INWAVE device model
configuration [8]

10. 6
Figure 4-9: Illustration of the wave energy converter
(WEC) device developed in Lysekil Project: (a) one of the
WEC prototypes L12 was assembled at the harbor; and
(b) a simplified mechanical structure of a direct-drive
type WEC device.
4.3 Wave energy consumption in the
world
Country Consumption (MW)
South Korea 256
France 240
Canada 20
United Kingdom 9.1
China 4.4
5 Hydro energy
Hydropower or waterpower, is a type of
energy derived from the energy of the water
like waterfalls, dams or reservoirs.
5.1 Parts of hydro power plant
5.1.1 Dams
Solid barrier that constructed with unique
shape in a suitable location across a river
valley to store flowing water.
5.1.2 Water reservoir
Water reservoir is the place behind the dam
where water is stored. Potential energy of the
water higher when the dam is taller.
5.1.3 Intake or control gates
These gates built on the inside of the dam.
Releasing of the water from the reservoir and
controlling part is done by these gates.
5.1.4 The Penstock
The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that
carries the water flowing from the reservoir
towards the power generation unit.
5.1.5 Water turbines
Water flowing from the penstock is allowed
to enter the power generation unit, which
houses the turbine and the generator.
Figure 5-1 Parts of a hydro power plant
Figure 4-8: Hydro power plant dam

11. 7
5.1.6 Generator
Generator is used to convert the kinetic
energy of the flowing water into the electric
energy.
5.1.7 Turbine
Turbine is used to extract the kinetic energy
from the flowing water. There are different
kinds of turbines. Which are used according
to the pressure head and the location.
5.2 Hydropower energy consumption
in the world
Table 5.1 Country and Hydro Power consumption
Country Consumption
(GWh)
China 1398207
United state 249080
Brazil 356146
Canada 376838
India 120270
Germany 18667
Russia 166313
Sri Lanka 5909
6 Bio Energy
Bio energy is generated by renewable
organic waste. It can be generated be in the
usable form of Solid, liquid and gas. Solid
and gaseous forms are used in electric plants
while liquid form is used in road and aviation
transport modes. Several raw materials can
be used in the production of bio fuel. [4]
 Lumber Scrap
 Forest debris
 Crops
 Manure
 Waste residues.
Bio energy is renewable because the
existence of the raw material and the cycle it
undergoes keeps a continuous flow as it is
produced using organic waste.
Bioenergy is also considered to be
green because the net carbon dioxide released
to the environment is approximately zero in a
given short period of time. Plants absorb
carbon dioxide during Photosynthesis and
this Carbon dioxide is released during
combustion of biomass, hence resulting
equilibrium and the net effect zero. Therefore
the energy created is considered to be carbon
neutral.
There are several methods used in
Bioenergy conversion process. Here some
mainly identified processes are as follows [5]
 Direct combustion process
 Thermochemical processes.
 Biochemical processes.
 Chemical conversion
Figure 6-1 wood chips used in bioenergy generation [4]

12. 8
6.1.1 Direct Combustion process
Here biomass is used directly to
produce the necessary energy. Normally, the
bio mass fuel is burned in a boiler to produce
steam at high pressure. This is very much
similar to coal power plants, here the
pressurized steam is sent to rotate the turbine.
This method is used in areas where there is a
high availability of scrap of biomass so that
the process is continuous. The combustion
boiler design depends on the application and
the properties of the biomass like the content
and quality. Several techniques are
undertaken to increase the efficiency of the
process. [5]
6.2 Thermochemical Process
Thermochemical processes are used
to create energy carriers from biomass to
make energy dense substance under
controlled temperature and oxygen condition.
This also result in easy transportable
substance. They can be obtained in the form
of solid, liquid or gas. These energy carriers
have dependable combustion characteristics
that can be used under calculated
circumstances.
Thermochemical process can be
categorized under several topics depending
on the process procedure. [4]
 Pyrolysis
 Carbonization
 Gasification
 Catalytic Liquefaction
Pyrolysis
In the pyrolysis process the biomass
is subjected to high temperature at low
oxygen level in which it results in formation
of methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Here in addition to these gases carbon
dioxide is also produced which gets reduced
to carbon monoxide and water again. Here
the resulting mixture is called producer gas.
[5]
Carbonization
In carbonization process, traditional
methods is used in which wood piles are
covered in pits and heated. Here carbon
monoxide and carbon dioxide is produced
along with charcoal. This carbonization
process can be categorized into 3 as follows
 Internal heating
 External heating
 Hot Circulating Gas
Figure 6-2 Direct combustion Process [6]
Figure 6-3 Bio energy plant [6]

13. 9
In internal heating the wood is burned and
partly sacrificed to produce charcoal, in
external heating the kiln is completely kept
away from oxygen and hence a better quality
charcoal is obtained. Here in external heating
it requires external energy normally supplied
from producer gas.
Gasification
Gasification process is done at high
temperature and takes place in two steps. In
gasification initially the biomass is partially
combusted to produce Charcoal and producer
gas here the carbon dioxide and water
produced partially is further reduced with the
charcoal and result in producing more carbon
monoxide and hydrogen molecules.
Gasification requires high temperature
around 800 degree Celsius and is processed
in open and closed top gasifiers. [5]
Catalytic Liquefaction
Catalytic liquefaction is a
thermochemical process carried out on
biomass to obtain high density form of
energy carriers. Here the process is carried
out at low temperature ans high pressure in
the presence of a cataluyst or hydrogen at a
higher partial pressure. Even though it
produces energy carriers of good quality the
technology requirement is high and therefore
the usage of this method is very much
limited. [4]
6.2.1 Biochemical Processes
This is the process of fermentation
carried out on biomasses to produce energy
carriers with the use of micro-organisms.
These can take the form depending on the end
product and can be listed as follows [4]
 Methane production
 Ethanol fermentation
Under anaerobic conditions methane rich
biogas is produced using manure and crop
residues. They are produced using
methanogenic bacterial cultures and are
operated in temperature ranging from 0 to 60
degree Celsius.
Meanwhile ethanol is produced using
fermentation technologies and are used as
fuel enhancers. They use saccharide- rich
sugar beets, carbohydrate rich potatoes,
wheat and maize to produce ethanol. [6]
6.2.2 Chemical Processes
Chemical processes like
Transesterification and esterification can be
used to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil
depending on the CPP value. Here
transesterification is a process in which fatty
acids from oil are bounded to alcohol.
Biodiesel can be used in pure or mixed with
diesel in diesel engines.
6.2.3 Bio Energy and Global Market
Bio energy is widely used in many countries
as an alternative. Here since it is renewable
the environmental effect is considered to be
minimal. And also the inland waste is
converted to energy reducing the
accumulation.
Figure 6-4 Bio Diesel Plant [5]

14. 10
Figure 6-5 Bio chemical Plant [1]
Some notable countries using bio energy for
electricity generation
Table 6.1 Bio Energy consumption by country [1]
Country Consumption TWh
USA 69
China 50
Germany 48
Brazil 40
Japan 36
UK 30
India 26
When considering United States 69 TWh is
about 4% of its energy usage and when
consider United Kingdom it is about 27% of
its total energy requirement. The usage of Bio
mass it is approximately about 14% and has
been growing at 2% per year since 2010.
Here though countries like China has a major
usage share the production of biofuel from
biomass other than direct usage is led by
United States with 46% of global production
of Bio fuel, while Brazil produces 24% of
global biofuel. These bio fuel are mainly used
in transport industry, and it showed a 3%
increase from 2014 to 2015. These trend in
increasing rapidly as the world hunts for
renewable energy sources. The Japanese
have shifted from nuclear to biomass after the
Fukushima incident. Brazilians primary
source of biomass is Sugar canes but in recent
times the growth of bioenergy industry has
dropped due to the domination of wind
energy. [1]
6.2.4 Novel trends and integrations to the
Bio energy industry
When considering the new industrial
investment around the globe, countries like
USA, UK, China Korea Brazil, Sweden and
India are putting in large amounts in to the
industry of bio Energy. Here wood pellets are
traded across American continent to Europe
as a new trend. In Brazil large ethanol
factories began its function in San Palo. In
Figure 6-6 Geothermal Plant

15. 11
addition in India the Godavari Bio finery was
started to bring inputs to the energy
requirement of India. [1]
7 Geothermal Energy
7.1.1 Technology overview
When considering the technology it is
very simple to understand the Geo heat from
the earth crust in some area are exposed to the
surface. Here this heat energy is used to
generate steam in boilers and hence used to
run turbine resulting in electricity generation.
Moreover direct usage as heat is also
available in some areas.
In Geothermal Energy geothermal
resources are used as direct heat in
production of electricity and also for direct
heating cases.
7.1.2 Global Market
When considering the Geothermal usage by
country Turkey dominates world industry by
50% of total generation.
Table 7.1 Geothermal Energy Consumption by country
[1]
Country Percentage
Turkey 50%
USA 22%
Mexico 17%
Kenya 6%
Japan, Germany 2% each
The global output is estimated to be 75TWh
for electricity alone, and a 150TWh as a
whole. Geothermal energy is mostly in direct
use. Countries like China, Turkey, Italy,
Iceland, India uses geothermal energy
directly for heating purpose. [7]
7.1.3 Trend in the Industry and new
integrations
More over the risk of geothermal energy
extraction is high s a result the technology is
not used at its fullest potential. For example
the French despite of the risk has announced
geothermal risk funds to motivate more
exploration on this energy. In Mexico a
complete new plant will starts its operation in
Ceboruco region by the end of 2018. [8]
8 Solar Energy
The solar Energy industry can be divided into
3 sectors as follows
 Solar PV (Photovoltaic) Industry
 Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
Industry
 Solar Cooling and heating Industry
8.1 Solar PV Industry
Technology overview
When describing this technology
photovoltaic cells harvest the solar energy
from the sun and converts it to electrical
energy. The amount of energy harvested
depend on the direction of the panel face and
also the intensity of the light from the sun
during a given period of time.
Global Market
The Solar Photovoltaic industry is dominated
by the Chinese in the global showcase. The
following table show the global market
distribution of this industry
Figure 8-1 Solar PV Panel [9]

16. 12
Table 8.1 Solar PV Usage by Country [1]
Country Percentage
China 30%
Japan 22%
United States 15%
United Kingdom 7%
India 4%
Germany 3.3%
When considering the global trend and new
investments on the industries large
companies are formed in countries like china,
India, Brazil, Saudi Arabia to meet the
demand. When considering the cost of
module they showed drastic drop from 2010
to 2015. As a result the industry is fast
growing and has a huge market demand. [9]
8.2 Concentrating Solar Thermal
Power
Technology Overview
When considering the technology the
solar energy is concentrated to one location
using reflecting methods and the energy
collected is used to generate electricity in
conventional way.
The concentrated light with heat boils the
liquid in which the steam is used to rotate a
turbine to generate electric power. This
concept is simple and efficient when
compared to the cost.
Industry
When considering the Concentrating
Thermal power industry it has a capacity of
4.8GW. Here Spain and United States
dominated the industry. [10]
The global trends have increasingly
focusing on this methods countries like
China, India, Saudi Arabia have focused on
building CSP plants.
Table 8.2 Solar CSP plant Forecast [1]
Country Plant
Capacity
Year when
finished
China 5-10GW 2020
India 50MW 2020
Saudi
Arabia
50MW 2019
8.3 Solar Thermal Heating and
cooling
Technology overview
Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling
Technology uses solar energy to heat mainly
water. Here direct sunlight is used to heat
liquid specially water. The method uses heat
convention principle to circulate heated water
and cold water within the system. Some
system uses pumps to circulate the water.
Global market
Here when considering the global
leaders of usage of this technology china
takes the domination.
Figure 8-2 CSP Plant in Spain [12]

17. 13
Table 8.3 Solar Heating Usage by country [1]
Country Percentage
China 71%
USA 4%
Germany 3%
Turkey 3%
Rest of the World 10%
The total usage counts up to 465GW. When
considering the trend 63% of installation of
Solar Heaters were recorded after 2014.
New Trends
When considering the trends of the
world countries like Austria, Chile, china and
the United States are focusing on this
technology as household purposes. Also
products like the Sunbelt have high demand
in countries like India, Turkey and Mexico.
9 Conclusion
When considering the global population
around 1.2 billion people around the world
live without electricity. Here the primary
needs are not attained upto date. Renewable
energy sources can provide better solutions to
these population compared to costly forms of
energy. Measures have been taken in
countries like India and Bangaldesh to
provide Solar Panels to households without
electricity facilities.
Figure 9-1 Solar panel donation in India [9]
Almost 286 billion USD has been
invested in the year of 2015 along to
renewable energy sources and it is
continuously growing. Moreover countries
like China, Brazil, Spain, India and USA are
continuously focusing on Green Industry
implementation using renewable energy
sources. [1]
When comparing the technological
growth the solar Energy sector is growing
faster. The following table shows the
technological growth of these renewable
energy sectors.
Table 9.1 Change in Renewable power addition relative
to 2014 [1]
Energy Relative Change in
2015
Solar 12%
Wind 4%
Hydro -29%
Biomass -42%
Geothermal -23%
Ocean -42%
When comparing the growth in 2015
the relative change has been dropped in most
of the sectors but investments have been
done, the rapidity has decline even though the
net investment is positive.
When considering about the policy
implementation of countries the European
Figure 8-3 Solar Thermal Heating panel [17]

18. 14
Union has decided to increase the usage of
Renewable energy by 27% at the end of 2030.
Also Asian countries like China and India has
also taken steps to increase it renewable
energy usage. [11]
At the end of 2015 according to
records the following amount of renewable
energy has been added to world consumption
in the form of Electricity, heat and transport
fuel.
Table 9.2 Addition of Energy in transport sector and
power sector [1] [9]
Energy In GW
Solar 77.4
Wind 63
Hydro 28
Geothermal 1.5
Ocean 0.2
Bio-Power 43.5
Biodiesel 4.8
As a overall there is rapid conversion
observed from non-renewable energy forms
to renewable energy forms observed around
the world. This changes can create a huge
positive impact on protecting the
environment and reducing environmental
pollution. [12]
As a conclusion the renewable energy
industry seems to be growing rapidly and
large number of countries including the
leaders of world economy such as USA,
China, Germany, India, and Japan are
continuously focusing on the change over
from non-renewables to renewables.
References
[1] R. S. COMMITTEE, RENEWABLES
2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT,
Renewable energy policy network.
[2] GACC, "Global Alliance for Clean
Cookstoves (GACC),," Results
Report.
[3] IEA, "Medium-Term Renewable
Energy Market," , Report 2015, op.
cit..
[4] wgbn, "bioenergy-conversion-
technologies," [Online]. Available:
http://www.wgbn.wisc.edu/conversio
n/bioenergy-conversion-technologies.
[5] biofuelsassociation, "biodiesel-use-
around-the-world," 2017. [Online].
Available:
http://biofuelsassociation.com.au/biof
uels/biodiesel/biodiesel-use-around-
the-world/.
[6] fao, "docrep," 2016. [Online].
Available:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/T1804E/t1
804e06.htm.

19. 15
[7] "“Japan starts building large
geothermal plant after long hiatus,”,"
Nikkei Asian Review, 26 May 2015, .
[8] “. g. e. Stichting Platform Geothermie,
"Netherlands – 2014 statistics,," trends
& outlooks,” press release, 2015.
[9] P. M. Alliance, "pvmarketalliance," 18
January 2016; Masson, op. cit. note 2.
[10] "South Africa starts up first tower
plant," Op. cit. note 1, all sources. “.
[11] "Renewable energy," 1994. [Online].
Available:
https://baonguyen1994.wordpress.co
m/introduction-to-wave-
energy/ocean-wave-
technologies/point-absorber/.
[12] o. c. GTM Research, "GTM Research,
PV," 2014 .
[13] J. Mecrath, "How Wave Energy
Works," [Online]. Available:
https://science.howstuffworks.com/en
vironmental/earth/oceanography/wav
e-energy2.htm.
[14] J. Taylor, "Edinburgh Wave Power
Group," 2009 December 11. [Online].
Available:
http://www.homepages.ed.ac.uk/v1e
waveg/.
[15] "ARCHIMEDES WAVESWING
SUBMERGED WAVE POWER
BUOY," [Online]. Available:
http://www.awsocean.com/archimede
s-waveswing.html.
[16] M. D, "Oscillating Water Column,"
2013 may 23. [Online]. Available:
https://wiki.uiowa.edu/display/greene
rgy/Oscillating+Water+Column.
[17] "Masson, op. cit. note 2; SolarPower
Europe, Global Market Outlook,"
Solar Power: 2015–2019, op. cit. note
1..

20. 16
Contribution Member
Introduction HARESANKAR J, DINUSHA G.L.N
Wind DINUSHA G.L.N
Ocean wave DINUSHA G.L.N
Hydro DINUSHA G.L.N
Bio Energy HARESANKAR J
Geothermal HARESANKAR J
Solar HARESANKAR J
Conclusion HARESANKAR J, DINUSHA G.L.N