Philippine Indigenous Community -Religion and Governance The Indigenous Governance The pluralism and diversity of the Philippine nation characterized by the presence of various ethnic communities, cultures, religions, and languages, even as the people share many elements of a common heritage makes unity and national development a complex issue.

1. GE 11 –ELEC MELANY A. MANRIZA- Instructor

3. Video Clip: How different
were early Filipino
Traditions?

5. 3 STAGES OF LIFE
1. BIRTH
2.MARRIAGE
3.DEATH
EARLY FILIPINOS TRADITIONS:
SLEEPING MATS
- Tausug ( Colorful Banig and Pillows)
- known as expert weavers
- one of the richest textile traditions
TRADITONAL HOUSES
-Hut made of tilts

6. Aside from textile, early Filipinos also
have expertise on METALLURGY.
METALLURGY-the branch of science
and technology concerned with the
properties of metals and their
production and purification.
-Pre-Colonial gold collection

7. Important Heirloom Property
❑ Ceremonial Betel and Tobacco Box
(local name: lotoan)

8. Important Heirloom Property
❑ Ceremonial Betel and Tobacco Box
-Containers for betel chew preparations served as
part of male and female attire and continue to be
regarded as important heirloom property. It was also used
as a bride's wealth. This ceremonial box for betel chewing
and tobacco preparation is equipped with cigarette
holders and brass ashtrays shaped into birds.
A cutter for the nuts, a mortar and pestle set, and a
spatula complete this fine example.

9. Traditional Wedding Gift
GADOR (gadur)-
brass jar is of cast brass
inlaid with silver. It has a
bulbous, rounded base
that rises out from a low
ring foot and rises to a
thinner neck. It has a
domed lid with a long,
spire-like finial.

10. Wedding Ceremonies are community affairs.
Such containers were presented as gifts among
wealthy Muslim Maranao families on Mindanao
island in the southern Philippines. They might also
have been used to present wedding gifts such as grain
and textiles by the groom’s relatives (Fraser-Lu)

11. The Manunggul Jar is a
secondary burial jar excavated
from a Neolithic burial site in
the Manunggul cave of the
Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in
Palawan, Philippines. It dates
from 890–710 B.C. and the two
prominent figures at the top
handle of its cover represent the
journey of the soul to the
afterlife

12. Burial Jars
Burial in earthenware jars and
other containers is a common
funerary tradition associated
with the Metal Age of the
Philippines, from around 2800
to 1000 years ago. Burial jars
greatly vary in forms and sizes,
and are mostly found in cave
sites, near coasts, and in the
open hilly areas.

13. “Philippines Indigenous
People Struggle between
Modernization and Heritage”.

15. What are the struggles of the
Indigenous People between
Modernization and Heritage?

16. ▪ Many young
members are not
interested anymore
in celebrating
festivals.
▪ Many are no longer
proud to be called
Tagbanua. They feel
ashamed.
Tribal groups are still
facing challenges

17. ▪ During a gathering
of 35 indigenous
groups, tribal
leaders complained
that their concerns
were not part of
President Aquino’s
agenda.
▪ they have always
had to struggle for
self-determination
and to defend their
land.
▪ The tribe struggles
against
discrimination as
well.

18. ▪ They asked the media to support their
cause.
▪ They hope that there were more articles in
the press about indigenous groups so that
those young people from our tribes who are
getting an education will have more
interest in learning what our ancestors
passed on to them.

19. ➢Individual Activity
Attach an article from old periodicals
(newspapers, magazines, journals), cut out
pictures and text that represent the development of
Filipino culture that considers on showing Filipino
Indigenous Community Culture and answer this
question:
1. To what extent can you help in the
formation of Filipino Culture?

20. Reflective Learning Experience- Write an
essay that answers the questions:
1. What is interesting about Indigenous
Communities Filipino Culture?
2. How can we promote the Indigenous
Communities Filipino Culture?
3. How will you promote your Filipino
Identity to other people?

22. GE 11 –ELEC MELANY A. MANRIZA- Instructor

25. ➢Connected with the belief that
plants, objects and natural things
such as the weather have a living
soul.

26. A Shinto rite. Shinto is often called an
"indigenous religion", although the reasons
for this classification have been debated.
Shintō does not have a weekly religious service.
People visit shrines at their convenience. Some may go
to the shrines on the 1st and 15th of each month and
on the occasions of rites or festivals (matsuri), which
take place several times a year. Devotees, however,
may pay respect to the shrine every morning.

27. Religions such
as Buddhism, Hinduism, Catholicism,
and Jainism, for example, have used an
oral tradition, in parallel to a writing
system, to transmit their
canonical scriptures, rituals, hymns and
mythologies from one generation to the
next.

28. The Indigenous
Governance

29. The Indigenous Governance
The pluralism and diversity of the
Philippine nation characterized by the presence
of various ethnic communities, cultures,
religions, and languages, even as the people
share many elements of a common heritage
makes unity and national development a
complex issue.

30. In many situations, indigenous peoples’ (IP)
governance are very locally and lineage (clan)- based.
Different aspects of IP governance vary in different settings
because societies value processes, forms, and outcomes of
governance differently.
Peoples’ culture is one of the defining features of IP
governance and development. Culture informs and
legitimizes conceptions of one’s self, of social and
political organization, of how the world works and of
how the individual and group appropriately work in
the world.

31. Given that culture and
political organization
are intricately linked,
IP system of
governance can be
better understood by
exploring the ties
between the existing
power relations and
functions they perform
in society.
Culture and governance are
two facets of IPs communal
life that cannot be severed
nor treated separately but
analyzed together and
jointly. These are significant
aspects in comprehending
the overarching concept of
IP self-government and self-
rule.

32. The concept of autonomy has a
deep historical meaning among the
IPs. It is a permanent fixture in the
local vocabulary rooted in ethnic
identity, claim for ownership of
ancestral lands, and defense of
culture.

33. Objectives of Indigenous Governance
1. To map, review and analyze existing
modes of IP governance in key communities
in Luzon and Mindanao where 33% and 61%
of the IPs reside respectively.
2. To provide a general framework in
analyzing IP governance and practices.

34. PARAMETERS OF IP GOVERNANCE
1. Power and control
➢ Sources, bases, or foundations of authority;
➢ Ability of leaders/rulers to unite and mobilize
the people towards a defined goal either
through force/ threat of force or influence;
➢ Capability of leaders/rulers to create
obligations, loyalty, respect, and commitment
from the people;

35. PARAMETERS OF IP GOVERNANCE
1. Power and control
❑ Means in imposing one’s will against opposition;
❑ Ability of leaders/rulers to share or exchange power;
❑ Capability of leaders/rulers to respect and apply
customary laws and property rights and arbitrate
conflicts in the village/tribe; and
❑ Ability to control behavior, e.g. exercise of absolute
freedom, accumulation of wealth, discriminatory
practices, etc.

36. PARAMETERS OF IP GOVERNANCE
2. Legitimacy - the condition of being
considered to be correctly placed in a
particular role and to be carrying out
the functions of that role.

37. PARAMETERS OF IP GOVERNANCE
3. Accountability – the extent to which
those in power must justify, substantiate
and make known their actions and
decisions

38. PARAMETERS OF IP GOVERNANCE
4. Equality and fairness – the right of
people to participate in the political
process and be treated equally by the
village/tribe leaders.

39. An inventory of the governance systems of selected
indigenous peoples, a total of 36 IP groups, distributed as
follows:
Northern Luzon
(Ibanag, Ivatan, Gaddang, Bago, Ikalahan and
Itawes); Cordillera (Ibaloy, Kankanaey, Bontok, Ifugao,
Kalinga and Tingguian [Masadiit]);
Central and Southern Luzon
(Mangyan, Batak, Agta and Dumagat) and;

40. Mindanao
(Yakan, Higaonon, Bukidnon,
Mansaka, T’boli, Bagobo, Manuvu,
Matigsalog, Isama, Kalagan, Mandaya
[Davao Del Norte], Mandaya [Davao
Oriental], Teduray, B’laan, Tigbao
Subanen, Kulaman Manobos, Kalibugan,
Iranun, Maguindanaoan and Maranao).

41. Governance System
1. System of rule, authority, leadership and legitimacy;
2. Power distribution, allocation and control;
3. Processes of decision-making system;
4. Organization of socio-economic and political activities;
5. Justice and conflict system;
6. Land tenure and property system;
7. Service provision and delivery system;
8. Management and utilization of resources; and
9. Value and education.

43. Historical
Disenfranchisement and
Resistance of
Indigenous Peoples

44. ➢ the act of depriving a person of the rights or
privileges of citizens, especially the right to
vote; the state of being so deprived
➢ the act of depriving a person of the rights or
privileges of full participation in any community
or organization, especially of the opportunity to
influence policy or make one’s voice heard; the
state of being so deprived
➢ the act of depriving a person of a legal or commercial
franchise; the state of being so deprived
Disenfranchisement

45. Historical Disenfranchisement and Resistance of
Indigenous Peoples
Pre-Colonial Period
➢ Small and independent communities
had their respective socio-cultural,
political, and economic systems
corresponding to different stages of
development.

46. ➢Ex. Moros of Mindanao (feudal)
➢Igorots of Cordillera (semi-primitive
communal)
➢Aetas (primitive communal)
➢customary concepts and practices of
land use and land ownership
➢collectivism
➢caretakers of their resources.

47. Spanish Colonial Period
➢ The Regalian Doctrine was imposed which declared
the entire Philippines as owned by the King of
Spain (i.e., encomienda system and Maura Law).
➢ Military expeditions and religious missions were
launched
➢ majority-minority dichotomy and its attendant
problem of marginalization and discrimination
emerged
➢ National minorities became so as a result of
their non-Christianization and non-integration
to the colonial structure

48. American Colonial Period
➢ Politico-military, economic and cultural means
were used to subjugate and integrate
indigenous peoples to colonial social structure
➢ The Regalian Doctrine was essentially upheld
and promoted as a system of private
ownership.

49. Laws undermined the communal land concept
➢ Torrens system of land registration (Land
Registration Act No. 496 of 1902)
➢ Philippine Commission Act No. 178 of 1903 (all
unregistered lands became part of public domain)
➢ Mining Law of 1905 (Acquisition of public lands
by Americans for mining purposes) and
➢ Public Land Acts of 1913, 1919, and 1925
(Mindanao and all other fertile lands the State
considered unoccupied, unreserved or otherwise
unappropriated public lands became available to
homesteaders and corporations).

50. The Post- colonial period
➢ Postcolonial regimes did not change the western
concept of land use and ownership.
➢ 1935 Constitution stated
➢ All agricultural, timber, and mineral lands of
the public domain, waters, minerals, coal,
petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of
potential energy, and other natural resources of
the Philippines belong to the State.

51. •1987 Constitution also retained the Regalian
Doctrine stating All lands of the public
domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and
other mineral oils, all forces of potential
energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife,
fauna, and fauna, and other natural resources are
owned by the State.
•The Constitution also recognized the rights
of indigenous cultural communities within the
context of national unity of development.

52. The Current Situation of Indigenous Peoples in
the Philippines
➢ Indigenous peoples are confronted with a distinct
problem national oppression.
➢ National oppression is the States historical
non-recognition of the right to ancestral domain
and to self-determination of indigenous peoples.

53. Manifestations of National Oppression
•Non-recognition of Ancestral Land
•Development Aggression
•Subversion of Indigenous Socio-political
Systems
•Militarization
•Commercialization of Culture
•Worsening Poverty and Food Insecurity
among IPs

54. Manifestations of National Oppression
1) Non-recognition of Ancestral Land
Issuance of Certificates of Ancestral Domain
Claims (CADCs) and Certificates of Ancestral
Land
Claims (CALCs) by virtue of the DENR
Administrative Order (DAO 2)
2. Development Aggression
a) Large scale mining

55. Impacts of Philippine
Mining Act of 1995
➢ legalized destruction of the environment on
which most indigenous communities depend
on for subsistence
➢ institutionalized the plunder of the country's
resources by mining TNCs

56. Mining contracts issued
as of July 30, 2004
➢ 188 Mineral Production Sharing Agreements
with an aggregate area of 314, 462 has.
➢ 16 Exploration Permits with an aggregate
area 62,087 has and
➢ 2 FTAAs with an aggregate area of 51, 955
has.

57. Mining firms encroaching on indigenous peoples
lands
➢ Lepanto Mining expansion - covering another 777
hectares in Benguet Province
➢ Pending large scale mining applications
covering 322,203 hectares of indigenous peoples
lands in the Cordillera Region alone (Asturias
Chemicals 17,449 has Climax-Australia
185,944 has. Newmont USA 118,810 has.) and
➢ Toronto Ventures Incorporated - threatening to
displace Subanen indigenous peoples in Mt.
Canatuan in Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte.

58. Dec 2, 2004
Supreme Court reversed its earlier
decision declaring as unconstitutional certain
provisions of Mining Act of 1995, DAO 96-40, as
well as of the entire Financial or Technical
Assistance Agreements (FTAA) executed between
the government and Western Mining Corporation
(Philippines), Inc.

59. Large Energy Infrastructure Projects
7 megadams operating or are being constructed
that affect IP communities
➢ San Roque Multi -purpose Dam Project in Pangasinan
➢Matuno Dam in Ifugao
➢Casecnan Dam in Nueva Vizcaya
➢Bakun Mini-hydro dam in Benguet
➢Kaliwa Kanan or Laiban Dam in Rizal and Quezon
(Southern Tagalog)
➢Pan-ay River Dam in Panay (Visayas) and
➢Pulangi hydropower dams (Mindanao).

60. Mt. Apo Geothermal Project
After 17 years of unabated drillings by the
PNOC, arsenic has crept through the veins of
Mt.Apo, poisoning rivers and ground water
systems,claiming lives of the Lumads of Apo
Sandawa and their livestock, and endangering
the peoples health.

61. Land Conversion Land conversion for industrial estates and
commercial purposes caused displacement of Agta
and Dumagats the Aetas of Central Luzon and the
Lumads in Mindanao
➢Monocropping of mangoes, pineapples, bananas
for export has undermined indigenous peoples
subsistence production of rice.
➢In Cordillera, rice terraces are being planted
with commercial temperate vegetables, cassava,
flowers.

62. AGRO FORESTRY
A total of 4.2 million of indigenous
peoples lands are being opened for agro-forestry
by various concessionaires.
➢ 5,232 has. to big ranchers through pasture lease
agreement.
➢ 255,438 has. for bio-diversity conservation
programs
➢ 1.4 million hectares have been fenced off
➢ Timber plantations for reforestation secured a
combined area of 434,388.44 has.

63. Subversion of Socio-political Systems
➢Political misrepresentation
➢Appointment of illegitimate leaders
➢Disregard of indigenous peoples socio-
political systems.

64. Militarization
Militarization has accompanied the
implementation of destructive mining,
logging, and energy projects because of the
peoples opposition to them. Army troops are
regularly deployed in the territories of the
Agtas, Aetas, Mangyans, Lumads, and Igorots.

65. Human rights violations (HRVs) committed in
militarized areas include
➢forced evacuation due to aerial bombings and
indiscriminate firings,
➢massacre, murder,
➢food blockades,
➢torture, arbitrary arrests, and illegal detention.

66. Commercialization of culture
Tourism commercializes indigenous cultures
through promotion of local festivals, tourist
related infrastructures, and eco-tourism
➢ Social costs of tourism drugs, prostitution,
gambling
➢ Encourages consumerism and
commercialism
➢ Cultural practices and distinctiveness are
commoditized

67. Worsening Poverty and food insecurity among IPs
Cordillera region remains to be one of the poorest
and most marginalized regions in the country
➢ Mindanao contributes to 31 to total poverty in
the country
➢ 2000 Family Income and Expenditure Survey
indicate that poverty incidence in Mindanao is
even higher than the national average of 40,
ranging from 46 in Southern Mindanao to 74 in
the ARMM.

68. Food Insecurity among Indigenous Peoples
➢ Tumandoks of Panay and Dumagats of Quezon
eat only twice a day
➢ Talaandigs of Bukidnon in Mindanao are
dependent on occasional labor for survival
➢ Ibalois of Itogon, Benguet suffer the ill effects of
extractive industries such as open-pit mining
➢ Most are now dependent on irregular cash
generating income for survival.

69. ➢Erumanen Manuvu in Cotabato and Aetas of Zambales
are less able to procure food
➢Kankanaeys of Besao, Mt. Province need to leave
their homes in search for occasional low paying
jobs.
Food shortage is experienced across communities.
➢ Malnutrition is highest in indigenous
communities in the country, especially among
the children.

70. 3 Major Factors
Affecting Food Security
➢Entry of modern agricultural
technologies such as high yielding
varieties
➢Extractive industries, development
aggression and
➢Militarization.

71. The answer to the problem of national
oppression of the indigenous peoples in the
Philippines is the recognition of their collective
right to self-determination.
•This right to self-determination is enshrined in
the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and other international instruments.

72. For as long as the indigenous peoples lives
are threatened, their struggles to defend
their land
and resources will continue, until their rights
to equality and self-determination are fully
recognized and respected.

73. SHORT QUIZ
MARCH 3, 2023
Please answer the following questions in essay
form.
1. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of militarization in the lives
of the Indigenous People?
2. Is commercialization a benefit or a liability
to the IPs? Please prove your answer
through citing examples.

74. The Itawes, Itawis, Hitawit or Itawit
(endonym) are a group of people
living in the Philippines. Their name
is derived from the Itawes prefix i-
meaning "people of" and tawid or
"across the river".

75. The Itawes are among the earliest inhabitants of the Cagayan
Valley in northern Luzon. Other than their mother tongue
(categorized as closely related to Gaddang[1]), they speak
Ibanag and Ilocano. They are not very different from other
lowland Christianized Filipino ethnic groups in terms of
livelihood, housing, and traditions.[citation needed] Their
traditional dresses are colorful with red being the dominant
color. Farming is a leading source of livelihood. The average
families are education-conscious.

76. •AKA: Itawit, Tawit, Ibannag-Itawit
•Location: Luzon: southern Cagayan province in watershed of Chico and Matalag
rivers. Principally in Towns of Tuguegarao, Enrile, Penablanca, Amulong, and Tuao.
•Languages: Related to Ibanag
•Subsistence: Paddy field rice, corn, cotton in flood plains of Pinacanauan River.
Tobacco grown as cash crop between the seasons for rice and corn. Swidden
agriculture in Sierra Madre foothills.
•Population: 119,522 (1990)
The culture of the Itawis is similar to that of the Ibanag, but they tend to live away
from urban centers in small settlements. They are known to have moved into the
areas east and southwest of the Cagayan during colonial times.

77. Way of Life in Cagayan Valley
Among the Cagayan communities, the
colonizers found a flourishing economy
characterized by the domestication of
animals, hunting, and fishing, and the
presence of small native industries such as
wine making, and cotton and linen cloth
weaving. Those who occupied the coastal
areas were skilled in boat making and traded
with neighboring communities. The Itawit also
practiced wet and dry rice cultures.

78. But the institution of the tobacco monopoly in
the 18th century turned the Itawit into
commercial agriculturists, planting cash crops,
mainly tobacco. Corn production was also
introduced and became a secondary staple.
Protein was provided by the meat obtained
from wild and domesticated animals, and from
the fish that abounded in the rivers and
streams.

79. Itawit Social Organization, Customs and
Traditions
Traditional communal life among the Itawit and
Malaueg is most evident in the practice of the
illu (mutual cooperation) among farmers. They
help one another by turns in the fields; that is,
one farmer receives help with the farm work
from everyone, and he, in turn, will help
everyone else.

82. SHORT QUIZ
MARCH 20, 2023
Name: _________________________________ Yr. and Blk. ____________________________ Date: _________________________
A. Fill in the table with the correct information about the different Indigenous Groups.
INDIGENOUS
PEOPLE
MAIN
FEATURES/CHARACTERICTICS
CULTURES & BELIEFS Places they
Lived
Ibanag
Ivatan
Gaddang
Bago
Ikalahan