ICC has set out five recommendations to modernize the regulatory and competition framework that would provide protection for consumers while fostering competition, investment and innovation.
This presentation by the Norwegian Competition Authority was made during a workshop on “Regulation and competition in light of digitalisation” held by the OECD in Paris on 31 January 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/wrcd.
PresentaciĂłn para el Foro de Comunicaciones y Medios del IIC sobre el rol que debe tener el regulador para facilitar la transformaciĂłn digital. #TMF #Miami.
This presentation by the Norwegian Competition Authority was made during a workshop on “Regulation and competition in light of digitalisation” held by the OECD in Paris on 31 January 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/wrcd.
PresentaciĂłn para el Foro de Comunicaciones y Medios del IIC sobre el rol que debe tener el regulador para facilitar la transformaciĂłn digital. #TMF #Miami.
Presentation by Asa Johansson at the OECD Global Conference on Governance Innovation which took place in Paris on 13-14 January 2020. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/oecd-global-conference-on-governance-innovation.htm.
AECM Annual Event in Antwerp 2019 (12/15 June)
Helen Kopman, Deputy Head of Unit, Digital Innovation and Blockchain, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT), European Commission.
This presentation by Kjell J. Sunnevåg, Director of External Relations at the Norwegian Competition Authority was delivered during an OECD workshop on “Legal Models for International Enforcement Co-operation” held virtually on 28 October 2021.
More materials on the topic can be found at https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/workshop-on-legal-models-for-international-enforcement-cooperation.htm.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Presentation by Masakazu Masujima at the OECD Global Conference on Governance Innovation which took place in Paris on 13-14 January 2020. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/oecd-global-conference-on-governance-innovation.htm.
Challenges with single window implementation - The Ghana experience - GCNETAAEC_AFRICAN
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Presentation made during the "Sharing Experience session" on 15 march 2017 - 8th General Assembly of the African Alliance for Electronic Commerce, held in Nairobi.
A proposed solution which can convey how GVCs have changed and are changing t...Guggie A. N. Tamba
Â
This presentation presents a critical review of the global value chain activities and proposed solution that broaden its participation in the age of this global pandemic (COVID-19). You will analyses its contextual characteristic and how it’s has change the world of trade and compared with the mere notion of production efficiency, to include product diversification, the acquisition of new skills and capabilities for different functions and even sectors, and so on. Examples have provided insight into how GVC has solved daunting challenges faced countries and what’s the possible options available that can increase GVC participation in the face of protectionism.
Information technology in international businessDanish Shoukat
Â
The use IT in the field of international business especially in business trade of import and export. It is very valuable for commerce chamber with all the documentation and e clearance of goods
Input statement on the OECD Pillar I proposal in the field of Digital taxation. The presentation is an updated summary of the one used in Singapore last month.
A nation is said to be economically developed when there is an increase in the share of services in GDP and total employment. Even in the international trade there is a growing importance on services. Services in international trade are subjected to a lot of restrictions such as investment regulations, restriction on repatriation, restrictions on the employment of foreigners, compulsion to use local facilities etc.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
Scrambling for New Taxable Bases - Global Digital Economy and Local Fiscal Me...University of Ferrara
Â
This is the presentation used during the Conference held (virtually) at the University of Sevilla "Pablo de Olavide" on December 3rd 2020. It0s a summary of previous input statement with some minor updates as the COVID-19 situation is evolving. The event has been sponsored by the Junta de AndalucĂa and the European Union in the framework of a research project I am partner of, sponsored by the Spanish ministry of Education.
AN APPROACH FOR A BUSINESS-DRIVEN CLOUDCOMPLIANCE ANALYSIS COVERING PUBLIC SE...ijmpict
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The need for process improvement is an important target that does affect as well the government processes. Specifically in the public sector there are specific challenges to face .New technology approaches within government processes such as cloud services are necessary to address these challenges. Following the current discussion of „cloudification“of business processes all processes are considered similar in regards to their usability within the cloud. The truth is, that neither all processes have the same usability for cloud services not do they have the same importance for a specific company.
AN APPROACH FOR A BUSINESS-DRIVEN CLOUDCOMPLIANCE ANALYSIS COVERING PUBLIC SE...ijmpict
Â
The need for process improvement is an important target that does affect as well the government processes.
Specifically in the public sector there are specific challenges to face .New technology approaches within
government processes such as cloud services are necessary to address these challenges. Following the
current discussion of „cloudification“of business processes all processes are considered similar in regards
to their usability within the cloud. The truth is, that neither all processes have the same usability for cloud
services not do they have the same importance for a specific company.
The most comprehensive process within a company is the corporate value chain. In this article one key
proposition is to use the corporate value chain as the fundamental structuring backbone for all business
process analysis and improvement activities. It is a pre-requisite to identify the core elements of the value
chain that are essential for the individual company’s business and the root cause for any company success.
In this paper we propose to use the company-specific value-creation for the “cloud-affinity” and the
“cloud-usability” of a business process in public sector considering the specific challenges of addressing
processes in cloud services. Therefor it is necessary to formalize the way the processes with its
interdependencies are documented in context of their company-specific value chain (as part of the various
deployment- and governance alternatives (e.g. security, compliance, quality, adaptability)). Moreover, it is
essential in the public sector to describe in detail the environmental / external restrictions of processes..
With the use of this proposed methodology it becomes relatively easy to identify cloud-suitable processes
within the public sector and thus optimize the public companies value generation tightly focused with the
use of this new technology.
Presentation by Asa Johansson at the OECD Global Conference on Governance Innovation which took place in Paris on 13-14 January 2020. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/oecd-global-conference-on-governance-innovation.htm.
AECM Annual Event in Antwerp 2019 (12/15 June)
Helen Kopman, Deputy Head of Unit, Digital Innovation and Blockchain, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT), European Commission.
This presentation by Kjell J. Sunnevåg, Director of External Relations at the Norwegian Competition Authority was delivered during an OECD workshop on “Legal Models for International Enforcement Co-operation” held virtually on 28 October 2021.
More materials on the topic can be found at https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/workshop-on-legal-models-for-international-enforcement-cooperation.htm.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Presentation by Masakazu Masujima at the OECD Global Conference on Governance Innovation which took place in Paris on 13-14 January 2020. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/oecd-global-conference-on-governance-innovation.htm.
Challenges with single window implementation - The Ghana experience - GCNETAAEC_AFRICAN
Â
Presentation made during the "Sharing Experience session" on 15 march 2017 - 8th General Assembly of the African Alliance for Electronic Commerce, held in Nairobi.
A proposed solution which can convey how GVCs have changed and are changing t...Guggie A. N. Tamba
Â
This presentation presents a critical review of the global value chain activities and proposed solution that broaden its participation in the age of this global pandemic (COVID-19). You will analyses its contextual characteristic and how it’s has change the world of trade and compared with the mere notion of production efficiency, to include product diversification, the acquisition of new skills and capabilities for different functions and even sectors, and so on. Examples have provided insight into how GVC has solved daunting challenges faced countries and what’s the possible options available that can increase GVC participation in the face of protectionism.
Information technology in international businessDanish Shoukat
Â
The use IT in the field of international business especially in business trade of import and export. It is very valuable for commerce chamber with all the documentation and e clearance of goods
Input statement on the OECD Pillar I proposal in the field of Digital taxation. The presentation is an updated summary of the one used in Singapore last month.
A nation is said to be economically developed when there is an increase in the share of services in GDP and total employment. Even in the international trade there is a growing importance on services. Services in international trade are subjected to a lot of restrictions such as investment regulations, restriction on repatriation, restrictions on the employment of foreigners, compulsion to use local facilities etc.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
Scrambling for New Taxable Bases - Global Digital Economy and Local Fiscal Me...University of Ferrara
Â
This is the presentation used during the Conference held (virtually) at the University of Sevilla "Pablo de Olavide" on December 3rd 2020. It0s a summary of previous input statement with some minor updates as the COVID-19 situation is evolving. The event has been sponsored by the Junta de AndalucĂa and the European Union in the framework of a research project I am partner of, sponsored by the Spanish ministry of Education.
AN APPROACH FOR A BUSINESS-DRIVEN CLOUDCOMPLIANCE ANALYSIS COVERING PUBLIC SE...ijmpict
Â
The need for process improvement is an important target that does affect as well the government processes. Specifically in the public sector there are specific challenges to face .New technology approaches within government processes such as cloud services are necessary to address these challenges. Following the current discussion of „cloudification“of business processes all processes are considered similar in regards to their usability within the cloud. The truth is, that neither all processes have the same usability for cloud services not do they have the same importance for a specific company.
AN APPROACH FOR A BUSINESS-DRIVEN CLOUDCOMPLIANCE ANALYSIS COVERING PUBLIC SE...ijmpict
Â
The need for process improvement is an important target that does affect as well the government processes.
Specifically in the public sector there are specific challenges to face .New technology approaches within
government processes such as cloud services are necessary to address these challenges. Following the
current discussion of „cloudification“of business processes all processes are considered similar in regards
to their usability within the cloud. The truth is, that neither all processes have the same usability for cloud
services not do they have the same importance for a specific company.
The most comprehensive process within a company is the corporate value chain. In this article one key
proposition is to use the corporate value chain as the fundamental structuring backbone for all business
process analysis and improvement activities. It is a pre-requisite to identify the core elements of the value
chain that are essential for the individual company’s business and the root cause for any company success.
In this paper we propose to use the company-specific value-creation for the “cloud-affinity” and the
“cloud-usability” of a business process in public sector considering the specific challenges of addressing
processes in cloud services. Therefor it is necessary to formalize the way the processes with its
interdependencies are documented in context of their company-specific value chain (as part of the various
deployment- and governance alternatives (e.g. security, compliance, quality, adaptability)). Moreover, it is
essential in the public sector to describe in detail the environmental / external restrictions of processes..
With the use of this proposed methodology it becomes relatively easy to identify cloud-suitable processes
within the public sector and thus optimize the public companies value generation tightly focused with the
use of this new technology.
Need, importance and benefits of digitisation of public sector by using digital technologies as an integrated part of its service delivery mechanism cannot be overemphasised.
However, despite recognizing the need for the digitization of public services, governments in the developing countries are not giving it the importance it deserves.
In this presentation, I discuss the four areas to focus, four public policy issues to tackle and four steps to take for putting a country to its long-term trajectory of digital transformation
Lean Digital Enterprise Evolution in a Hyper Connected World VSR *
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In the digital era, every enterprise is Digital Enterprise and every digital enterprise must be Lean. Lean digital enterprises are future proof & future ready. This white paper highlights about the nature of software applications and paradigm shift required in Global Delivery Model to support Lean Digital Enterprises....
Dti Telecommunications Industry white paperMyles Freedman
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De Wet Bisschoff - MD Communications Media Technology Africa, Accenture has supplied this white paper to explain about the Digital Transformation Initiative
Managing the Energy Information Grid - Digital Strategies for UtilitiesIndigo Advisory Group
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In this piece we highlight the digital imperative for the industry and how utilities can optimize their digital strategies, build business cases and incorporate emerging technologies.
This presentation, mainly from a Caribbean perspective, highlights considerations for the Regulator, Industry and Consumer to bear in mind on how they can contribute toward an effective Competition Policy to benefit the society and nation as a whole..
Lessons from Long Tail: Delivering on the Semiconductor Digital Engagement Ma...Infosys
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Traditional customer engagement methods and information infrastructures are no longer sufficient. Success in the semiconductor marketplace will belong to those who are prepared for comprehensive digital and social interactions and commerce across the sales and support cycle with traditional and new prospects and customers who are “engineers” by day and “digital consumers” after hours. The industry is realizing the power of Web 2.0 technologies to reach untapped emerging markets of product developers and engineers across the globe, while increasing customer satisfaction, productivity, and profitability.
Ericsson and Atos Consulting have joined forces in a thorough exploration of your and our business for the coming
10 years. Ericsson conducted an international survey to establish a vision in which direction the TIME (Telecom, IT,
Media & Entertainment ) industry is heading. The four most likely scenarios for 2020 are thoroughly researched. Based
on this vision Atos Consulting developed insights into the business models needed for each scenario. Our goal is to
share an independent and authoritative view on the future of the TIME industry. We hope this will help you to reflect
upon your business and to keep ahead of competition.
This white paper, will give you insight in a future that is uncertain for all of us. We hope to give you direction with
a vision on scenarios and possible business models to prepare your organization. We trust that we will take your
thinking further and you will benefit from our suggestions and recommendations to prepare for the jump to 2020.
On behalf of all contributors to this white paper, we wish you a pleasant and foremost inspirational read!
Ericsson & Atos Consulting
Doc to be found here: http://www.nl.atosconsulting.com/NR/rdonlyres/03766DBA-AED5-4EE4-B0CB-FA204557B439/0/WPBusinessmodelsinTIME.pdf
How do you think the use of cloud computing can affect individuals, a.pdfPRATIKSINHA7304
Â
Heat is conducted through a slab of thickness 3.1 cm . The temperature varies linearly from 650
K on the left face to 360 K on the right face. The rate of heat transfer is 1.5 kW .
Part A
Determine the rate of entropy transfer (magnitude only) at the left face.
Express your answer to three significant figures.
Sleft= _____ kW/K
Part B
Determine the rate of entropy transfer dS/dt (magnitude only) at the right face.
Express your answer to three significant figures.
Sright= _____ kW/K
Solution
Part A
The rate of entropy transfer (magnitude only) at the left face:
Sleft= dQ/T = 1.5/650 = 0.002308 kW/K
Part B
The rate of entropy transfer dS/dt (magnitude only) at the right face:
Sright= 1.5/360 = 0.004167 kW/K.
IMF Fintech report - cross board paymentClement Hsieh
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The PPT content comes from IMF "Fintech and Financial Services - Initial Considerations" report. It gives clear overview to cross board payment, so it is used in our graduate Fintech course as case study.
In summary, Malaysia needs to:
1.
Create a dynamic and more competitive ecosystem for its digital economy that embodies changes to its infrastructure, regulations, skills and public finance
2.
Achieve universal, fast, and inexpensive internet connectivity for businesses and households and fix the way it regulates the internet so unfair and damaging business practices can be corrected
3.
Improve human capital through better curriculum and life-long learning opportunities and encourage more vibrant private sector finance so digital entrepreneurs can bring ideas to market
4.
Take measures that will safeguard future tax revenues from the digital economy to reinvest in areas that the economy needs most
Similar to Regulatory modernization in the digital economy (20)
Report from the Financial Crime Risk and Policy group on achievements to date and strategy for moving forward. Lead by Graham Baldock and Graham Finding.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
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Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales đź’˛
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. đź“Š
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
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In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airportmarketingjdass
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Experience unparalleled EXTENDED STAY and comfort at Skye Residences located just minutes from Toronto Airport. Discover sophisticated accommodations tailored for discerning travelers.
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https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
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Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
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It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
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At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
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This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
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Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
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Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
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Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
1. Prepared by the ICC Commission on the Digital Economy
Summary and highlights
This policy statement explores principles for regulatory modernization for the digital economy and
promotes a refreshed understanding of policy goals and market place facts, to ensure as much
competition, investment and innovation across the ICT sector as possible. Given the imperative of
business investment in delivering jobs and economic growth, as well as driving innovation and
competition, regulators are encouraged to engage meaningfully with business throughout the
policymaking process.
373/547
ETR STO 27.05.2016
REGULATORY MODERNIZATION IN THE DIGITAL
ECONOMY: DEVELOPING AN ENABLING POLICY
ENVIRONMENT FOR INNOVATION, COMPETITION,
AND GROWTH
POLICY STATEMENT
2. Regulatory modernization in the digital economy: Developing an enabling policy
environment for innovation, competition, and growth
373/547
International Chamber of Commerce | 1
I. Setting the scene: Transformation and growth of the digital economy
Information and communication technology (ICT) and services have had a remarkable impact
empowering individuals, transforming industries and economies, and bringing new ideas to
governments. This transformation is more than mere digitization. It is more than converging
services and industries, we are also seeing convergence across technologies, channels platforms
and business models. This has brought unprecedented growth in flexible consumer access to
communications and innovative applications in all industries via the Internet. The high levels of
private sector deployment of new networks, services and applications supported by enhanced
technologies and analytics have been driven by market liberalization, competition, investment and
innovation. While critically important work remains ahead to realize the desired goal to connect all
people and communities, achievements to date are profound in their transformational impact.
The digital economy is creating a transparent, inclusive and sustainable path for growth and
development. It provides tools for transforming industries, services and economic structures, for
open and accountable institutions; for partnerships and collaboration through extended networks; and
for open and inclusive innovation1
. Globally, 82 percent of consumers are moving towards a
networked lifestyle2
. To achieve the goals ahead, there must be a review of policymaking in the
modern digital economy.
Globalization of the digital economy has brought unparalleled growth for all segments of the public
and private sectors, enabling a globally accessible marketplace. Digital services and businesses
have expanded their activities in parallel ways:
â—Ź Expanding geographical reach; the world is becoming a global market place for companies
and communities both small and large, with companies of all sizes offering services across
borders to a global customer base3
.
â—Ź Expanding into new or adjacent markets in all sectors is now easier and more cost-
effective; digital businesses have lower entry barriers compared to traditional “brick and
mortar” business models, and have been able to quickly penetrate vast numbers of product
markets, frequently using new business models that increase competition and consumer
choice. Similarly emerging technologies like cloud computing have lowered both the cost and
difficulty for entry to complex computing environments, by transforming fixed capital costs into
operating costs in a pay as you consume model. This has also improved flexibility for
businesses, by making it easy to add capacity, security and functionality.
â—Ź Increasing customer-centric services; as digital services expand markets globally, they also
provide more customization to the individual’s needs and preferences. Concepts of customer-
centricity are a beneficial consequence of digital transformation.
II. Consequence of the digital economic transformation: The need for review and revision
of outdated regulatory models
These trends have created remarkable growth, innovation and competition for the benefit of users
and the global economy4
. Convergence5
and competition in digital markets have led to improved
1
http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2014/mastering-digital-transformation-a-policy-makers-
guide.pdf
2
http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2015/consumerlab/ericsson-consumerlab-the-networked-life.pdf
3
A great example of this is the Connect Americas Community. https://connectamericas.com/
4
http://www.broadbandcommission.org/Documents/publications/davos-discussion-paper-jan2016.pdf(The Broadband Commission reports
that a 10% increase in broadband penetration is likely to have a positive impact, and could raise economic growth by between 0.25% -
1.4%. If broadband speed is doubled, GDP may increase, potentially by up to 0.3%)
5
Convergence refers to the evolution of previously distinguishable digitalized information formats, services, applications, networks, and
business models in ways that reduce or blend the distinctions. Convergence is driven by the rapid development of digital technology.
http://www.iccwbo.org/Advocacy-Codes-and-Rules/Document-centre/2008/ICC-policy-statement-on-digital-convergence-an-economic-
opportunity/
3. Regulatory modernization in the digital economy: Developing an enabling policy
environment for innovation, competition, and growth
373/547
International Chamber of Commerce | 2
economic efficiency and productivity, fostered innovation, increased choice and lowered prices –
benefiting consumers and businesses. Emerging technologies including big data, cloud computing
and the Internet of things are driving new economic opportunity and enhancing societal benefit in
applications including medical research, health care, logistics, urban planning, sustainable
development and consumption.
At the same time, the rapid growth and pace of innovation both of new technologies and also
convergence with existing ones have sometimes outpaced traditional regulatory models, which were
often organized decades ago around silos for previously separate industries. As a result, public
policies may not fully take into account the increased competition across former silos, which can now
warrant a reduction of traditional regulation.
Similarly, consumer protection going forward would become more relevant and easier to understand
for the consumer when harmonized to apply consistently to services from former silos that are now
similar, competing and substitutable for users. This would reduce the confusion experienced by
consumers that exists when similar services are not governed by similar rules.
However, this is not a simple task. In rapidly changing and innovative markets, it is not always easy
to determine which services are similar, competing and substitutable. Careful analysis is required
and sweeping generalisations should be avoided.
In modernizing policy and regulatory frameworks for the digital economy, policymakers should be
expected to be guided throughout by their responsibility for achieving outcomes that serve the public
interest. Smart, light touch policies that simplify and/or harmonize are potential mechanisms, and
there should generally be a preference for horizontal regulations that apply across all sectors where
possible (e.g., consumer protection, competition law).
Given the unprecedented changes in technology and competition in recent decades ― and especially
the ways in which the Internet has enabled convergence within the digital economy ― there is a
compelling argument that the policy and regulatory framework governing the digital services
ecosystem requires a careful review to ensure that policies and regulations remain relevant.
The need for careful and fact-based review is especially evident in areas related to fast-changing and
emerging technology. As new technologies spawn new services and business models, one should
consider whether such innovations need to be regulated, and if so how. To optimize the interests of
consumer protection and innovation, existing models of sectoral regulation should be evaluated for
relevance and appropriateness before being applied.
When modernizing regulatory frameworks, one must also consider consistency, predictability and
granularity of regulation as drafted and applied. Regulatory frameworks should be applied
consistently across those engaging in similar activity; should have predictable outcomes and should
be drafted at a level of granularity that is appropriate and proportionate to the subject matter in
question. Rapidly evolving technologies and business models may be more suited to guiding
principles than to prescriptive regulations, thereby ensuring flexibility to be relevant over periods of
time. Overly granular or prescriptive regulation in those cases may result in premature regulatory
obsolescence. One should also be careful not to confuse flexibility with a lack of rigour in the quality,
application or implementation of regulation. Flexibility can be an attribute of a sound and effective
regulatory model.
Reconsidering traditional regulatory frameworks
A fundamental starting point for a modern regulatory review is to reconsider the need for silos of
traditional regulatory frameworks. Whereas many regulatory frameworks have remained fairly static
in recent decades, the way consumers communicate has changed immensely during those years –
unrecognisable from 25 years ago, or even 10 years ago. For the vast majority of countries, the
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world of the state-owned monopoly, providing the consumer with the only voice and data service over
one network is a memory. In liberalized markets around the world, consumers experience multiple
competing fixed, mobile and satellite broadband network platforms, and often on top of these, a vast
range of independently competitive services and applications. This increased complexity of
interactions of parties across the value chain is a driver for policymakers to adjust traditional
regulatory models that were likely designed for monopolistic or “siloed” industries6
.
ICC wishes to outline several aspects of this process of review of traditional frameworks.
Policymakers will of course continue to ensure public interest, including consumer protection, while
seeking to better reflect the current and future digital economy. In lieu of outdated sector-specific
policies, policymakers likely will find cross-sectoral horizontally-applicable policies to be more
effective for many topics. Similarly, given the scale and pace of change, policymakers should avoid
prescriptive ex ante regulations, especially ones that are sector-specific. Whenever possible,
policymakers should rely primarily on ex post competition law and general horizontal regulation.7
III. Regulatory modernization: Unique characteristics of the digital economy to guide
regulatory review
Given the speed at which new services, players and industries can appear or disappear, it is vital that
regulatory regimes are forward looking and encourage innovation and large-scale private sector
investment by all parties. Furthermore, these regimes need to be sufficiently flexible to adjust to
rapidly evolving markets and emerging and innovative technology and business models. As
previously noted by ICC, using the example of cloud computing, an appropriate regulatory regime
focuses first and foremost on critical societal objectives and flexible and light touch regulations for
achieving those objectives in the provision of services and capabilities to consumers8
.
Regulators need to be cautious not to regulate prescriptively at too granular a level, which may limit
the flexibility needed to consider or capitalize on innovative potential. Overly detailed regulation risks
becoming outdated by technological evolution and advancements or inhibiting potential benefits of
these.
It is also critical that policymakers and regulators adopt a policy mindset that appreciates the value
and understands the nature and particularities of the entire digital communications, information
technology (IT) and services ecosystem. That policymaking ecosystem is no longer limited to the
operators of physical network infrastructure. Rather, the realm of digital communications and
services now includes the traditional network operators as well as everyone involved in the
application layers on those networks. Sometimes, these players and their functionalities are closely
integrated (or converged) into hybrid combinations of networks, services, and applications.
Developments in the digital economy have strengthened the interdependent relationships between
services and networks. Applications depend on massive amounts of long-term private sector capital
investments in high-speed broadband networks to provide the connectivity everyone needs to access
and use applications. Conversely, networks depend on the demand for highly innovative applications
to drive demand for more and better connectivity. Moreover, providers of applications increasingly
offer services traditionally associated with network operators, and vice versa – thus increasing
competition and choice for consumers.
The ultimate beneficiaries of this virtuous cycle and symbiosis are national economies. The private
sector investment in broadband networks, and the Internet access and applications used by
consumers around the globe, are immense drivers of economic opportunity. Accordingly, there is a
6
http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/business-review/2014/mastering-digital-transformation-a-policy-makers-
guide.pdf
7
See World Economic Forum, Delivering Digital Infrastructure: Advancing the Internet Economy (2014) at pp 25-26.
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TC_DeliveringDigitalInfrastructure_InternetEconomy_Report_2014.pdf
8
Please refer to ICC policy statement on business views on regulatory aspects of cloud computing: http://www.iccwbo.org/Advocacy-
Codes-and-Rules/Document-centre/2012/ICC-policy-statement-on-business-views-on-regulatory-aspects-of-cloud-computing/
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compelling economic logic to develop policy frameworks that will promote the private sector
investment in such networks and applications, given the economic growth and returns it creates.
The low barriers to entry, the low cost of global delivery, and the vibrant competition among
application and service providers ensure that everyone with an Internet connection can have access
to capabilities previously out of reach for many people and businesses. Where the policy
environment enables these capabilities for the applications economy, new business models as well
as the investment necessary for broadband connectivity, innovation and entrepreneurial opportunities
throughout the digital ecosystem have flourished, driving further economic growth.
Regulations promoting investment and innovation for all players
Accordingly, this evolution of the digital economy is something for regulatory frameworks to welcome
and encourage, and it necessitates both policies that promote the deployment of broadband
infrastructure, and also a positive environment in which the services, applications, and content
accessible over those facilities can thrive. It is therefore essential for regulatory frameworks and
policies to encourage investment, innovation and new ways of bringing services to all components of
this communications ecosystem.
Designing a regulatory framework that reflects the value of the entire digital communications and
services landscape should be a strategic priority. This means integrating a regulatory impact
assessment approach, in which proposed regulatory objectives are clearly defined, and the full range
of historical, current and emerging risks are carefully analyzed relative to their impact on the desired
objectives9
. From this perspective, regulators are better placed to introduce sufficiently flexible
policies that support investment and innovation for all the players in that ecosystem. By doing so,
regulators can enable and promote a strong economy through a robust global digital ecosystem as a
platform for innovation, competition, and economic growth today and in the years to come.
IIII. Issues to consider in modernizing regulatory frameworks
The need for a modernized regulatory framework can be observed in many complex areas. For
example:
● Promoting private sector investment ― As the vast majority of investment in the digital
economy will come from the private sector, all policymaking should apply an economic-based
lens that examines whether rules will create opportunities for investment and competition
among all players.
● Developing interoperable policy frameworks ― The global nature of the Internet is creating
friction points with national and/or regional legal frameworks. The power of the Internet lies in
its cohesive technological and commercial platform. Build it once, operate it everywhere, with
unprecedented efficiency. At the same time, the Westphalian system of sovereign states has
a real and persistent reach to cyberspace. Indeed, notwithstanding the global technical
consistency of the Internet, some underlying rights and obligations driving the Internet
economy are governed by fragmented legal frameworks both for companies and consumers.
For services that are inherently cross-border in nature, governments and industry need to
work continually towards interoperable frameworks that provide an adequate level of
consumer protection in multiple countries.
● Protecting consumer interests ― Protecting consumers using different digital platforms and
different business models, drives a need to constantly evaluate how best to ensure the
implementation of traditional economic, social and safety policies, and whether to apply those
9
Deighton-Smith,R., A. Erbacci and C. Kauffmann (2016), "Promoting inclusive growth through better regulation: The role of regulatory
impact assessment", OECD Regulatory Policy Working Papers, No. 3, OECD Publishing,
Paris.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jm3tqwqp1vj-en
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policies through ex ante regulations or through ex post competition law. The competitive
market for both communications and digital services is flourishing and rapidly evolving, with
consumers benefiting from many options to experience voice, messaging, video and other
services and the economic opportunity they create. In this evolving competitive landscape,
policymakers need to explore and answer important questions about how best to protect
consumer interests, taking into account and understanding the nature of all of the diverse
services and service providers in the digital economy.
● Establishing a public interest need ― Due to the great efficiencies created from dynamic and
competitive markets, some policymakers and regulators are in the position to approach all
regulatory questions from a zero base. They achieve this effectively by putting in place a
biennial review of all regulations to identify necessary adjustments, or by providing
mechanisms for case-by-case forbearance from regulations that are no longer warranted. In
any event, no regulations should be imposed on new (or old) industry participants without
evidence of a clear forward-looking public interest need.
● Taking a holistic approach ― A holistic approach to modernize policy frameworks across the
digital ecosystem will promote consumer confidence, and will also promote industry
investment and innovation. Relevant frameworks for data protection, security, legal intercept,
taxes and consumer protection need to be revisited and reviewed on an ongoing basis. This
review should take into account market developments with the aim of promoting vibrant
competition and effective consumer protection, as well as “permissionless innovation”10
and
extensive investment by all players.
● Operationalizing modernization reviews ― Relevant questions that policymakers should
therefore carefully evaluate in considering the above issues can include: (1) where the
emergence of new forms of competition and innovation can lead to a reduction in regulatory
obligations across the entire competitive landscape; (2) where sector-specific regulation can
be eliminated because of adequate horizontal regulation; (3) where economic regulation can
be replaced by competition law; (4) whether consumers are adequately and uniformly
protected across their uses of substitutable services; (5) whether allocations of regulatory fees
that support the administrative work of government are uniform across substitutable product
markets; and (6) whether similar services are subject to the same social, safety, security and
privacy protections.
Regulatory modernization should neither equate to a need to increase regulatory measures for the
full digital market ecosystem, nor should it presume a need for new sectoral regulation. Regulation
should be flexible enough to meet policy objectives without stifling development or innovation. The
convergence of many industries towards one competitive landscape often should enable a re-
definition or a reduction of regulation. This is especially the case when it is found that economic,
social or safety policy goals are being sufficiently addressed through a wider perspective of
competitive market forces, particularly when the regulation originally responded to technologies and
legal frameworks of a different era, and different competition conditions.
At times, of course, the consumer interest in the achievement of these established policy goals will
merit applying similar rules across the actors in the competitive landscape. The key is to apply
regulations designed to achieve fundamental societal objectives to all services necessary to the
realization of those objectives. This consistency can improve competition, innovation, and investment
throughout the digital economy.
Policy recommendations
10
The term “permissionless innovation” refers to the notion that experimentation with new technologies
and business models should generally be permitted by default. See: http://mercatus.org/publication/permissionless-innovation-continuing-
case-comprehensive-technological-freedom
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In order to modernize the regulatory and competition framework, the following recommendations are
relevant to consider by policymakers and regulators:
• Adopt a regulatory mindset that promotes the value of the entire communications and
digital services ecosystem, and considers the public interest. This will foster a positive
environment for the investment in the development and proliferation of capable and
compelling digital networks, content, applications, and services. Future regulatory landscapes
must reflect and embody that mindset.
â—Ź Provide consumers with predictable levels of protection by reforming regulatory
frameworks for communications and digital services to apply consistent approaches to
similar, competing and substitutable services. This is about finding the appropriate level
of rules for consistently protecting consumer rights in the digital economy and fostering the
development of new services and innovation for all. Careful and comprehensive analysis is
required to determine which services are similar, competing and substitutable in today’s
rapidly changing and highly innovative markets.
â—Ź Apply competition and consumer protection laws across the entire economy, and
favour the use of such broad tools to the creation of new sector specific regulations.
With the objective to ensure consumer protection, while also providing incentives for
investment and innovation by all parties, policymakers should be mindful of the unintended
consequences of new regulations. Building in a comprehensive risk impact assessment is
encouraged, where objectives are clearly defined, and risks fully analyzed in light of the
objective. Wherever possible, reliance on existing general competition and consumer
protection laws is preferable to new prescriptive regulations that could stifle investment and
innovation.
â—Ź Encourage the open and unfragmented Internet to continue to flourish. The open and
global nature of the Internet has enabled an unprecedented boost in terms of competition,
consumer choice, innovation and entrepreneurship.
â—Ź Use competition law to evaluate product and geographic market definitions on a
continuous basis. In an era of convergence and rapidly evolving technologies and business
models, there are strong merits to relying on ex post competition law over prescriptive ex ante
regulations. Given this, it is important to ensure that competition policies are based on current
or forward-looking product and geographic market definitions for services enjoyed by
consumers, as well as continuously updated views on market power across the digital
economy.
Conclusion
Regulatory modernization – that is, updated rules that match new facts – will promote investment,
competition and innovation throughout the digital economy ecosystem, and will protect consumer
interests and expectations no matter who is providing the service. Markets and technologies are
evolving with great speed. Policy frameworks must not lag decades behind.
In this process, close consultation with all stakeholders is important to avoid unintended
consequences of new policies or regulations. Such consultation will help strike the right level of
protection for consumers while fostering competition, investment and innovation. Given the
imperative of business investment in delivering jobs and economic growth, as well as driving
innovation and competition, regulators are encouraged to engage meaningfully with business
throughout the policy-making process.
8. About The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is the world’s largest business organization with a network of
over 6.5 million members in more than 130 countries. We work to promote international trade, responsible
business conduct and a global approach to regulation through a unique mix of advocacy and standard setting
activities—together with market-leading dispute resolution services. Our members include many of the world’s
largest companies, SMEs, business associations and local chambers of commerce.
www.iccwbo.org
@iccwbo