High performance turning steel
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Cutting tool wear in the machining of hardened steels. part i alumina.ti c cu...
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particular cognisance of the work material inclusion content. A six-fold variation in tool life was observed when machining different heats
of BS 817M40 steel (similar to AISI 4340) of 52 HRC. In machining steels containing Ca-bearing mixed oxide inclusions, a reaction
between the alumina phase of the tool and oxide inclusionary deposits is the dominant wear mechanism. In machining steels containing
very low levels of Ca or steels with a very low inclusion content, tool wear appears to be largely based on superficial plastic deformation of
the tool surface. The rate of tool wear appears to be determined by the hard inclusion content or alloy carbide content of the work material.
Impingement of hard particles against the tool surface are thought to result in the generation of transient localised stresses which exceed
the average contact pressures and, thus, either facilitate the operation of additional slip systems or overcome the increases in the critical
resolved shear stresses on active slip systems due to prior strain. The influence of saw-tooth chip formation on cutting tool wear is also
considered. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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Cutting of hardened steel is a topic of high interest for toda 's industrial production and scientific research.
Machine parts consisting of hardened steel are high peiormance components which are often loaded
near their physical limits. The functional behavior of machined parts is decisively influenced by the fine
finishing process which represents the last step in the process chain and can as well be undertaken by
cutting as grinding. An overview of the mechanisms of chip removal in hard cutting and the thermomechanical
influence of the work area is presented. Furthermore, several models of chip removal in hard
turning are introduced and discussed summarizing the metallurgical fundamentals and giving an overview
on stress and temperature distributions in the work area. Boundary conditions for hard cutting as e.g.
machine tools, cutting materials and others are subject to discussion to determine the achievable
workpiece quality and economic efficiency of hard cutting processes in comparison with grinding.
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steel
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
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between the alumina phase of the tool and oxide inclusionary deposits is the dominant wear mechanism. In machining steels containing
very low levels of Ca or steels with a very low inclusion content, tool wear appears to be largely based on superficial plastic deformation of
the tool surface. The rate of tool wear appears to be determined by the hard inclusion content or alloy carbide content of the work material.
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the average contact pressures and, thus, either facilitate the operation of additional slip systems or overcome the increases in the critical
resolved shear stresses on active slip systems due to prior strain. The influence of saw-tooth chip formation on cutting tool wear is also
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Machine parts consisting of hardened steel are high peiormance components which are often loaded
near their physical limits. The functional behavior of machined parts is decisively influenced by the fine
finishing process which represents the last step in the process chain and can as well be undertaken by
cutting as grinding. An overview of the mechanisms of chip removal in hard cutting and the thermomechanical
influence of the work area is presented. Furthermore, several models of chip removal in hard
turning are introduced and discussed summarizing the metallurgical fundamentals and giving an overview
on stress and temperature distributions in the work area. Boundary conditions for hard cutting as e.g.
machine tools, cutting materials and others are subject to discussion to determine the achievable
workpiece quality and economic efficiency of hard cutting processes in comparison with grinding.
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steel
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning
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Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
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