The research aims to determine if the electricity consumption for the ST. Dana building at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, can be calculated by using the utility bills and heating degree days for three different academic term. ANCOVA analysis, using R statistics, from the available utility bills and the monthly Heating degree day for past 3 years, showed that there are significant interaction between the heating degree days and the Winter and Fall academic-terms. However, the analysis failed to identify any interaction between the heating degree days and the summer term. Dana building’s base-load electricity consumption was calculated using the regression model for the winter term.
This document provides an overview of a course on energy conservation and management. It outlines the course objectives which are to enable energy accounting and balancing, understand methodologies for energy savings, and utilize resources optimally. The first module will cover the past and present energy scenarios worldwide and in India, national energy consumption data, environmental impacts of energy use, and energy auditing methodology and instruments. It then discusses different energy types, conservation needs, auditing types and methodology in detail. The role of an energy manager is also outlined.
Feasibility analysis of offshore wind power plants with DC collection gridIktiham Bin Taher
The document analyzes the feasibility of offshore wind power plants that use a DC collection grid. It proposes four DC offshore wind power plant topologies and compares them to a conventional AC system. A methodology is described for conducting a technical and cost analysis. A case study applies this methodology to compare the different AC and DC configurations. The analysis finds that for short cable lengths, DC systems without DC/DC converters may be most cost effective, while for long cable lengths, DC systems with step-up converters perform better due to lower losses. Overall, DC systems show potential to be cheaper than AC, especially assuming optimistic cost estimates.
Energy Conservation
Energy conservation effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using less of an energy service.
This can be achieved either by using energy more efficiently or by reducing the amount of service used.
Energy conservation reduces the need for energy Services and can result in increased environmental quality national security, personal financial security and higher savings.
Energy can be conserved by reducing wastage and losses, improving efficiency through technological upgrades and improved operation and maintenance.
On a global level energy use can also be reduced by the stabilization of population growth.
In the case of fossil fuels, the conservation also can include finding new ways to tap into the Earth's supply so that the commonly used oil fields are not drained completely.
This document provides a parts list and requirements for building a mid-range gaming PC. It includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM, graphics card, case, cooling fans, power supply, hard drive, optical drive, keyboard, mouse, monitor, and operating system. Pictures are included to show how to install the components. The total cost of the parts listed is $1286. The computer is designed specifically for gaming and to provide high performance.
The document discusses different types of energy audits:
1. A preliminary energy audit (PEA) or walk-through audit involves minimal data collection and analysis to identify major areas for energy savings. It provides a list of potential energy conservation measures for further study.
2. A detailed energy audit analyzes energy usage in more depth and provides a quantitative evaluation of selected conservation measures. It may involve on-site measurements and simulations.
3. An investment-grade audit focuses on potentially costly measures and involves rigorous engineering analysis. It provides the level of detail needed for implementation decisions.
The PEA approach involves collecting available operational and energy usage data, analyzing it along with visual inspections, to recommend immediate and further study
Presentation on energy management, energy audit and carrier opportunities Arivalagan Arumugam
Energy Management, Energy Auditing
and Career opportunities in Industries by
Dr.P.Dharmalingam, BEE Accredited Energy Auditor,GOI,
Former Director ,National Productivity, Council,GOI
Executive Director, EnSave Consultancy and Training Pvt.Ltd,
pdlingam@gmail.com
, www.ensaveindia.com ,
The document discusses Intel's quad-core processors, which contain four processing cores on a single chip. This allows higher performance with lower power consumption compared to single-core chips. Quad-core processors are designed to improve performance for applications like workstations, servers, gaming, and datacenter virtualization while reducing total cost of ownership. An example application described is a 3D mapping software that combines topographical and satellite data to model natural disasters, which would benefit from a multi-core platform.
This document discusses nuclear energy and its potential future in Bangladesh. It outlines the objectives to learn about nuclear energy sources and production. Currently there are 440 nuclear power reactors operating worldwide, providing about 5% of global energy. The document examines why nuclear should be an option for Bangladesh due to its high energy density. Bangladesh plans to build two 1000MW Russian reactors by 2018 at Rooppur to address energy demands and reduce reliance on natural gas. However, there are concerns about whether Bangladesh has sufficient national capabilities and infrastructure for nuclear safety, management, funding and emergency response. The document concludes that with proper risk mitigation, nuclear could power Bangladesh's development.
This document provides an overview of a course on energy conservation and management. It outlines the course objectives which are to enable energy accounting and balancing, understand methodologies for energy savings, and utilize resources optimally. The first module will cover the past and present energy scenarios worldwide and in India, national energy consumption data, environmental impacts of energy use, and energy auditing methodology and instruments. It then discusses different energy types, conservation needs, auditing types and methodology in detail. The role of an energy manager is also outlined.
Feasibility analysis of offshore wind power plants with DC collection gridIktiham Bin Taher
The document analyzes the feasibility of offshore wind power plants that use a DC collection grid. It proposes four DC offshore wind power plant topologies and compares them to a conventional AC system. A methodology is described for conducting a technical and cost analysis. A case study applies this methodology to compare the different AC and DC configurations. The analysis finds that for short cable lengths, DC systems without DC/DC converters may be most cost effective, while for long cable lengths, DC systems with step-up converters perform better due to lower losses. Overall, DC systems show potential to be cheaper than AC, especially assuming optimistic cost estimates.
Energy Conservation
Energy conservation effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using less of an energy service.
This can be achieved either by using energy more efficiently or by reducing the amount of service used.
Energy conservation reduces the need for energy Services and can result in increased environmental quality national security, personal financial security and higher savings.
Energy can be conserved by reducing wastage and losses, improving efficiency through technological upgrades and improved operation and maintenance.
On a global level energy use can also be reduced by the stabilization of population growth.
In the case of fossil fuels, the conservation also can include finding new ways to tap into the Earth's supply so that the commonly used oil fields are not drained completely.
This document provides a parts list and requirements for building a mid-range gaming PC. It includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM, graphics card, case, cooling fans, power supply, hard drive, optical drive, keyboard, mouse, monitor, and operating system. Pictures are included to show how to install the components. The total cost of the parts listed is $1286. The computer is designed specifically for gaming and to provide high performance.
The document discusses different types of energy audits:
1. A preliminary energy audit (PEA) or walk-through audit involves minimal data collection and analysis to identify major areas for energy savings. It provides a list of potential energy conservation measures for further study.
2. A detailed energy audit analyzes energy usage in more depth and provides a quantitative evaluation of selected conservation measures. It may involve on-site measurements and simulations.
3. An investment-grade audit focuses on potentially costly measures and involves rigorous engineering analysis. It provides the level of detail needed for implementation decisions.
The PEA approach involves collecting available operational and energy usage data, analyzing it along with visual inspections, to recommend immediate and further study
Presentation on energy management, energy audit and carrier opportunities Arivalagan Arumugam
Energy Management, Energy Auditing
and Career opportunities in Industries by
Dr.P.Dharmalingam, BEE Accredited Energy Auditor,GOI,
Former Director ,National Productivity, Council,GOI
Executive Director, EnSave Consultancy and Training Pvt.Ltd,
pdlingam@gmail.com
, www.ensaveindia.com ,
The document discusses Intel's quad-core processors, which contain four processing cores on a single chip. This allows higher performance with lower power consumption compared to single-core chips. Quad-core processors are designed to improve performance for applications like workstations, servers, gaming, and datacenter virtualization while reducing total cost of ownership. An example application described is a 3D mapping software that combines topographical and satellite data to model natural disasters, which would benefit from a multi-core platform.
This document discusses nuclear energy and its potential future in Bangladesh. It outlines the objectives to learn about nuclear energy sources and production. Currently there are 440 nuclear power reactors operating worldwide, providing about 5% of global energy. The document examines why nuclear should be an option for Bangladesh due to its high energy density. Bangladesh plans to build two 1000MW Russian reactors by 2018 at Rooppur to address energy demands and reduce reliance on natural gas. However, there are concerns about whether Bangladesh has sufficient national capabilities and infrastructure for nuclear safety, management, funding and emergency response. The document concludes that with proper risk mitigation, nuclear could power Bangladesh's development.
La torre Q1 en Australia tiene 322,5 metros de altura y 80 pisos. Fue diseñada para ser un rascacielos residencial y cuenta con 527 apartamentos. Debido a su gran altura, la torre requiere un sistema de protección contra rayos que incluye una punta de Franklin y una malla de tierra triangular para desviar descargas atmosféricas de forma segura.
This document discusses mini-grid technology, including common energy sources, benefits, types, design procedures, economics, and examples in Nepal. Mini-grids involve small-scale electricity generation and distribution to a limited number of customers. Common energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and diesel generators. Benefits are technical, financial, environmental, and social. Design considerations include cost, demand, operations and maintenance, grid connection potential, and distribution layout. The levelized cost of electricity depends on various technology and project factors. Mini-grids in Nepal include hydropower projects providing electricity to over 1.5 million people.
BIOS and OS provide essential functions for a computer system. BIOS is low-level software that interfaces between hardware and the operating system. It controls hardware at startup and provides basic input/output operations. The OS manages system resources and acts as an interface between users, applications, and hardware. It provides functions for process management, memory allocation, file handling, security, and interpreting user commands. Popular operating systems include single-user DOS and multi-user Unix, Windows.
This document presents information about dual core processors from a colloquium presentation. It discusses the history of dual core processors, which began with IBM's Power 4 processor in 2001. It describes the key features of dual core processors, such as executing two instructions simultaneously and supporting multitasking. The components that make up a processor like transistors, resistors, and capacitors are also outlined. Advantages of dual core processors include improved multitasking performance, while disadvantages include increased heat generation and costs compared to single core processors.
A dual core processor has two processing units on a single integrated circuit. The first dual core processors were developed by IBM in 2001 for servers. Intel later released the first dual core processor for home PCs in 2005. Dual core processors can execute two instructions simultaneously, provide improved multitasking capabilities, and enable faster processing compared to single core processors, but they also generate more heat and cost more than single core processors.
Hydrogen And Fuel Cell Technology For A Sustainable FutureGavin Harper
The document discusses renewable energy sources like hydrogen produced from electrolysis of water using wind turbine power on the Scottish island of Unst. It describes how the hydrogen is then used in fuel cells to provide electricity, heat, and power for homes and vehicles on the island in a self-sufficient system without connections to the national grid. Examples are given of other projects using hydrogen and fuel cells from homes to larger buildings to demonstrate renewable energy integration and zero carbon energy systems.
Buddh International Circuit: Thesis ReportDivyesh Kumar
This document provides information about the proposed Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, India, which will host the country's first Formula One Grand Prix in 2011. It details the location and facilities of the circuit, including its 5.14km length and 16 turns. The circuit is part of the larger Jaypee Sports City development, which will include a cricket stadium and other sports facilities. The document also provides background on Formula One racing terminology and examines the site conditions, including connectivity, climate and wind patterns.
The document discusses the proposed Buddh International Circuit located in Greater Noida, India. It aims to promote motor sports in India and host Formula 1 and Moto GP races. The circuit site analysis examines connectivity, solar patterns, wind patterns, and surrounding developments. Research topics include the track layout, grandstands, amenities, and architectural challenges of the project.
C3 energy presentation clean tech entrepreneurshipDivyesh Kumar
C3 Energy is a smart grid analytics Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) solutions provider, founded in 2009 by Thomas Siebel. C3 Energy’s solutions enable customers to realize the full promise of their smart grid investments. The C3 Energy Analytics platform is unique in its ability to integrate massive amounts of disparate data, apply sophisticated multilayered analytics, and provide highly usable portals that generate actionable real-time insights. Its enterprise wide approach provides utilities with end-to-end system visibility across supply-side and demand-side smart grid operations. Comprised of utility and software industry experts, the management team and board of advisors bring a wealth of experience and industry connections to the company.
Systems Analysis for Tata Power Corporation’s (TPC) distribution business in ...Divyesh Kumar
This report analyses the electricity distribution business of India’s private sector distribution company – Tata Power Corporation (TPC) from an environmental systems perspective.
The document summarizes the construction of the Gautam Buddha International Circuit racing track in India. Key details include:
- Over 4 million cubic tons of earth was moved and 325,000 tons of asphalt was used to construct the 5.1 km track with 16 turns.
- Construction involved laying 5 layers of materials to support heavy racing cars at high speeds. A mixing plant 5 km away produced the asphalt.
- A main grandstand was built with 30m height, 138m length, 56 steel trusses weighing 40 tons each, and a 40m cantilever roof with 50,000 sqm of aluminum sheeting.
- Sophisticated safety barriers and 450
Indian Grand Prix - Project ManagementIshan Parekh
The document summarizes the project management of building an F1 racing circuit in Greater Noida, India. Key details include:
1) JPSK Sports was selected as the project manager to build the circuit over 875 hectares by May 2011 at a cost of 12-15 billion rupees.
2) Stakeholders included FIA, FOA, teams, and fans. Construction involved partners for design, construction, approvals, and operations.
3) Project execution followed the plan with land acquisition, roads, layers of the circuit, stadium, and other facilities. Monitoring ensured on-time and on-budget completion per FIA safety standards.
4) The circuit is expected
This study analyzed the relationship between weather conditions and residential energy usage in San Marcos, California. Results showed that temperature strongly correlates with electricity consumption, especially in the summer. San Marcos households used an average of 7,753 kWh and emitted 5,350 kg of CO2 annually, less than the U.S. averages of 12,069 kWh and 7,270 kg, respectively. A regression model found that both heating and cooling degree days significantly contribute to energy use, with cooling degree days having a greater effect. This model explained 84% of the variance in energy usage.
Investigation into HVAC Energy Consumption in a Simplified Residential Buildi...Colin Moynihan
This document summarizes an investigation into HVAC energy consumption in a simplified residential building model conducted through EnergyPlus simulations. Three HVAC operation scenarios were modeled - conditioning only occupied zones, both zones when occupied, and both zones at all times. The study found that conditioning both zones when occupied was more energy efficient, and that HVAC consumption correlated positively with outdoor temperature in summer and negatively in winter. Human occupancy and appliance usage were also found to impact energy consumption.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential
Energy Audit and Analysis of an Institutional Building under Subtropical Clim...IJECEIAES
Evaluation and estimation of energy consumption are essential in order to classify the amount of energy used and the way it is utilized in building. Hence, the possibility of any energy savings potential and energy savings opportunities can be identified. The intention of this article is to study and evaluate energy usage pattern of the Central Queensland University campus’ buildings, Queensland, Australia. This article presents the field survey results from the audit of an office building and performance-related measurements of the indoor environmental parameters, for instance, indoor air temperature, humidity and energy consumption concerned to the indoor heating and cooling load. Monthly observed energy usage information was employed to investigate influence of the climate conditions on energy usage.
VISUAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND: ENERGY DASHBOARD GRAPHICS Graphical Da...Fatma ÇINAR
A real time interactive data management for Impulse and Response Analysis Technique using lattice and ggplot2 Graphical Packages embedded in R software has been employed. Average consumption, peak consumption and daily consumption data have been used while the temperature data is also employed to highlight the significance of relationship between consumption and the weather conditions. The demand for electricity by the factors affecting the demand with a multi-dimensional matrix graphics based on Energy Dashboard Software has been analysed leading to visualisation.
IRJET- Energy Saving in Governmental Educational Buildings: Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study on implementing energy saving methods in an educational building in Egypt. Two methods are analyzed: 1) Replacing fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. This is estimated to save 21.8% of energy annually based on a simulation. 2) Installing sensors for smart energy control, estimated to save an additional 20% of energy. Together the two methods could save 41.8% of energy annually and pay for themselves within 3 years. Practical installations in a lecture hall and office showed improved lighting and reduced energy consumption compared to fluorescent lamps. Overall the study finds that replacing lamps with LEDs and adding smart controls can significantly reduce energy use and costs in this type of building.
Air conditioning (AC) is a mature and widely available technology that uses electricity to maintain comfortable indoor environments during ambient high temperature periods. While institutional factors have led to historically high AC prevalence in the United States, adoption has increased in both Europe and the developing world1,2,3,4,5. Given projected future growth of cooling demand6,7 and AC ownership worldwide4,8, a major concern is that climate change-driven increases in the frequency and intensity of high temperature extremes9 will amplify electricity demand to levels that exceed power systems’ capacity, adversely affecting reliability10, and leading to blackouts that can ultimately leave populations without power precisely when cooling, and the electricity it relies on, are most needed.
La torre Q1 en Australia tiene 322,5 metros de altura y 80 pisos. Fue diseñada para ser un rascacielos residencial y cuenta con 527 apartamentos. Debido a su gran altura, la torre requiere un sistema de protección contra rayos que incluye una punta de Franklin y una malla de tierra triangular para desviar descargas atmosféricas de forma segura.
This document discusses mini-grid technology, including common energy sources, benefits, types, design procedures, economics, and examples in Nepal. Mini-grids involve small-scale electricity generation and distribution to a limited number of customers. Common energy sources include solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and diesel generators. Benefits are technical, financial, environmental, and social. Design considerations include cost, demand, operations and maintenance, grid connection potential, and distribution layout. The levelized cost of electricity depends on various technology and project factors. Mini-grids in Nepal include hydropower projects providing electricity to over 1.5 million people.
BIOS and OS provide essential functions for a computer system. BIOS is low-level software that interfaces between hardware and the operating system. It controls hardware at startup and provides basic input/output operations. The OS manages system resources and acts as an interface between users, applications, and hardware. It provides functions for process management, memory allocation, file handling, security, and interpreting user commands. Popular operating systems include single-user DOS and multi-user Unix, Windows.
This document presents information about dual core processors from a colloquium presentation. It discusses the history of dual core processors, which began with IBM's Power 4 processor in 2001. It describes the key features of dual core processors, such as executing two instructions simultaneously and supporting multitasking. The components that make up a processor like transistors, resistors, and capacitors are also outlined. Advantages of dual core processors include improved multitasking performance, while disadvantages include increased heat generation and costs compared to single core processors.
A dual core processor has two processing units on a single integrated circuit. The first dual core processors were developed by IBM in 2001 for servers. Intel later released the first dual core processor for home PCs in 2005. Dual core processors can execute two instructions simultaneously, provide improved multitasking capabilities, and enable faster processing compared to single core processors, but they also generate more heat and cost more than single core processors.
Hydrogen And Fuel Cell Technology For A Sustainable FutureGavin Harper
The document discusses renewable energy sources like hydrogen produced from electrolysis of water using wind turbine power on the Scottish island of Unst. It describes how the hydrogen is then used in fuel cells to provide electricity, heat, and power for homes and vehicles on the island in a self-sufficient system without connections to the national grid. Examples are given of other projects using hydrogen and fuel cells from homes to larger buildings to demonstrate renewable energy integration and zero carbon energy systems.
Buddh International Circuit: Thesis ReportDivyesh Kumar
This document provides information about the proposed Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, India, which will host the country's first Formula One Grand Prix in 2011. It details the location and facilities of the circuit, including its 5.14km length and 16 turns. The circuit is part of the larger Jaypee Sports City development, which will include a cricket stadium and other sports facilities. The document also provides background on Formula One racing terminology and examines the site conditions, including connectivity, climate and wind patterns.
The document discusses the proposed Buddh International Circuit located in Greater Noida, India. It aims to promote motor sports in India and host Formula 1 and Moto GP races. The circuit site analysis examines connectivity, solar patterns, wind patterns, and surrounding developments. Research topics include the track layout, grandstands, amenities, and architectural challenges of the project.
C3 energy presentation clean tech entrepreneurshipDivyesh Kumar
C3 Energy is a smart grid analytics Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) solutions provider, founded in 2009 by Thomas Siebel. C3 Energy’s solutions enable customers to realize the full promise of their smart grid investments. The C3 Energy Analytics platform is unique in its ability to integrate massive amounts of disparate data, apply sophisticated multilayered analytics, and provide highly usable portals that generate actionable real-time insights. Its enterprise wide approach provides utilities with end-to-end system visibility across supply-side and demand-side smart grid operations. Comprised of utility and software industry experts, the management team and board of advisors bring a wealth of experience and industry connections to the company.
Systems Analysis for Tata Power Corporation’s (TPC) distribution business in ...Divyesh Kumar
This report analyses the electricity distribution business of India’s private sector distribution company – Tata Power Corporation (TPC) from an environmental systems perspective.
The document summarizes the construction of the Gautam Buddha International Circuit racing track in India. Key details include:
- Over 4 million cubic tons of earth was moved and 325,000 tons of asphalt was used to construct the 5.1 km track with 16 turns.
- Construction involved laying 5 layers of materials to support heavy racing cars at high speeds. A mixing plant 5 km away produced the asphalt.
- A main grandstand was built with 30m height, 138m length, 56 steel trusses weighing 40 tons each, and a 40m cantilever roof with 50,000 sqm of aluminum sheeting.
- Sophisticated safety barriers and 450
Indian Grand Prix - Project ManagementIshan Parekh
The document summarizes the project management of building an F1 racing circuit in Greater Noida, India. Key details include:
1) JPSK Sports was selected as the project manager to build the circuit over 875 hectares by May 2011 at a cost of 12-15 billion rupees.
2) Stakeholders included FIA, FOA, teams, and fans. Construction involved partners for design, construction, approvals, and operations.
3) Project execution followed the plan with land acquisition, roads, layers of the circuit, stadium, and other facilities. Monitoring ensured on-time and on-budget completion per FIA safety standards.
4) The circuit is expected
This study analyzed the relationship between weather conditions and residential energy usage in San Marcos, California. Results showed that temperature strongly correlates with electricity consumption, especially in the summer. San Marcos households used an average of 7,753 kWh and emitted 5,350 kg of CO2 annually, less than the U.S. averages of 12,069 kWh and 7,270 kg, respectively. A regression model found that both heating and cooling degree days significantly contribute to energy use, with cooling degree days having a greater effect. This model explained 84% of the variance in energy usage.
Investigation into HVAC Energy Consumption in a Simplified Residential Buildi...Colin Moynihan
This document summarizes an investigation into HVAC energy consumption in a simplified residential building model conducted through EnergyPlus simulations. Three HVAC operation scenarios were modeled - conditioning only occupied zones, both zones when occupied, and both zones at all times. The study found that conditioning both zones when occupied was more energy efficient, and that HVAC consumption correlated positively with outdoor temperature in summer and negatively in winter. Human occupancy and appliance usage were also found to impact energy consumption.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential
Energy Audit and Analysis of an Institutional Building under Subtropical Clim...IJECEIAES
Evaluation and estimation of energy consumption are essential in order to classify the amount of energy used and the way it is utilized in building. Hence, the possibility of any energy savings potential and energy savings opportunities can be identified. The intention of this article is to study and evaluate energy usage pattern of the Central Queensland University campus’ buildings, Queensland, Australia. This article presents the field survey results from the audit of an office building and performance-related measurements of the indoor environmental parameters, for instance, indoor air temperature, humidity and energy consumption concerned to the indoor heating and cooling load. Monthly observed energy usage information was employed to investigate influence of the climate conditions on energy usage.
VISUAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND: ENERGY DASHBOARD GRAPHICS Graphical Da...Fatma ÇINAR
A real time interactive data management for Impulse and Response Analysis Technique using lattice and ggplot2 Graphical Packages embedded in R software has been employed. Average consumption, peak consumption and daily consumption data have been used while the temperature data is also employed to highlight the significance of relationship between consumption and the weather conditions. The demand for electricity by the factors affecting the demand with a multi-dimensional matrix graphics based on Energy Dashboard Software has been analysed leading to visualisation.
IRJET- Energy Saving in Governmental Educational Buildings: Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study on implementing energy saving methods in an educational building in Egypt. Two methods are analyzed: 1) Replacing fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. This is estimated to save 21.8% of energy annually based on a simulation. 2) Installing sensors for smart energy control, estimated to save an additional 20% of energy. Together the two methods could save 41.8% of energy annually and pay for themselves within 3 years. Practical installations in a lecture hall and office showed improved lighting and reduced energy consumption compared to fluorescent lamps. Overall the study finds that replacing lamps with LEDs and adding smart controls can significantly reduce energy use and costs in this type of building.
Air conditioning (AC) is a mature and widely available technology that uses electricity to maintain comfortable indoor environments during ambient high temperature periods. While institutional factors have led to historically high AC prevalence in the United States, adoption has increased in both Europe and the developing world1,2,3,4,5. Given projected future growth of cooling demand6,7 and AC ownership worldwide4,8, a major concern is that climate change-driven increases in the frequency and intensity of high temperature extremes9 will amplify electricity demand to levels that exceed power systems’ capacity, adversely affecting reliability10, and leading to blackouts that can ultimately leave populations without power precisely when cooling, and the electricity it relies on, are most needed.
1) Morehead State University is replacing its coal-burning power plant with natural gas boilers to reduce carbon emissions and lower its environmental impact.
2) The university is also implementing energy efficiency projects like an energy usage competition between dormitories and forming an energy club for students.
3) A study analyzed MSU's energy usage data from 2006-2009 and found a significant relationship between average monthly temperature and kilowatt hours used, with energy needs increasing at higher temperatures.
This document analyzes the relationship between energy savings, peak load savings, and electric energy savings for new buildings in Toronto. It finds that while there is a weak correlation between total energy savings and peak demand savings, there is a strong positive correlation between electric energy savings and peak demand savings. Based on the analysis of 60 buildings, the largest opportunities for peak load savings are in space cooling and lighting, while the largest opportunities for electric energy savings are in lighting and ventilation. The document recommends that building codes be updated to specify required proportions of electric energy savings and to encourage passive design strategies like daylighting and natural ventilation to further reduce peak loads.
IRJET- Electricity Load Analytics for Light Energyconsumption in a House usin...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes light energy consumption in a house located in Belgium over a 4.5 month period. It finds that light energy usage varies based on seasonal weather patterns, with higher consumption in winter and lower consumption in spring. In winter, when temperatures are lower and humidity is higher, light usage averaged 17.48 watts per month. In spring, when temperatures rise and humidity falls, average monthly light usage decreased to 8.79 watts. The analysis uses data on indoor light consumption, outdoor temperature and humidity to understand how weather impacts domestic lighting needs over different seasons.
Human Habits and Energy Consumption in Residential BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Looks into users’ heating habits in residential buildings.
* Discusses the term ‘rebound’ - the fact that improved efficiency can result in more spending.
* Gives factual proof that direct rebound plays leading role in energy consumption in residential buildings.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
Energy consumption and predictions in the residential buildings play an important role within the energy management and system, as the availability in the demand of energy resources is dynamic. Human beings are unaware of the value of energy consumed by various appliances and therefore the energy resources available for subsequent generation. Each appliances in homes will consume different power consumption in several seasons. Accordingly the bill rate changes. Vyshnavi B | Selma P. T | Renin Joy | Sheethal M. S "Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31491.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/31491/prediction-of-power-consumption-and-leakage-detection/vyshnavi-b
The document summarizes that considering sustainability of the whole energy system, from source to end user, is more important than focusing only on the household level. Electricity generated from fossil fuels like coal increases the carbon emissions, even for households that use electricity for heating. A truly sustainable energy system for 2050 requires optimizing the entire chain from energy source to user, with CO2 reduction as the central goal, rather than pursuing individual targets like making all homes electric which can actually increase emissions and costs.
Prediction of Power Consumption and Leakage Detectionijtsrd
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Regression model for calculating the base load energy using the utility bills.
1. NRE 538: Independent Project Submited by- Divyesh Kumar
Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
Abstract:
The research aims to determine if the electricity consumption for the ST. Dana building at University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, can be calculated by using the utility bills and heating degree days for three
different academic term. ANCOVA analysis, using R statistics, from the available utility bills and the
monthly Heating degree day for past 3 years, showed that there are significant interaction between
the heating degree days and the Winter and Fall academic-terms. However, the analysis failed to
identify any interaction between the heating degree days and the summer term. Dana building’s
base-load electricity consumption was calculated using the regression model for the winter term.
Introduction:
Background: The city of Ann Arbor observes a great variation in temperature and thus the annual
weather pattern. In fact, during the past decade, the monthly average temperature ranged from 15F
to 80F . The seasonal pattern over the decade causes building to annually consume either more or1
less energy. In the year 2006, ST. Dana building rated LEED Platinum which is supposed to function
normally while utilizing the minimal energy. However, since the year 2006 the total energy
consumption of the building hasn’t shown any drastic improvement (see figure 1). One probable
reason might be the variable weather pattern throughout the period.
The energy usage is usually dependent on the outside weather conditions. For instance, a hot summer
of July 2012 recorded 78.9F might be responsible a possible reason to consume more cooling load
electricity as compared to the maximum temperature for the year 2013 recording just 72.9F. Similarly,
an abnormal winter of 2014 will be responsible for more energy usage (mostly natural gas) due to
extra heating systems load compared to any other years in the past (as shown in Figure 1). Hence,
abrupt weather conditions makes difficult to check the performance of building energy consumption
over a period.
Figure 1Annual Electricity Usage (in kWh) for Dana Building, Source: Plant Operations, University of Michigan.
1
As per the Ann Arbor Municipal Airport (KARB), http://forecast.weather.gov/
2. Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
The performance of a building can be verified if the total annual energy consumption can be broken
down into, firstly, the variable energy consumption due to abnormality of the annual weather, and
secondly, the base-load energy which more or less, remain constant throughout a year. Base-load
electricity of a building is defined as the electricity consumed by appliances which are not affected by
the outside weather condition. For example, the computer systems, lighting systems, refrigerators,
projectors etc. contribute to almost constant annual consumption of electrical energy. These are
essential survival resources for a building and are used continuously over a period of time.
Weather-dependent electrical appliances such as Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning HVAC
systems, fans, air conditioners or heaters, on the other hand, are used intermittently when the
outside temperature is greater or lesser than the indoor comfort temperature. The energy usage by
any of these weather-dependent appliances contribute towards variable electricity consumption.
Hence, the analysis for the base-load energy will not only confirm the performance of the building but
also help the energy managers to implant and verify the building-retrofit projects, if required.
Tracking building performance by analyzing the base-load consumption will eventually help to bring
building-sustainability.
Interestingly, the Campus Sustainability office at the University of Michigan has set a goal to achieve
25% Green House Gas (GHG) reduction by 2025 . For a long term climate-action plan like GHG
2
reduction, the comparison of base-load energy of a building across the campus, instead of total
energy usage, will help to build a comprehensive strategy.
But the question is, how to estimate base-load energy from a building’s utility bill.
Setting-up the Model: The null hypotheses of the study are that there is no impact of seasonality
(academic term) and the heating degree days on the electricity bill. This can be states as
follows:
Ho1: Dana’s electricity bill has no impact on the Heating degree days,
Ho2: Dana’s electricity bill is independent on the academic terms;and
Ho3: There is no interaction between academic terms and Heating degree days.
Method:
Usually the monthly billing days are not as per the number of days in a month. Instead, the electricity
reading ( as listed in appendix: Table1) were generated and billed for the first working-day of a month.
This was normalised on monthly basis matching with the monthly data for heating degree days.
Ann Arbor’s monthly Heating Degree Days (see appendix for definition)- a measurement designed to
reflect the demand for energy needed to heat a building - which account for the differences in
weather pattern during the past three years, was obtained from the KARB weather station at Ann
Arbor (calculated by www.degreedays.netwith a base temperature of 65F ) .
The past 3 year monthly-electricity bills, culled from the Plant Operation at University of Michigan, are
grouped into the academic terms, that is, winter, fall and summer term (as shown in Appendix table
2
http://sustainability.umich.edu/about/goals
3. Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
1) for the period 2012-14. Hence, out of total 36 observation, each of the nine observation were
categorised into 3 different academic terms. The separation of the annual bill into the academic
terms will help to identify the energy pattern consumed by the occupants which are students, faculty
and staff of the school.
In order to analyse the correlation with the Dana’s monthly electricity bill (a continuous dependent
variable) with the academic terms (a nominal independent variable) and the Heating degree days
(continuous independent variable) ANCOVA analysis is done as composed in the below diagram.Alpha
(α) is 0.05 for this analysis, and a residual plot was produced to check for equal variances, and a
normality probability plot (NPP) and Shapiro-Wilk test were produced to check for normality of errors.
DiagramShowing the setting up of ANCOVA as a statistical model.
Results:
All four assumptions of ANCOVA were met as follows, so an ANCOVA is the appropriate test: The data
is described by the following parametric linear model:
•Eij = μ + Ti + βi [HDDij] + εij where, E= Monthly Electricity consumption, T = Academic
Terms, HDD = Heating Degree Days, i = Fall, Winter and Summer Terms.
• Each observation was completely independent of other observations.
• The data show equal variance based on the residual plot and normality of errors is achieved
with a Shapiro-Wilk test result of p =0.3173. See Figure 2 and 3 below.
Box-plot Interpretation: The box plot (refer figure 2) indicates variation in the means and the errors
of monthly consumption for three different academic terms. For the period 2012-14, the electricity
consumption for summer term is highest due to increase in the cooling load for the building.
Contrastingly, for the winter the electrical usage has decreased. In fact, the ST. Dana building relies
more on natural gas than electricity during winters.
This is also evident by analysing the error bars as shown in the boxplot. The fall and summer which
covers a wide range of electricity usage as compared to during the winters - indicating that the change
in weather pattern throughout the period of time has least impact on consumption of electricity
during the winters.
4. Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
Figure 2Box-plot of Monthly Electricity Usage (in kWh) for Dana Building for different academic terms.
The NPP and Normal Q-Q plots: The left part of the graph shows ( refer figure 3) a test of equal
variance (Residuals vs Fitted). Equal variance is verified as the red line sits so close to the horizontal
dashed line in the middle. The right graph shows a test of normality of errors (Normal Q-Q). Although
there is some variation along the normality line, a Shapiro-Wilk tests confirms normality with a
p-value of 0.3173 (p>0.05). Hence, to transformation of data was required.
Figure 3The NPP and Normal Q-Q plots for normalcy test.
ANCOVA Analysis and Coefficients: In the table 1, the null hypothesis H01 was rejected (with p-value =
0.0004, that is > 0.05). However, there is no significant relation between the electricity consumption
5. Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
with the summer term (p-value=0.190) and the interaction between the Heating degree days and
Summer term , with the p-value 0.534 (>0.05) in determining the electrical consumption.
The table below also suggests that the slopes (Estimated Std.) are different for the each of the
academic term for the period 2012-14 - indicating difference in rate of electric consumption with the
change in term. This is quite evident in the plot drawn for monthly electricity consumption against the
heating degree days.
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 127251.847 5686.863 22.376 < 2e-16 ***
HDD -31.080 7.821 -3.974 0.000410 ***
Term-Summer -9539.572 7121.538 -1.340 0.190456
Term-Winter -35271.496 9561.557 -3.689 0.000891 ***
HDD:Term-Summer -23.682 37.662 -0.629 0.534240
HDD:Term-Winter 27.864 10.906 2.555 0.015936
Table1 The ANCOVA summary for assessing Monthly Electricity consumption with the HDD during each academic term.
Software used: R-statistics.
An adjusted R-squared value of 0.628 was recorded.
The parametric model can be rewritten as following equations ( Refer appendix-metafile for units):
1. ESummer= -54.782 HDD Summer+117712 (refer the yellow-line, figure: 4)
2. EFall = -31.080 HDD Fall+127252; (refer the green-line, figure: 4)and
3. EWinter = -3.2162 HDD Winter+91980 (refer the orange-line, figure: 4)
Base-load Electricity estimate: A gentle slope with a value of 3.21 during the winter term indicates
that there are only few appliances which respond to the increasing heating load. Moreover, the
R-square value for a linear regression between bills and the heating degree days for the winter term is
quite closer to zero (0.029). In other words, the power consumption during the winter term is mostly
due the weather-independent electrical appliances. Accounting for essential weather-independent
appliances can be estimated by studying the energy outline during winter term itself. Hence in order
to remove the dependency of electricity with the heating degree days, the equation 3 should have a
zero β value. So the model predicts that Dana building’s base-load electricity consumption as
91980 kWh per month.
6. Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
Figure 4A plot drawn between Monthly Electricity consumption and heating degree days for the period 2012-12.
Discussion:
By referring the β coefficients, the behaviour of electricity usage are different for different
academic terms. The rate of consumption (or slope) is seen highest for the summer than in the fall
term and lastly for the winter term.In fact, the major heating load is been taken care by consuming
more natural gas than any heating appliances.
Although, by comparing a widely used energy metrics: Energy usage intensity (EUIs), refer appendix
definition, for Dana building with other similar schools within the campus will have no effect on
energy consumption but a slight change in the building attributes such as building functionality,
square footage, occupancy load, even the consumer behavior and time of usage to name few, will
cause enough variation in their total energy usage pattern. Instead, a retrospective energy usage
analysis for the Dana building by using the electricity bill - if compared with other similar schools - will
reduce complexities due to change in physical building attributes. Furthermore, by grouping the
energy usage with academic-term period, that is fall, winter and summer terms, will take into account
for change in occupancy load and the consumer behavior, if any.
The retrospective analysis for the Dana building assumes that there isn’t any major building-functional
change as a the change in number of building occupants is constant throughout an year - irrespective
of any academic terms. The research disregards any annual breaks - specially the Christmas break-
where buildings and its operation are closed almost for a couple of weeks. Hence, a weekly data of
electricity consumption would be more precise to determine the closer base-load electricity results.
7. Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
References:
● Lean Analysis, Johnson Controls Inc. Sample Lean Analysis by Johnson Controls. [online at
http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/content/us/en/products/building_efficiency/products-and-
systems/building_management/lean.html]
● Energy Star Portfolio Manager, Technical References [online at
portfoliomanager.energystar.gov/pdf/reference/Climate%20and%20Weather.pdf ]
● Abrax Energy, An Introduction to Utility Bill Weather Normalization for Energy Contractors,
[online at
www.abraxasenergy.com/articles/intro-weather-normalization-contractors/#_ftnref7 ]
8. NRE 538: Independent Project
Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
Appendix:
Definition:
Heating Degree Day (HDD): Degree days below a temperature (also called Heating degree days)
correspond to the cumulative number of degrees by which the mean daily temperature falls below a
given temperature called the "base temperature".
Energy Use Intensity (EUI) for a building: is the measurement used to size up a building's energy
performance. It represents the energy consumed by a building relative to its size and is expressed in
gigajoules per square metre per year.
A building's EUI is calculated as follows:
Total energy consumed in one year (GJ) / total floor space of the building (m2
)
For example, if an 8,000 m2 school consumed 7,000 GJ of energy, its EUI would be 0.88 GJ/m2. A
similarly sized school that consumed 10,000 GJ of energy would have a higher EUI (1.25 GJ/m2) to
reflect its higher energy use. Generally, a lower EUI signifies better energy performance.
Raw Data:
Table 1: S.T. Dana Building, University of Michigan, Electricity bill for the period 2012-2014
Month Term Year
Electric Bill
(kWh per
Bill)
Billing Days
Heating
Degree Days
(in Day-F)
Monthly Electricity
Usage ( in kWh per
Month)
Jul Summer 2014 114,565.00 31 94 114565.00
Aug Summer 2014 121,318.00 30 55 125361.93
Sep Fall 2014 131,254.00 29 220 135780.00
Oct Fall 2014 116,227.00 31 466 116227.00
Nov Fall 2014 99,412.00 28 914 106512.86
Dec Fall 2014 88,195.00 29 993 94277.41
Jan Winter 2014 86,472.00 32 1539 83769.75
Feb Winter 2014 98,895.00 29 1345 95484.83
Mar Winter 2014 85,538.00 28 1168 94702.79
Apr Winter 2014 94,648.00 31 539 91594.84
May Summer 2014 97,001.00 29 259 103690.72
Jun Summer 2014 103,846.00 29 63 107426.90
Jul Summer 2013 118,121.00 31 46 118121.00
Aug Summer 2013 119,199.00 30 70 123172.30
Sep Fall 2013 122,542.00 29 201 126767.59
Oct Fall 2013 100,119.00 31 454 100119.00
Nov Fall 2013 99,211.00 29 849 102632.07
9. Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
Dec Fall 2013 92,404.00 29 1191 98776.69
Jan Winter 2013 85,675.00 32 1170 82997.66
Feb Winter 2013 96,206.00 29 1098 92888.55
Mar Winter 2013 85,681.00 28 1006 94861.11
Apr Winter 2013 93,525.00 31 616 90508.06
May Summer 2013 101,988.00 29 225 109021.66
Jun Summer 2013 109,340.00 28 76 117150.00
Jul Summer 2012 114,252.00 29 23 126493.29
Aug Summer 2012 116,401.00 31 80 112763.47
Sep Fall 2012 111,349.00 30 223 115188.62
Oct Fall 2012 97,289.00 29 478 103998.59
Nov Fall 2012 90,697.00 31 836 87771.29
Dec Fall 2012 88,018.00 28 946 97448.50
Jan Winter 2012 77,232.00 30 1079 79806.40
Feb Winter 2012 85,957.00 31 934.5 77638.58
Mar Winter 2012 79,556.00 29 458 85042.62
Apr Winter 2012 94,460.00 29 474.5 97717.24
May Summer 2012 87,123.00 30 90.5 90027.10
Jun Summer 2012 103,777.00 30 32 103777.00
Metadata:
Metadata for Project_NRE538.csv
Contact information:
Divyesh Kumar
School of Natural Resources & Environment
University of Michigan
divyeshk@umich.edu
Secondary contacts (GSIs for course):
Justin Burdin (jburdine@umich.edu)
Context:
This dataset is the electricity utility bill collected from the
Plantoperations at University of Michigan for the NRE538 classproject.
measuring popping efficiency of microwave popcorn. The past 3 year
monthlyelectricity bills, culled from the Plant Operation at University of
Michigan, are grouped into the academic terms, that is, winter, fall and summer
term for the period 201214. Hence, out of total 36 observation, each of the
nine observation were categorised into 3 different academic terms.
10. Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
Ann Arbor’s monthly Heating Degree Days (see appendix for definition) a
measurement designed to reflect the demand for energy needed to heat a building
which account for the differences in weather pattern during the past three
years, was obtained from the KARB weather station at Ann Arbor (calculated by
www.degreedays.net with a base temperature of 65F )
Temporal coverage:
The data covered in experiments are for 2012 to 2014.
Geographic coverage:
The area of study is in ST. Dana Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI, USA
Attributes:
Name Definition Type Units Precision
E Monthly electricity billContinuos kWh 2 decimals
HDD Heating Degree Days Continuos DaysF2 decimals
TERM Academic Terms Discrete
Coding:
energymodelfull = Comparing Electricity consumption with academic terms and
Heating degree days.
R-Code:
Setting-Up and Initial Analysis
read.csv(file="Project_NRE538.csv")
energy=read.csv("Project_NRE538.csv")
attach(energyfullmodel)
summary(energyfullmodel)
Testing for normalcy and comparing the discrete variables
boxplot(kwh.month~Term,which=c(1,1),ylab='Electricity Bill kWh per day')
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot(energymodelfull,which=c(1,2))
shapiro.test(resid(energymodelfull))
ANCOVA Analysis
energymodelfull<lm(kwh.month~HDD*Term)
summary(energymodelfull)
11. Calculating Base-load electricity consumption using Utility bills
Graphing the variables
plot(HDD[Term=='Fall'],kwh.month[Term=='Fall'],xlab='Heating Degree Day per
month',ylab='Monthly Electricity bill in kWh',pch=15,col='green')
points(HDD[Term=='Winter'],kwh.month[Term=='Winter'],pch=16,col='orange')
points(HDD[Term=='Summer'],kwh.month[Term=='Summer'],pch=17,col='yellow')
abline(127251.847,31.080,col='green',lty=1)
abline(91980.351,3.216, col='orange',lty=2)
abline(117712,54.782, col='yellow',lty=4)