Effect of broaching on high temperature fatigue behaviorPhuong Dx
The document discusses the effect of broaching on the high-temperature fatigue behavior of notched INCONEL 718 specimens. Two batches of specimens were broached, resulting in differing extents of subsurface deformation and surface roughness. Fatigue tests at 600°C found that the batch with more severe subsurface deformation, but lower surface roughness, had the worst fatigue performance. Finite element analysis showed the work hardening from subsurface deformation accounted for the difference in fatigue lives between batches. Differences were also seen in crack initiation and growth behavior between batches and between broached and polished specimens.
This document discusses heat treatment processes for different steel alloys. It describes how varying the cooling rate after austenitizing at 870C for 2 hours results in different microstructures. Slow cooling forms pearlite, while faster cooling forms non-equilibrium phases like bainite and martensite. Tempering martensite involves heating it to allow carbon to precipitate out, reducing hardness but improving ductility. The Jominy test demonstrates how alloying affects a steel's hardenability by measuring hardness values along a bar that was quenched in water at one end.
Metallurgical properties of cast irons Yanie Hadzir
This document provides information on various types of cast irons including their production, microstructure, properties and applications. It discusses the key characteristics of gray, white, ductile and malleable cast irons. The document also describes how to analyze samples of unknown cast iron through examination of their microstructure and hardness. An example is provided where a pipe fitting is identified as malleable cast iron based on comparing its microstructure to known examples. In summary, the document outlines the different types of cast irons and provides guidance on identifying unknown samples.
This document discusses different types of phase diagrams that can be used to represent alloy systems. It describes four main types:
1) Complete solid solubility - The metals are soluble in both the liquid and solid states, forming a substitutional solid solution.
2) No solid solubility - The metals are soluble only in the liquid state and insoluble in the solid state, resulting in separate metal phases.
3) Partial solid solubility - The metals are soluble in the liquid state but only partially soluble in the solid state, allowing for intermediate phases.
4) Congruent melting - One phase changes isothermally into another phase without changing composition, represented as a vertical line on the phase diagram
This document discusses phase diagrams and related concepts. It begins by asking questions about what equilibrium state and phases result from mixing two elements at a given composition and temperature. It then provides information on phase diagrams, including how they are constructed using cooling curve data from mixtures at different compositions. It discusses rules for determining phase information like number, composition, and amounts from a phase diagram given temperature and composition. Finally, it gives examples of an isomorphous system and eutectic system phase diagram.
The document provides information on phase diagrams, including definitions of key concepts like phases, phase equilibria, and binary phase diagrams. It discusses one-component and binary systems, focusing on isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon systems. For binary systems, it explains how to interpret phase diagrams to determine the phases present, phase compositions, and phase amounts using rules like lever rule. It summarizes common reactions like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic and analyzes the iron-carbon phase diagram in detail.
This document provides an introduction to phase diagrams and phase equilibria. It defines key terms like system, phase, variables, components, alloys, and solid solutions. It describes Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. It explains Gibbs free energy and how it indicates the thermodynamic stability of phases. It also discusses cooling curves for pure metals, binary solid solutions, eutectic alloys, and off-eutectic alloys. Hume-Rothery rules for solid solubility and interpreting phase diagrams are also summarized.
The document discusses the phase rule, which relates the degrees of freedom, number of components, and number of phases in a system at equilibrium. It defines key terms like phase diagram, phase boundary, component, and phase. The phase rule statement is f=c-p+2, where f is degrees of freedom, c is number of components, and p is number of phases. For a single-component system like water, this means the degrees of freedom is 2 when one phase is present, 1 when two phases coexist, and 0 when three phases are in equilibrium. Examples are also given for solid, liquid, and gas phases in water and metallurgical systems where pressure is constant.
Effect of broaching on high temperature fatigue behaviorPhuong Dx
The document discusses the effect of broaching on the high-temperature fatigue behavior of notched INCONEL 718 specimens. Two batches of specimens were broached, resulting in differing extents of subsurface deformation and surface roughness. Fatigue tests at 600°C found that the batch with more severe subsurface deformation, but lower surface roughness, had the worst fatigue performance. Finite element analysis showed the work hardening from subsurface deformation accounted for the difference in fatigue lives between batches. Differences were also seen in crack initiation and growth behavior between batches and between broached and polished specimens.
This document discusses heat treatment processes for different steel alloys. It describes how varying the cooling rate after austenitizing at 870C for 2 hours results in different microstructures. Slow cooling forms pearlite, while faster cooling forms non-equilibrium phases like bainite and martensite. Tempering martensite involves heating it to allow carbon to precipitate out, reducing hardness but improving ductility. The Jominy test demonstrates how alloying affects a steel's hardenability by measuring hardness values along a bar that was quenched in water at one end.
Metallurgical properties of cast irons Yanie Hadzir
This document provides information on various types of cast irons including their production, microstructure, properties and applications. It discusses the key characteristics of gray, white, ductile and malleable cast irons. The document also describes how to analyze samples of unknown cast iron through examination of their microstructure and hardness. An example is provided where a pipe fitting is identified as malleable cast iron based on comparing its microstructure to known examples. In summary, the document outlines the different types of cast irons and provides guidance on identifying unknown samples.
This document discusses different types of phase diagrams that can be used to represent alloy systems. It describes four main types:
1) Complete solid solubility - The metals are soluble in both the liquid and solid states, forming a substitutional solid solution.
2) No solid solubility - The metals are soluble only in the liquid state and insoluble in the solid state, resulting in separate metal phases.
3) Partial solid solubility - The metals are soluble in the liquid state but only partially soluble in the solid state, allowing for intermediate phases.
4) Congruent melting - One phase changes isothermally into another phase without changing composition, represented as a vertical line on the phase diagram
This document discusses phase diagrams and related concepts. It begins by asking questions about what equilibrium state and phases result from mixing two elements at a given composition and temperature. It then provides information on phase diagrams, including how they are constructed using cooling curve data from mixtures at different compositions. It discusses rules for determining phase information like number, composition, and amounts from a phase diagram given temperature and composition. Finally, it gives examples of an isomorphous system and eutectic system phase diagram.
The document provides information on phase diagrams, including definitions of key concepts like phases, phase equilibria, and binary phase diagrams. It discusses one-component and binary systems, focusing on isomorphous, eutectic, and iron-carbon systems. For binary systems, it explains how to interpret phase diagrams to determine the phases present, phase compositions, and phase amounts using rules like lever rule. It summarizes common reactions like eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic and analyzes the iron-carbon phase diagram in detail.
This document provides an introduction to phase diagrams and phase equilibria. It defines key terms like system, phase, variables, components, alloys, and solid solutions. It describes Gibbs phase rule and how it relates the number of phases, components, and degrees of freedom in a system. It explains Gibbs free energy and how it indicates the thermodynamic stability of phases. It also discusses cooling curves for pure metals, binary solid solutions, eutectic alloys, and off-eutectic alloys. Hume-Rothery rules for solid solubility and interpreting phase diagrams are also summarized.
The document discusses the phase rule, which relates the degrees of freedom, number of components, and number of phases in a system at equilibrium. It defines key terms like phase diagram, phase boundary, component, and phase. The phase rule statement is f=c-p+2, where f is degrees of freedom, c is number of components, and p is number of phases. For a single-component system like water, this means the degrees of freedom is 2 when one phase is present, 1 when two phases coexist, and 0 when three phases are in equilibrium. Examples are also given for solid, liquid, and gas phases in water and metallurgical systems where pressure is constant.
1. The document discusses phase diagrams and thermodynamics of mixing.
2. It explains how phase diagrams can be used to determine the number and types of phases present, the composition of each phase, and the amount of each phase at a given temperature and composition.
3. Binary eutectic and eutectoid systems allow for a range of microstructures depending on the cooling rate, and alloying generally increases strength but decreases ductility due to solid solution strengthening.
The document discusses phase transitions and phase diagrams. It defines key concepts like phases, phase boundaries, phase rules, and Gibbs' phase rule. It provides examples of phase diagrams for single-component systems like water and sulfur, as well as two-component solid-liquid systems that can form either eutectic mixtures or congruent melting compounds. Phase diagrams are useful for understanding equilibrium conditions between phases and how intensive properties like temperature and pressure influence phase changes.
A phase diagram shows the conditions needed for different phases of matter to exist in equilibrium. It indicates that applying enough pressure to ice will cause it to melt into liquid water, as seen by the red line. The triple point of a substance is the unique temperature and pressure where its solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist. For water, this is 0.01°C and 0.006 atm.
The document discusses intermetallic compounds, which are intermediate phases that form between two metals in an alloy system when the solute content exceeds the solid solubility limit. Intermetallics have a fixed stoichiometric composition and crystal structure different from the parent metals. They are very hard and brittle. Examples include Fe3C in steels and Mg2Ni in magnesium-nickel alloys. Intermetallics find use in applications requiring high strength and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures, such as MoSi2 heating elements and TiAl turbine blades.
THE PHASE RULE
phase rule
degree of freedom in mixture
one component system
two component system
pressure temperature diagram sulfur hydrogen
eutectic eutectoid mixture
The document discusses phase diagrams, including:
1) Phase diagrams show the phases present in a material at different temperatures and compositions.
2) Binary eutectic systems have a specific eutectic composition that results in the lowest melting temperature. At the eutectic point, the liquid phase transforms directly into two solid phases upon cooling.
3) The copper-silver phase diagram is a binary eutectic system. It has a eutectic point at 779°C and 71.9% silver composition, where the liquid transforms into solid copper and silver phases.
Chip flow and notch wear mechanisms during the machining of high austenitic s...Lepuufu
This document discusses notch wear mechanisms during the machining of high austenitic stainless steels. Special step-turning tests were conducted on four stainless steel alloys to study the degree of work hardening ahead of the tool and the side flow of work material at the depth of cut line. Microhardness measurements and SEM analysis showed severe localized shear and chip side flow interacting strongly with the tool, leading to notch wear initiation. Notch wear was found to be most sensitive to cutting parameters for the alloy with the highest nickel content, and increased with feed and depth of cut. Hardness was highest in the side flow region, indicating work hardening affects notch wear progression.
Analytical prediction of flank wear of carbide tools in turning plain carbon ...Lepuufu
The document analyzes flank wear characteristics of tungsten carbide tools when turning plain carbon steels. It finds that flank wear can be described by an equation similar to the one used for crater wear, but with two characteristic lines intersecting at around 1150K. Experiments measuring temperature and stress on the flank wear land support this, finding uniform distributions. The constants in the flank wear equation are affected by abrasives in the steels. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the contribution of abrasion to flank wear.
Wear performance of ceramic cutting tool materials when cutting steelLepuufu
The document summarizes the results of a study that tested the wear performance of various ceramic cutting tool materials when cutting steel. It found that alumina-based materials like alumina-zirconia (F) and alumina in submicron grain toughened by zirconia (G), as well as mixed-based alumina (Z), exhibited the best wear resistance when cutting steel at high speeds up to 11 m/s. These materials demonstrated tool lives between 180-300 seconds at the highest speed tested. In contrast, silicon nitride (S), sintered carbide (C), cubic boron nitride (B), and alumina reinforced with silicon carbide whiskers (W) showed
Tool wear and inclusion behaviour during turning of a calcium treated quenc...Lepuufu
1. The document analyzes tool wear and inclusion behavior during turning of a calcium-treated steel using coated carbide tools.
2. It finds that inclusions like MnS, mixed sulphides (Mn,Ca)S, and duplex calcium aluminates deform significantly in the flow zone near the tool. MnS deforms the most while mixed sulphides deform less.
3. The behavior and deformation of inclusions in the flow zone influences tool wear and formation of protective layers on the tool surface. Certain inclusions like mixed sulphides are more likely to form protective layers due to their deformation characteristics.
Parte 2 relatório do comportamentode usinagem em brocas helicoidais de aço rá...Lepuufu
A empresa anunciou um novo produto revolucionário que usa tecnologia de ponta para fornecer uma experiência aprimorada para os clientes. O produto será lançado no próximo trimestre e espera-se que gere receita significativa. Os investidores estão animados com o potencial do novo produto para impulsionar o crescimento da empresa.
The behaviour of materials in machining the influence of small tellurium ad...Lepuufu
The behaviour of materials in machining - the influence of small tellurium additions on the microstructure and machining behaviour of low carbon free cutting steels
Specific reduction of toxic side effectsof adriamycin by induction of metallo...Lepuufu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
Inclusion modification of steels the theoryLepuufu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
1. The document discusses phase diagrams and thermodynamics of mixing.
2. It explains how phase diagrams can be used to determine the number and types of phases present, the composition of each phase, and the amount of each phase at a given temperature and composition.
3. Binary eutectic and eutectoid systems allow for a range of microstructures depending on the cooling rate, and alloying generally increases strength but decreases ductility due to solid solution strengthening.
The document discusses phase transitions and phase diagrams. It defines key concepts like phases, phase boundaries, phase rules, and Gibbs' phase rule. It provides examples of phase diagrams for single-component systems like water and sulfur, as well as two-component solid-liquid systems that can form either eutectic mixtures or congruent melting compounds. Phase diagrams are useful for understanding equilibrium conditions between phases and how intensive properties like temperature and pressure influence phase changes.
A phase diagram shows the conditions needed for different phases of matter to exist in equilibrium. It indicates that applying enough pressure to ice will cause it to melt into liquid water, as seen by the red line. The triple point of a substance is the unique temperature and pressure where its solid, liquid, and gas phases coexist. For water, this is 0.01°C and 0.006 atm.
The document discusses intermetallic compounds, which are intermediate phases that form between two metals in an alloy system when the solute content exceeds the solid solubility limit. Intermetallics have a fixed stoichiometric composition and crystal structure different from the parent metals. They are very hard and brittle. Examples include Fe3C in steels and Mg2Ni in magnesium-nickel alloys. Intermetallics find use in applications requiring high strength and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures, such as MoSi2 heating elements and TiAl turbine blades.
THE PHASE RULE
phase rule
degree of freedom in mixture
one component system
two component system
pressure temperature diagram sulfur hydrogen
eutectic eutectoid mixture
The document discusses phase diagrams, including:
1) Phase diagrams show the phases present in a material at different temperatures and compositions.
2) Binary eutectic systems have a specific eutectic composition that results in the lowest melting temperature. At the eutectic point, the liquid phase transforms directly into two solid phases upon cooling.
3) The copper-silver phase diagram is a binary eutectic system. It has a eutectic point at 779°C and 71.9% silver composition, where the liquid transforms into solid copper and silver phases.
Chip flow and notch wear mechanisms during the machining of high austenitic s...Lepuufu
This document discusses notch wear mechanisms during the machining of high austenitic stainless steels. Special step-turning tests were conducted on four stainless steel alloys to study the degree of work hardening ahead of the tool and the side flow of work material at the depth of cut line. Microhardness measurements and SEM analysis showed severe localized shear and chip side flow interacting strongly with the tool, leading to notch wear initiation. Notch wear was found to be most sensitive to cutting parameters for the alloy with the highest nickel content, and increased with feed and depth of cut. Hardness was highest in the side flow region, indicating work hardening affects notch wear progression.
Analytical prediction of flank wear of carbide tools in turning plain carbon ...Lepuufu
The document analyzes flank wear characteristics of tungsten carbide tools when turning plain carbon steels. It finds that flank wear can be described by an equation similar to the one used for crater wear, but with two characteristic lines intersecting at around 1150K. Experiments measuring temperature and stress on the flank wear land support this, finding uniform distributions. The constants in the flank wear equation are affected by abrasives in the steels. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the contribution of abrasion to flank wear.
Wear performance of ceramic cutting tool materials when cutting steelLepuufu
The document summarizes the results of a study that tested the wear performance of various ceramic cutting tool materials when cutting steel. It found that alumina-based materials like alumina-zirconia (F) and alumina in submicron grain toughened by zirconia (G), as well as mixed-based alumina (Z), exhibited the best wear resistance when cutting steel at high speeds up to 11 m/s. These materials demonstrated tool lives between 180-300 seconds at the highest speed tested. In contrast, silicon nitride (S), sintered carbide (C), cubic boron nitride (B), and alumina reinforced with silicon carbide whiskers (W) showed
Tool wear and inclusion behaviour during turning of a calcium treated quenc...Lepuufu
1. The document analyzes tool wear and inclusion behavior during turning of a calcium-treated steel using coated carbide tools.
2. It finds that inclusions like MnS, mixed sulphides (Mn,Ca)S, and duplex calcium aluminates deform significantly in the flow zone near the tool. MnS deforms the most while mixed sulphides deform less.
3. The behavior and deformation of inclusions in the flow zone influences tool wear and formation of protective layers on the tool surface. Certain inclusions like mixed sulphides are more likely to form protective layers due to their deformation characteristics.
Parte 2 relatório do comportamentode usinagem em brocas helicoidais de aço rá...Lepuufu
A empresa anunciou um novo produto revolucionário que usa tecnologia de ponta para fornecer uma experiência aprimorada para os clientes. O produto será lançado no próximo trimestre e espera-se que gere receita significativa. Os investidores estão animados com o potencial do novo produto para impulsionar o crescimento da empresa.
The behaviour of materials in machining the influence of small tellurium ad...Lepuufu
The behaviour of materials in machining - the influence of small tellurium additions on the microstructure and machining behaviour of low carbon free cutting steels
Specific reduction of toxic side effectsof adriamycin by induction of metallo...Lepuufu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already have a condition.
Inclusion modification of steels the theoryLepuufu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Effect of machining on high strength low-alloy steelsLepuufu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Bismuth alloyed steels with improved machinabilityLepuufu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
About bismuth in incut 200 a new series of free-machining steelsLepuufu
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Historical analysis of metal cutting shows that metal removal rates have been increasing in the course of the century, predicated by the advancement in tool materials but the steel design has lagged behind. This paper examines the mechanisms of chip formation and tool wear as a function of cutting speed in metal cutting. Chemical wear is identified as the dominant mechanism of tool wear at high cutting speeds caused by temperature rise due to shear localisation in the primary and secondary shear zones of chip. Shear localisation in the primary shear zone is shown to be influenced by both microstructural parameters, i.e. matrix hardening and second phase particles, and metal cutting variables, i.e. cutting speed (strain rate) and feed (pressure).
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).