Religious behaviour in ancient societies
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This document discusses religious behaviors in ancient societies, focusing on rites of passage, burial and sacrifice, and sacred art and artifacts. It provides examples of initiation rites that followed a pattern of separation, transition, and incorporation. It also describes burial sites from the Stone Age that contained ornaments, and the practice of burying the dead under houses in ancient Turkey. Sacred artifacts discussed include the Venus of Willendorf fertility figurine and the megalithic structures and art at Newgrange in Ireland that marked solstices.
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This document summarizes key information from Chapter 1, which covers prehistoric and early civilizations from the Paleolithic era through Ancient Egypt. It provides an overview of the time periods, cultures, themes, forms of art, and important works discussed in the chapter. Learning objectives are outlined that focus on recognizing characteristics of art from these periods and cultures, as well as understanding key vocabulary. The bulk of the document then analyzes and describes important artworks from each culture, highlighting what they reveal about the people and their beliefs. Students are directed to review this information, take a quiz on Chapter 1, and respond to a discussion question relating ancient artists' religious beliefs to their artwork.
American Art Post 1300s
The document provides information on indigenous peoples of North and South America including their art, architecture, and cultures. It discusses the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations and includes images and descriptions of artifacts from these cultures. It also summarizes information about indigenous groups from Eastern Woodlands, Great Plains, Northwest Coast, Southwest Pueblos, and Navajo peoples, highlighting details on their artforms, structures, and ways of life.
2 prehistoric art 1
Prehistoric art developed over millions of years from the earliest humans to the Neolithic period. The Paleolithic period saw the first known artworks created with stone tools, including cave paintings between 30,000-13,000 BCE depicting animals and humans. The Mesolithic and Neolithic periods saw the development of agriculture and permanent settlements, with art becoming more representational of humans and used for ornamentation and architecture. Key characteristics of Neolithic art included figurines, pottery with designs, and megalithic constructions.
Tombs and the_necropolis_2
The document summarizes information about tombs and burial practices in Pompeii and Herculaneum. It describes the types of tombs found, including podium, aedicula, niche, and altar styles. It also discusses the development of tomb architecture over time, from simple tufa structures to more elaborate marble designs. Additionally, it outlines religious rituals and beliefs associated with death and burial, such as the use of libations, banquets, and the Parentalia festival honoring the dead.
Unit 1. prehistory
During the Prehistory period from 2.5 million years ago to 3500 BC, before writing was invented:
- Humans evolved from early primates and the first humans appeared in Africa around 2.5 million years ago. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age periods of Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic based on advances in tool technology.
- During the Palaeolithic period, humans lived nomadic lifestyles in tribes as hunter-gatherers. They made tools from wood, bone and stone and created early cave paintings and art.
- In the Neolithic period, the development of agriculture and livestock domestication allowed humans to settle permanently in villages for the first time. Societies
Unit 1. prehistory
During prehistory, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural societies. The Palaeolithic period saw humans living in caves or as nomads using fire and stone tools. The Neolithic introduced permanent villages, agriculture, livestock, and new polished stone tools. The Metal Ages brought the use of copper, bronze, and iron to create stronger tools and weapons, leading to new professions, trade, wealth inequality, and the rise of cities protected by walls.
Medieval Gothic Art
Medieval Gothic Art spanned from the early to late periods between the 5th and 15th centuries. It was Christian art that symbolized the dominance of the Catholic church during this era in western civilization. Gothic art is further divided into three ages: early, high, and late Gothic. The primary purpose of Medieval art was to express Christianity, which provided a common bond across Europe. Most art originated in monasteries and churches that were the main patrons.
Unit 1. Prehistory
During prehistory, which lasted from around 2.5 million years ago until the invention of writing around 3500 BC, humans evolved from early hominids to hunter-gatherers who lived in tribes. The Palaeolithic period saw the first humans and use of tools like spears and axes made of stone. During the Neolithic period, around 9000 BC, humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, settling in permanent villages and domesticating plants and animals. Various metal ages then followed, where cultures developed bronze and iron tools, enabling trade and the growth of cities.
Unit 1. Prehistory
Paleolithic - Nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves or huts and created cave paintings and tools from stone.
Neolithic - Settlements emerged as humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, growing crops and domesticating animals. Rock art depicted hunting and ceremonies.
Metal Ages - The emergence of metallurgy led to stronger tools and weapons from copper, bronze and iron. Trade increased and the first cities developed with specialized labor and hierarchical societies. Megalithic monuments like stone circles and dolmens were constructed.
Art and Religion report
This document discusses the relationship between art and religion. It provides definitions of religion from Clifford Geertz and James Livingston, noting that religion establishes moods and motivations through conceptions of existence. Art is seen as a universal form of communication that is used within religion through paintings, architecture, and stained glass windows. Several examples of religious art are presented from different time periods and cultures, showing how art depicts religious figures, stories, and symbols. The document analyzes how art has served religion historically by aiding worship and instruction. It discusses variations in depictions of divinity across religions and eras. Overall, the summary shows how art and religion are closely linked through visual representations of religious concepts, narratives, and ideals.
byzantine empire
The Byzantine Empire had its capital in Constantinople and lasted from 330 AD to 1453 AD. It reached its peak in the 6th century under Justinian I. Byzantine art and architecture were heavily influenced by Christianity and featured grand churches like Hagia Sophia with massive domes, intricate mosaics, and icons. The Byzantine Empire declined as the Ottoman Empire rose and eventually conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine era.
Unit 1. Prehistory
1. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. During the Stone Age (Paleolithic and Neolithic periods), humans lived as hunter-gatherers and began farming, respectively.
2. The Neolithic period saw the rise of permanent settlements as people transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle. Megalithic structures like dolmens and stone circles emerged.
3. During the Metal Ages, people developed new technologies using copper, bronze, and iron. Trade increased and complex societies with specialized labor developed, leading to the formation of early cities.
Prehistory
1. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age, Neolithic, and Metal Ages based on advances in technology.
2. The Palaeolithic period saw early humans as hunter-gatherers who lived nomadically in tribes and used stone tools. They created cave paintings and portable art.
3. In the Neolithic period, the development of agriculture and livestock domestication led to permanent settlements and the rise of the first villages as people became sedentary producers. Tools were polished stone.
4. The Metal Ages saw the rise of copper, bronze, and iron tools, bringing technological advances and social changes including new trade routes, specialized labor, and a more hierarchical society with wealth inequality. Megal
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Polytheism and monotheism
Polytheism is the belief in many gods, with Hinduism and Shintoism given as examples. Hinduism contains many gods like Shiva, Vishnu, and local gods. Brahman is the ultimate source in Hinduism. Shinto contains numerous kami spirits and important gods like Amaterasu. Monotheism emerged from Judaism worshipping one God, Yahweh, with strict rules against other gods based on covenants with Abraham and Moses' 10 Commandments.
Gods of ancients
The document discusses gods from ancient myths. It explains that early humans developed ideas of gods to explain the world's creation and address life's big questions. Their understanding of gods reflected their cultures and experiences. For example, Northern European gods represented weather phenomena while Greek gods personified natural forces and human qualities. The 12 principal Greek gods, called the Olympians, emerged as most important after defeating the Titans. Zeus led them and became king of the gods. Thor was a Norse god of thunder known for his mighty hammer.
Gods of ancients
The document discusses gods from ancient myths. It explains that early humans developed ideas of gods to explain the world's creation and address life's big questions. Their understanding of gods reflected their cultures and experiences. For example, Northern European gods represented weather phenomena while Greek gods personified natural forces and human qualities. The 12 principal Greek gods, called the Olympians, emerged as most important after defeating the Titans. Zeus led them and became king of the gods. Thor was a Norse god of thunder known for his mighty hammer.
Cosmologies
Two modern cosmologies are outlined: the Big Bang Theory and the Expanding Universe Theory. The Big Bang Theory proposes that approximately 18 billion years ago, the universe exploded into existence due to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the force of gravity. The Expanding Universe Theory, developed in the 1920s, holds that galaxies are moving apart, indicating the universe was once smaller and has been expanding since an initial explosion set it in motion.
Cosmologies
Two modern cosmologies are outlined: the Big Bang Theory and the Expanding Universe Theory. The Big Bang Theory proposes that approximately 18 billion years ago, the universe exploded into existence from a single point. This is supported by the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that the universe is constantly increasing in disorder, and by gravity, as described by Newton. The Expanding Universe Theory, developed in the 1920s by Edwin Hubble, found that galaxies are moving away from each other, indicating the universe is expanding from an initial smaller state, supporting the idea of an initial explosion that set the universe in motion.
The coming of st patrick 2
The document discusses the spread of Christianity in Europe and Ireland from the 1st century CE through the 4th century CE. It outlines how Christianity reached Britain and was possibly known in Ireland during Roman times. It then describes how Christianity became established in the Roman Empire in the 4th century through emperors like Constantine. The document also examines how the church became organized through councils and the development of dioceses and parishes. Finally, it analyzes how St. Patrick incorporated existing Celtic traditions like festivals and sacred sites into Christian practices when converting Ireland, establishing monastic art and penitentials as characteristics of Irish Christianity.
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Religious behaviour in ancient societies
- 1. Religious Behaviour in Ancient Societies Rites of Passage/Initiation Rites of Burial/Sacrifice Sacred Art/Artefacts
- 2. Target • I will be able to: • Provide evidence of religious behaviour in ancient societies from the following Rites of Passage/Initiation • Rites of Burial/Sacrifice • Sacred Art/Artefacts
- 3. Rites of Passage/Initiation • Life of all Individuals times of transition/change: birth, puberty, leaving home. Research shows that ancient societies marked these times with special rituals: Rites of Passage/ Initiation. • Mark a change in the individual/community
- 4. Pattern of Initiation rites • Although these rites occur in different area and times all follow a similar pattern: • Separation: individual is separated from tribe family etc • Transition: Ritual of transition is enacted • Incorporation: the changed Individual rejoins the group but is seen in a new way
- 5. Initiation Rite • Watch the following Clip and fill in work sheet on the Initiation Rite. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81JPj8BqBB
- 6. Work Sheet • Tribe: • Type of Initiation Rite • Stages: Separation • Transition • Incorporation( state how each is seen in this Initiation Rite)
- 7. Rites of Burial and Sacrifice • Burial Rituals reveal a lot about ancient societies view of life, death and religion. • The start of the practice to bury the dead suggests the ancient societies began to place some significance on death. Rituals and practices that emerged suggested possible belief in the afterlife.
- 8. Moravia 1984 • Karl Maska discovered a stone age mass grave • 25,000-30,000 yrs old • 18 people 10 adults/ 8 children • Buried with ornaments and other objects • Why?
- 9. Catal Huyuk Turkey • Neolithic Site • Dates 6250-5400BCE • Buried dead underneath the floors of their houses • Importance?
- 10. Rites of Sacrifice • Give up something of value to the Gods • Please God, ask for something (good harvest), thanks giving implies belief in supernatural
- 11. Human Sacrifice • Mesopotamia: Tombs of Sumerian Kings • 5,500BCE • 68 FEMALE AND 6 MALE ATTENDANTS FOUND IN ONE TOMB AND SOLIDERS AND OXEN IN ANOTHER. • sacrificed to help the King in the afterlife?
- 12. Symbols Death 'Venus of Willendorf' is the name that was given to a female figurine that was found in 1908 near the town of Willendorf in Austria.
- 13. 'Venus of Willendorf' • The statue was carved from oolitic limestone and was colored with red orche. It measures 110 mm in height and is dated 30,000 and 25,000 BCE • suggestion is that it was a "Venus figure" or "Goddess," used as a symbol of fertility. Apart from being female, the statue has an enlarged stomach and breasts, its pubic area is greatly emphasized, probably serving as a representative of procreativity, and the red ochre pigment covering it has been thought to symbolize or serve as menstrual blood seen as a life giving agent. The second suggestion is that the figurine may have served as a good luck charm
- 14. Art and Artefacts • Newgrange: was constructed over 5,000 years ago (about 3,200 B.C.), making it older than Stonehenge in England and the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. • built during the Neolithic or New Stone Age by a farming community • Archaeologists classified as a passage tomb, however now recognised to be Ancient Temple
- 15. Newgrange • • Newgrange is best known for the illumination of its passage and chamber by the winter solstice sun. Above the entrance to the passage at Newgrange there is a opening called a roof-box. Its purpose is to allow sunlight to penetrate the chamber on the shortest days of the year, around December 21, the winter solstice.At dawn, from December 19th to 23rd, a narrow beam of light penetrates the roof-box and reaches the floor of the chamber, gradually extending to the rear of the chamber. As the sun rises higher, the beam widens within the chamber so that the whole room becomes dramatically illuminated. This event lasts for 17 minutes, beginning around 9am. The accuracy of Newgrange as a time-telling device is remarkable The intent of its builders was undoubtedly to mark the beginning of the new year. In addition, it may have served as a powerful symbol of the victory of life over death. a sign of nature’s rebirth and promising renewed life to crops, animals and humans., perhaps promising new life to the spirits of the dead.
- 16. Megalithic Art • The art is one of the most important features of the monuments in the Boyne Valley. Some of it is spectacular: wonderful combinations of spirals, lozenges, chevrons, triangles and arrangements of parallel lines and arcs. • Many people suggest that some of the spiral and concentric circles represent the movement of the sun and stars, a fascination with the changing seasons and how the cycles related to their own lives. Another theory is that the carvings on the stones are maps: maps of the area, map of the otherworld, maps of the stars • .