The document summarizes key aspects of several religious movements and utopian communities in the United States between the late 18th and mid-19th centuries. It describes the beliefs and practices of Deism, Unitarianism, Methodism, the Second Great Awakening revivalism, Mormonism, and various utopian communities like the Shakers and the Oneida community. It provides biographical details on influential religious figures like Charles Finney, Joseph Smith, and Brigham Young during this period of religious and social change.

1. By Claire, Malachi, and Eli

2. Deism Unitarianism
 Reason rather than revelation  God exists in only one
 Science rather than the Bible
person, rather than the
orthodox Trinity.
 Rejected the concept of  Denied the deity of Jesus.
original sin and denied
 Stressed the goodness of
Christ’s divinity human nature over vileness.
 Believed in a Supreme Being  Belief in free will and the
who created the universe and possibility of salvation
mankind. through good works
 Helped inspire an important  Pictured God as a loving
spinoff of Puritanism... father rather than a stern
creator.
Unitarianism!

3.  A series of religious revivals swept through the country
between 1790 and 1830.
 Traveling preachers and “camp meetings” led large
numbers of people to convert through an enthusiastic style
of preaching and audience participation.
 Many “saved” went back to their sinful ways, but the
revivals boosted church membership and stimulated a
variety of humanitarian reforms such as temperance
(abstaining from consuming alcoholic
drinks), abolition, and women’s rights.
 Evangelicalism was at the heart of the Second Great
Awakening and it favored ordinary people over elites.

4. Methodists Peter Cartwright
 Stressed personal  Best known of the Methodist
traveling preachers
conversion (contrary to
 Ranged for half a century
predestination) from Tennessee to
 Relatively democratic Illinois, calling for sinners to
repent.
control of church affairs
 Bellowing voice, flailing
 Rousing emotionalism arms: converted many people
to the Lord
 “With his fists he knocked
out rowdies who tried to
1785 - 1872 break up the meetings.”

5.  By 1770 black preachers had many of their own Baptist and
Methodist Congregations.
 November 1787, white elders attempted to downgrade
black worshippers a gallery at St. George’s Methodist
Church in Philadelphia. That resulted in the founding of
the black-governed Bethel Church, and in 1816, the African
Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) was founded.
 Richard Allen was its first bishop.
 Black church membership was predominately female, even
though men could only serve on the clergy.
 Women led home prayer meetings, and served on
missionary and Sunday school boards. They were also
permitted by the AME church to become traveling
evangelists.

6.  Greatest of the revival preachers Burned-over District
 Trained as a lawyer but became  Refers to the religious scene in Western
an New York which was “burned over” by
religious revivals of the Second Great
evangelist Awakening.
 Led massive revivals  Coined the term when used by Charles
 Preached old-time religion but Grandison Finney to refer to an area
touched by the Second Great Awakening
was also an innovator as a “burnt district.”
 Devised the “anxious bench” • Comes from the
where repentant sinners could notion
that the area was so
sit in full view of the heavily evangelized
congregation that there was no
more
 Denounced alcohol and slavery “fuel” left to “burn”
 Became president of Oberlin aka, there was no one
College in Ohio, which became a left to convert.
hotbed of revivalist activity and
abolitionism
1792 - 1875

7.  Millerites/Adventists were led by
William Miller
 Mustered up several supporters
 Rose after the burned-over district
in the 1830s
 Interpreted the bible to predict
that Christ would return on Oct.
22 1844
 Gathered in assemblies to meet
their redeemer
 When Christ did not 1782 - 1849
come, dampened but did not
destroy the movement

8. Joseph Smith 1805 - 1844 Brigham Young 1801 - 1877
 Rugged visionary  Saved Mormanism from
 Supposedly received collapse
golden plates from an  Only 11 days of formal
angel schooling
 Deciphered plates as the  Aggressive leader, eloquent
preacher, gifted administrator
Book of Mormon
 1846-1847 led Latter-Day
 Church of Jesus Christ of Saints to Utah to escape
Letter-Day Saints oppression
(Mormons) launched  Territorial Governor in 1850
 Murdered in 1844  27 wives, 56 children.

9.  Voted as a unit
 Believed in polygamy, which delayed the statehood of Utah until
1896.
 They were oppressed and hated
 Almost collapsed after the death of Smith
 1846 – 1847, led by Young to Utah as they sang “Come, Come, Ye
Saints.”
 Made the desert “bloom” by using cooperative methods of
irrigation. (The crops of 1848 were threatened by hoards of
crickets, but flocks of gulls appeared to eat the crickets, saving
the crops.)
 By the end of 1848, about 5,000 settlers had arrived. Dedicated
Mormons made the 1,300 mile journey across the plains pulling
two-wheeled carts.

10.  More than forty “communitarian” colonies were set up by
various reformers.
 Definition of a utopian community: “Consists of a group of
people who are attempting to establish a new social pattern
based upon a vision of the ideal society and who have
withdrawn themselves from the community at large to
embody that vision in experimental form." (Robert V.
Hine, author of California's Utopian Colonies)
 Sought to establish human happiness and the belief in the
cooperative way of life.
 Religious roots, followed early Christian communities
, developed from a monastic context.

11. Robert Owen
1771 - 1858 New Harmony
 Prolific writer and  Sought to lead a society free
campaigner, Scottish of individual possessions and
believed that harmony
textile manufacturer. between males and females
 Strove to improve the would be reestablished by
health, education, well- their efforts.
being, and rights of the  Consisted of hard-working
visionaries, radicals, work-shy
working class. theorists, and scoundrels.
 1825, founded a communal Little harmony (haha, how
society in New ironic...) prevailed and the
Harmony, Indiana. About a colony failed due to much
contradiction and confusion.
thousand people.

12.  Founded in 1848 in New York by John Humphreys Noyes.
 Noyes believed in a benign deity, sweetness of human nature, and a
perfect Christian community.
 The key to happiness: suppression of selfishness.
 True Christians should possess no private property, or indulge in
exclusive emotional relationships.
 Material things and sexual partners should be shared.
 Marriage should not be monogamous. Practiced free love, also known
as “complex marriage.”
 Eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring.
 Birth control (through “male continence”)
 Practiced Noyes’s system, which was known as “Bible Communism”
 Because of neighbors’ criticisms, the Oneidas gave up complex
marriage in 1879, and shortly after, in 1880, they abandoned
communism altogether only to become a joint-stock company
specializing in the manufacture of silver tableware.

13.  Formally known as the United Society of Believers in
Christ’s Second Coming
 Began in the 1770s and were led by Mother Ann Lee.
 Attained membership of about six thousand in
1840, but since their monastic customs prohibited
both marriage and sexual relations, they were extinct
by 1940.
 Included communal living, productive
labor, celibacy, pacifism, the equality of the sexes, and
a ritual noted for its dancing and shaking.

14.  http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/91087/c
amp-meeting
 http://www.teachushistory.org/second-great-
awakening-age-reform
 http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3800.html
 http://www.ushistory.org/us/22c.asp
 The American Pageant