This document provides an overview of a training session on energy equipment refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It discusses types of refrigeration including vapor compression and vapor absorption. It also covers assessing the performance of refrigeration and air conditioning systems, such as measuring tons of refrigeration and coefficient of performance. Finally, it lists several energy efficiency opportunities for refrigeration and AC systems, such as optimizing heat exchange, multi-staging systems, and capacity control of compressors.
This document provides an overview of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) systems. It discusses the main components and working principles of vapor-compression refrigeration cycles used in chilled water air-conditioning systems. The document also describes different types of air-conditioning systems, including various compressor types, and central chilled water system components and layouts. Optimization strategies for chilled water systems are presented, focusing on aspects like chiller efficiency, sizing, sequencing, and temperature reset controls.
This document provides an overview of power supply systems, including:
1) Electricity is generated at power stations and transmitted through high voltage transmission networks to load centers, where the voltage is stepped down for distribution through lower voltage networks to consumers.
2) Planning, construction, operation and maintenance of power supply systems require huge capital investments and operating costs to ensure a highly reliable electricity supply.
3) Generation, transmission, and distribution each represent significant portions of total system investment, with generation requiring the largest portion at around 50% of costs.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems and control strategies. It describes the basic principles of why automatic controls are needed for HVAC systems, common types of HVAC systems including self-contained units and central systems, parameters that are controlled like temperature, humidity, ventilation and pressure. It also summarizes different control strategies used for HVAC systems under part-load conditions like cycling, modulation, and staging.
Refrigeration Cycle. دائرة التكييف
Gauge set and refrigerant عدادات
Installing Gauges.تركيب عداد الغاز
Service ports and valves صمامات الخدمة
Refrigerant Types.أنواع غاز التكييف
Discharging, تفريغ الغاز
Evacuating and شفط الهواء و الرطوبة
Recharging إعادة شحن الغاز
Superheat & Subcooling الغاز المحمص و المبرد.
Pressures of Refrigerants.ضغوط أنواع غازات التكييف
Electronic Refrigerant Identifier Instrument جهاز كشف نوعية غاز التكييف
Hvac controls operation and maintenance 3rd edition g. w. guptonronald59
This chapter provides an overview of the basic functions of HVAC systems and control systems. HVAC systems are designed to maintain comfortable temperature, humidity, and air distribution within a building. Control systems directly regulate these parameters. Temperature can be controlled by varying supply air temperature, airflow rate, or both. Humidity is controlled through dehumidification and humidification. Airflow rate is controlled through fans or dampers. Pressure is also controlled in variable air volume systems.
Development of a Bench-Top Air-to-Water Heat Pump Experimental ApparatusCSCJournals
The document describes the development of a bench-top air-to-water heat pump experimental apparatus for educational purposes. Key features include:
- It demonstrates thermodynamics and heat transfer concepts through the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
- It has instrumentation to display measurements and interface with a computer for data acquisition. Safety features like overcurrent protection are included.
- It was designed to heat 10°C of water using a condensing unit, evaporator, expansion valve, and other refrigeration components sized to meet power constraints.
- A control system with pressure transducers, microprocessor, and solid state relays monitors and operates the compressor and fans based on pressure levels.
- Performance
The document provides curriculum details for the Thermodynamics course within the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning program. It includes topics such as systems of units, thermodynamic definitions, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, properties of humid air, and measurement techniques. The curriculum aims to help students understand thermodynamic concepts and apply them to refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It also seeks to develop students' abilities to analyze properties of humid air and perform various pressure, temperature, velocity, and humidity measurements.
When developing data center energy-use estimations, engineers must account for all sources of energy use in the facility. Most energy consumption is obvious: computers, cooling plant and related equipment, lighting, and other miscellaneous electrical loads. Designing efficient and effective data centers is a top priority for consulting engineers. Cooling is a large portion of data center energy use, second only to the IT load. Although there are several options to help maximize HVAC efficiency and minimize energy consumption, data centers come in many shapes, sizes, and configurations. By developing a deep understanding of their client’s data center HVAC requirements, consulting engineers can help maintain the necessary availability level of mission critical applications while reducing energy consumption.
This document provides an overview of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) systems. It discusses the main components and working principles of vapor-compression refrigeration cycles used in chilled water air-conditioning systems. The document also describes different types of air-conditioning systems, including various compressor types, and central chilled water system components and layouts. Optimization strategies for chilled water systems are presented, focusing on aspects like chiller efficiency, sizing, sequencing, and temperature reset controls.
This document provides an overview of power supply systems, including:
1) Electricity is generated at power stations and transmitted through high voltage transmission networks to load centers, where the voltage is stepped down for distribution through lower voltage networks to consumers.
2) Planning, construction, operation and maintenance of power supply systems require huge capital investments and operating costs to ensure a highly reliable electricity supply.
3) Generation, transmission, and distribution each represent significant portions of total system investment, with generation requiring the largest portion at around 50% of costs.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems and control strategies. It describes the basic principles of why automatic controls are needed for HVAC systems, common types of HVAC systems including self-contained units and central systems, parameters that are controlled like temperature, humidity, ventilation and pressure. It also summarizes different control strategies used for HVAC systems under part-load conditions like cycling, modulation, and staging.
Refrigeration Cycle. دائرة التكييف
Gauge set and refrigerant عدادات
Installing Gauges.تركيب عداد الغاز
Service ports and valves صمامات الخدمة
Refrigerant Types.أنواع غاز التكييف
Discharging, تفريغ الغاز
Evacuating and شفط الهواء و الرطوبة
Recharging إعادة شحن الغاز
Superheat & Subcooling الغاز المحمص و المبرد.
Pressures of Refrigerants.ضغوط أنواع غازات التكييف
Electronic Refrigerant Identifier Instrument جهاز كشف نوعية غاز التكييف
Hvac controls operation and maintenance 3rd edition g. w. guptonronald59
This chapter provides an overview of the basic functions of HVAC systems and control systems. HVAC systems are designed to maintain comfortable temperature, humidity, and air distribution within a building. Control systems directly regulate these parameters. Temperature can be controlled by varying supply air temperature, airflow rate, or both. Humidity is controlled through dehumidification and humidification. Airflow rate is controlled through fans or dampers. Pressure is also controlled in variable air volume systems.
Development of a Bench-Top Air-to-Water Heat Pump Experimental ApparatusCSCJournals
The document describes the development of a bench-top air-to-water heat pump experimental apparatus for educational purposes. Key features include:
- It demonstrates thermodynamics and heat transfer concepts through the vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
- It has instrumentation to display measurements and interface with a computer for data acquisition. Safety features like overcurrent protection are included.
- It was designed to heat 10°C of water using a condensing unit, evaporator, expansion valve, and other refrigeration components sized to meet power constraints.
- A control system with pressure transducers, microprocessor, and solid state relays monitors and operates the compressor and fans based on pressure levels.
- Performance
The document provides curriculum details for the Thermodynamics course within the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning program. It includes topics such as systems of units, thermodynamic definitions, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, properties of humid air, and measurement techniques. The curriculum aims to help students understand thermodynamic concepts and apply them to refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It also seeks to develop students' abilities to analyze properties of humid air and perform various pressure, temperature, velocity, and humidity measurements.
When developing data center energy-use estimations, engineers must account for all sources of energy use in the facility. Most energy consumption is obvious: computers, cooling plant and related equipment, lighting, and other miscellaneous electrical loads. Designing efficient and effective data centers is a top priority for consulting engineers. Cooling is a large portion of data center energy use, second only to the IT load. Although there are several options to help maximize HVAC efficiency and minimize energy consumption, data centers come in many shapes, sizes, and configurations. By developing a deep understanding of their client’s data center HVAC requirements, consulting engineers can help maintain the necessary availability level of mission critical applications while reducing energy consumption.
The document summarizes key topics from a training presentation on refrigeration and air conditioning systems, including:
- Types of refrigeration systems like vapor compression and vapor absorption.
- How to assess the cooling capacity of refrigeration and AC units in tons of refrigeration.
- Metrics for measuring the energy efficiency of refrigeration systems like coefficient of performance and specific power consumption.
- Opportunities for improving energy efficiency such as optimizing heat exchange, multi-staging, capacity control, and chilled water storage.
The document discusses Optimum Energy's HVAC optimization solutions which can reduce energy consumption and costs by 30-60% through technologies like OptimumHVAC, OptimumLOOP, and OptimumTRAV. It provides examples of universities, airports, and research facilities that achieved annual energy savings of 150,000 kWh to over 6,000,000 kWh through Optimum Energy's solutions, with payback periods ranging from 12 to 36 months.
This document is a table of contents for an HVAC systems and equipment handbook. It lists 51 chapters organized under headings for air conditioning and heating systems, air handling equipment and components, heating equipment and components, cooling equipment and components, general components, and packaged/unitary and split-system equipment. The table of contents provides an overview of the topics covered in the handbook, including various HVAC system types, components, and general subjects.
Complete hvac ppt by kk 354647.pptx 1234KRISHAN KUMAR
This document provides an overview of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It discusses the history and development of HVAC, including early innovations in refrigeration. The core components and functions of HVAC systems are described, such as furnaces, ducts, air conditioners, and heat pumps. Various types of HVAC installations and systems are covered, like central air, zoned heating, and radiant heat. Recent developments in HVAC technology and applications are also summarized along with the advantages and disadvantages of HVAC.
Energy efficiency in Refrigeration Systemseecfncci
HVAC and refrigeration systems consume a lot of electricity in Nepalese Industries. Therefore, improving the efficiency of these systems can lead to huge cost savings. This presentation was held in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in 2012 that was supported GIZ/NEEP Programme.
Air conditioning and refrigeration. mechanical engineering handbookmazgan
This document provides an overview of air conditioning and refrigeration. It defines air conditioning as simultaneously conditioning air, distributing it to conditioned spaces, and controlling temperature, humidity, air movement, cleanliness, sound and pressure. It describes different types of air conditioning systems including individual, space, packaged, and central systems. It also discusses psychrometrics, air conditioning processes and cycles, refrigerants, load calculations, components, and the design process.
This document is from a Toyota training course on air conditioning and climate control systems. It covers the basic components and functions of automotive air conditioning systems, including compressors, condensers, evaporators, expansion valves, and controls. It also discusses diagnosing and repairing AC systems, such as checking pressures and using leak detectors to find issues. The document uses diagrams and images to illustrate the components and cycling of refrigerant through the AC system.
The document discusses how performing HVAC load calculations using ACCA Manual J Version 8 can benefit energy raters. It provides an overview of Manual J, explaining that it establishes procedures for estimating room-by-room heating and cooling loads. Adhering to Manual J helps ensure proper sizing of HVAC equipment and elimination of comfort issues. It also discusses how factors like infiltration, duct leakage, and duct design influence load calculations and notes load calculations can enhance energy raters' skills and provide an additional revenue source.
1. The cooling load calculation of an auditorium is done using the CLTD method and duct design is carried out using the equal friction method.
2. The calculated frictional pressure drop is less than values typically used in industry, allowing for increased duct diameters and reduced losses of static and velocity pressure.
3. CFD software is used to analyze air flow in ducts and elbows, helping to identify eddies and optimize duct shapes and velocities to minimize pressure losses.
Industrial refrigeration systems are a significant consumer of electrical energy in food processing, cold storage, and chemical processing industries throughout the Midwestern United States.
This webinar, presented by Bryan Hackett, P.E., of kW Engineering, will covered the following topics:
• The basics of industrial refrigeration systems,
• A review of proven energy efficiency measures (EEMs) and how to identify potential applications for each, and
• The respective energy and cost savings for each.
Industrial and commercial utility program managers, end-user plant managers, refrigeration system operators, contractors, and solution vendors will get a better understanding of industrial refrigeration as an integrated system, how key components can be optimized to improve efficiency, and the energy and financial motivations for pursuing the discussed EEMs
Bryan Hackett, P.E. - Senior Engineer II, kW Engineering
Bryan leads kW Engineering’s Industrial Services Team, providing energy and water auditing, retro-commissioning, technical support services, and implementation management to industrial facilities across the country. Bryan has performed over 150 industrial energy audits and is the lead author of two papers on energy savings at food processing and refrigeration facilities. Bryan is a licensed Professional Mechanical Engineer with over 17 years of experience working with commercial, institutional, and industrial clients. As one of the leaders of kW's technical staff of 47 engineers, Bryan takes great pride in getting CFOs excited about sustainability by delivering results at the meter and on the bill.
Optimization of industrial refrigeration plantsZondits
This presentation summarized an engineering assessment of the refrigeration system at Stonyfield Farm Yogurt to optimize efficiency. The assessment analyzed the existing compressor sequencing strategy and developed two proposed optimized strategies estimated to save 27,471 kWh annually and 18,322 kWh annually, respectively. Additional opportunities for further study were also identified, such as floating head pressure controls, condenser and evaporator fan upgrades, and refrigerant cycling for evaporators.
HVAC system is very important part of a pharmaceutical company. So that we must know the basic term or procedure of a Pharmaceutical HVAC system. We are tying to give a brief description about HVAC system in our Slide. Hope all of u like it. Thank u..
All the technical aspects discussed will be limited to the design, application, methods for operating and control, and services of HVAC systems in the Central Utility Complex (CUC). The HVAC systems at Bahrain Airport are limited to Cooling and Air Handling Unit (AHU).
Centralized AC System- S Menon & S DayakarSrinath Menon
This document provides an overview and maintenance guide for centralized air conditioning systems. It begins with an introduction to air conditioning systems and their components. Chapter 2 focuses on the chiller plant room, describing chilled water central air conditioning systems and their key parts like chillers, cooling towers, pumps, and air handling units. The document also includes calculations for chiller tonnage and energy use.
Heat recovery ventilation is a means of energy conversation in buildings. Because of reducing ventilation exhaust air, can play a good role in the effectiveness of ventilation to reduce energy use. As building efficiency is improved with insulation and weather stripping, buildings are intentionally made more airtight, and consequently less ventilated. Since all buildings require a source of fresh air, the need for HRVs has become obvious.
Higher College of Technology
This document presents a cooling load estimation report for a mechanical engineering classroom. It discusses the various factors that contribute to the sensible and latent heat loads in a space, including conduction through walls/roof, occupants, lights, appliances, and air infiltration. It then outlines the CLTD/SCL/CLF method for calculating the external and internal cooling loads, showing examples of calculating the roof load over several hours based on construction details.
Design of HVAC system for commercial buildingjayeshmahajan24
This document summarizes the design of an HVAC system for a commercial building in Aurangabad, India. It includes calculating the building's heat load based on factors like climate conditions, building materials and occupancy usage. A hybrid VRF system is selected that uses both refrigerant and water pipes for efficiency. Indoor air quality is improved through measures like air purifiers, outdoor air treatment and indoor plants. The system aims to achieve IGBC silver certification for benefits like energy efficiency and cost savings. It incorporates innovations like a heat recovery system, solar panels and an electric vehicle charging station.
This document discusses the fundamentals of automatic control as applied to HVAC systems. It describes the basic components of a control loop, including the controlled variable, sensor, controller, controlled device, and controlled agent. The two main types of control loops - open loop and closed loop - are explained. Finally, different types of control action are covered, including two-position, floating, proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-derivative control.
The document discusses cooling towers, including:
1. Types of cooling towers like natural draft, mechanical draft, forced draft, induced draft, cross flow and counter flow towers.
2. Parameters for assessing cooling tower performance including range, approach, effectiveness and cooling capacity.
3. Energy efficiency opportunities like selecting an appropriately sized tower, using efficient fill media to reduce pumping needs, and optimizing fans and motors.
This document provides an overview of compressors and compressed air systems, including:
1) It describes different types of compressors such as reciprocating, rotary, and centrifugal compressors and their basic workings.
2) It outlines methods for assessing compressor capacity, efficiency, and leaks in compressed air systems.
3) It identifies several energy efficiency opportunities for compressed air systems, such as optimizing pressure settings, minimizing leaks, and implementing maintenance practices.
The document summarizes key topics from a training presentation on refrigeration and air conditioning systems, including:
- Types of refrigeration systems like vapor compression and vapor absorption.
- How to assess the cooling capacity of refrigeration and AC units in tons of refrigeration.
- Metrics for measuring the energy efficiency of refrigeration systems like coefficient of performance and specific power consumption.
- Opportunities for improving energy efficiency such as optimizing heat exchange, multi-staging, capacity control, and chilled water storage.
The document discusses Optimum Energy's HVAC optimization solutions which can reduce energy consumption and costs by 30-60% through technologies like OptimumHVAC, OptimumLOOP, and OptimumTRAV. It provides examples of universities, airports, and research facilities that achieved annual energy savings of 150,000 kWh to over 6,000,000 kWh through Optimum Energy's solutions, with payback periods ranging from 12 to 36 months.
This document is a table of contents for an HVAC systems and equipment handbook. It lists 51 chapters organized under headings for air conditioning and heating systems, air handling equipment and components, heating equipment and components, cooling equipment and components, general components, and packaged/unitary and split-system equipment. The table of contents provides an overview of the topics covered in the handbook, including various HVAC system types, components, and general subjects.
Complete hvac ppt by kk 354647.pptx 1234KRISHAN KUMAR
This document provides an overview of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It discusses the history and development of HVAC, including early innovations in refrigeration. The core components and functions of HVAC systems are described, such as furnaces, ducts, air conditioners, and heat pumps. Various types of HVAC installations and systems are covered, like central air, zoned heating, and radiant heat. Recent developments in HVAC technology and applications are also summarized along with the advantages and disadvantages of HVAC.
Energy efficiency in Refrigeration Systemseecfncci
HVAC and refrigeration systems consume a lot of electricity in Nepalese Industries. Therefore, improving the efficiency of these systems can lead to huge cost savings. This presentation was held in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in 2012 that was supported GIZ/NEEP Programme.
Air conditioning and refrigeration. mechanical engineering handbookmazgan
This document provides an overview of air conditioning and refrigeration. It defines air conditioning as simultaneously conditioning air, distributing it to conditioned spaces, and controlling temperature, humidity, air movement, cleanliness, sound and pressure. It describes different types of air conditioning systems including individual, space, packaged, and central systems. It also discusses psychrometrics, air conditioning processes and cycles, refrigerants, load calculations, components, and the design process.
This document is from a Toyota training course on air conditioning and climate control systems. It covers the basic components and functions of automotive air conditioning systems, including compressors, condensers, evaporators, expansion valves, and controls. It also discusses diagnosing and repairing AC systems, such as checking pressures and using leak detectors to find issues. The document uses diagrams and images to illustrate the components and cycling of refrigerant through the AC system.
The document discusses how performing HVAC load calculations using ACCA Manual J Version 8 can benefit energy raters. It provides an overview of Manual J, explaining that it establishes procedures for estimating room-by-room heating and cooling loads. Adhering to Manual J helps ensure proper sizing of HVAC equipment and elimination of comfort issues. It also discusses how factors like infiltration, duct leakage, and duct design influence load calculations and notes load calculations can enhance energy raters' skills and provide an additional revenue source.
1. The cooling load calculation of an auditorium is done using the CLTD method and duct design is carried out using the equal friction method.
2. The calculated frictional pressure drop is less than values typically used in industry, allowing for increased duct diameters and reduced losses of static and velocity pressure.
3. CFD software is used to analyze air flow in ducts and elbows, helping to identify eddies and optimize duct shapes and velocities to minimize pressure losses.
Industrial refrigeration systems are a significant consumer of electrical energy in food processing, cold storage, and chemical processing industries throughout the Midwestern United States.
This webinar, presented by Bryan Hackett, P.E., of kW Engineering, will covered the following topics:
• The basics of industrial refrigeration systems,
• A review of proven energy efficiency measures (EEMs) and how to identify potential applications for each, and
• The respective energy and cost savings for each.
Industrial and commercial utility program managers, end-user plant managers, refrigeration system operators, contractors, and solution vendors will get a better understanding of industrial refrigeration as an integrated system, how key components can be optimized to improve efficiency, and the energy and financial motivations for pursuing the discussed EEMs
Bryan Hackett, P.E. - Senior Engineer II, kW Engineering
Bryan leads kW Engineering’s Industrial Services Team, providing energy and water auditing, retro-commissioning, technical support services, and implementation management to industrial facilities across the country. Bryan has performed over 150 industrial energy audits and is the lead author of two papers on energy savings at food processing and refrigeration facilities. Bryan is a licensed Professional Mechanical Engineer with over 17 years of experience working with commercial, institutional, and industrial clients. As one of the leaders of kW's technical staff of 47 engineers, Bryan takes great pride in getting CFOs excited about sustainability by delivering results at the meter and on the bill.
Optimization of industrial refrigeration plantsZondits
This presentation summarized an engineering assessment of the refrigeration system at Stonyfield Farm Yogurt to optimize efficiency. The assessment analyzed the existing compressor sequencing strategy and developed two proposed optimized strategies estimated to save 27,471 kWh annually and 18,322 kWh annually, respectively. Additional opportunities for further study were also identified, such as floating head pressure controls, condenser and evaporator fan upgrades, and refrigerant cycling for evaporators.
HVAC system is very important part of a pharmaceutical company. So that we must know the basic term or procedure of a Pharmaceutical HVAC system. We are tying to give a brief description about HVAC system in our Slide. Hope all of u like it. Thank u..
All the technical aspects discussed will be limited to the design, application, methods for operating and control, and services of HVAC systems in the Central Utility Complex (CUC). The HVAC systems at Bahrain Airport are limited to Cooling and Air Handling Unit (AHU).
Centralized AC System- S Menon & S DayakarSrinath Menon
This document provides an overview and maintenance guide for centralized air conditioning systems. It begins with an introduction to air conditioning systems and their components. Chapter 2 focuses on the chiller plant room, describing chilled water central air conditioning systems and their key parts like chillers, cooling towers, pumps, and air handling units. The document also includes calculations for chiller tonnage and energy use.
Heat recovery ventilation is a means of energy conversation in buildings. Because of reducing ventilation exhaust air, can play a good role in the effectiveness of ventilation to reduce energy use. As building efficiency is improved with insulation and weather stripping, buildings are intentionally made more airtight, and consequently less ventilated. Since all buildings require a source of fresh air, the need for HRVs has become obvious.
Higher College of Technology
This document presents a cooling load estimation report for a mechanical engineering classroom. It discusses the various factors that contribute to the sensible and latent heat loads in a space, including conduction through walls/roof, occupants, lights, appliances, and air infiltration. It then outlines the CLTD/SCL/CLF method for calculating the external and internal cooling loads, showing examples of calculating the roof load over several hours based on construction details.
Design of HVAC system for commercial buildingjayeshmahajan24
This document summarizes the design of an HVAC system for a commercial building in Aurangabad, India. It includes calculating the building's heat load based on factors like climate conditions, building materials and occupancy usage. A hybrid VRF system is selected that uses both refrigerant and water pipes for efficiency. Indoor air quality is improved through measures like air purifiers, outdoor air treatment and indoor plants. The system aims to achieve IGBC silver certification for benefits like energy efficiency and cost savings. It incorporates innovations like a heat recovery system, solar panels and an electric vehicle charging station.
This document discusses the fundamentals of automatic control as applied to HVAC systems. It describes the basic components of a control loop, including the controlled variable, sensor, controller, controlled device, and controlled agent. The two main types of control loops - open loop and closed loop - are explained. Finally, different types of control action are covered, including two-position, floating, proportional, proportional-integral, and proportional-integral-derivative control.
The document discusses cooling towers, including:
1. Types of cooling towers like natural draft, mechanical draft, forced draft, induced draft, cross flow and counter flow towers.
2. Parameters for assessing cooling tower performance including range, approach, effectiveness and cooling capacity.
3. Energy efficiency opportunities like selecting an appropriately sized tower, using efficient fill media to reduce pumping needs, and optimizing fans and motors.
This document provides an overview of compressors and compressed air systems, including:
1) It describes different types of compressors such as reciprocating, rotary, and centrifugal compressors and their basic workings.
2) It outlines methods for assessing compressor capacity, efficiency, and leaks in compressed air systems.
3) It identifies several energy efficiency opportunities for compressed air systems, such as optimizing pressure settings, minimizing leaks, and implementing maintenance practices.
This document provides an overview of a training session on fans and blowers for energy efficiency. It discusses the different types of fans and blowers, how to assess their performance and efficiency, and identifies various opportunities to improve energy efficiency, such as choosing the right fan for the application, reducing system resistance, operating fans close to their best efficiency point, regular maintenance, and controlling air flow. The training covers centrifugal and axial fans, centrifugal and positive displacement blowers, and recommendations for improving fan system efficiency through proper selection, installation, operation and maintenance practices.
Energy Conservation Opportunities in Cooling Tower.pdfNITIN ASNANI
A cooling tower works by evaporating a portion of circulating water to reject process heat into the atmosphere. It has components like fill media, drift eliminators, nozzles, and fans. Key performance parameters include range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Cooling tower performance depends on factors like heat load, flow rate, wet bulb temperature, and approach. Proper sizing considers these factors and energy efficiency can be improved through control strategies and opportunities like optimized fan operation.
The document discusses energy efficiency opportunities in cooling towers. It begins with an introduction to cooling towers, including their components and types. It then covers assessing cooling tower performance by measuring parameters like temperature ranges, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Finally, it outlines some energy efficiency opportunities in cooling towers, such as selecting an appropriately sized tower, using efficient fills and fans/motors, and optimizing pumps and water distribution. The overall goal is to help trainees understand and improve the energy efficiency of industrial cooling towers.
This document summarizes an engineering assessment of the industrial refrigeration system at Stonyfield Farm Yogurt. The assessment analyzed the system's sequencing strategy and identified opportunities to optimize energy efficiency. It was found that modifying the compressor sequencing set points could save up to 27,471 kWh annually with a 5-year payback. Additional longer-term opportunities were identified to study floating head pressure controls, right-sizing equipment, and adding variable speed drives. The assessment provides an overview of industrial refrigeration systems, components, optimization strategies, and the detailed analysis conducted for the Stonyfield Farm case study.
Energy Conservation Opportunities in industries at GCETJIGNESH PATEL
This document discusses opportunities for energy conservation in industries. It focuses on identifying major energy consuming equipment and systems and recommendations for improving their efficiency. Key areas covered include boilers and steam systems, compressed air, HVAC, pumps, fans/blowers, and electric motors. For each system, inefficiencies are identified and potential solutions proposed, such as improving maintenance, reducing air leaks, optimizing operations, and installing variable speed controls. The overall goal is to evaluate current energy usage and determine methods for quick savings through both operational and equipment improvements.
This document provides information on cooling towers, including types, components, performance parameters for assessment, and opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It discusses the main types of cooling towers as natural draft, mechanical draft (forced draft, induced draft cross flow, induced draft counter flow). Key performance parameters reviewed are range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, evaporation loss, cycles of concentration, blow down losses, and liquid to gas ratio. Energy efficiency opportunities discussed include selecting an appropriately sized tower, using efficient fill media and fans, optimizing water distribution and treatment, and increasing cycles of concentration.
This document provides an overview of a training session on fans and blowers for energy efficiency. It discusses the key components of fans, how to assess fan performance and efficiency, and identifies various opportunities to improve energy efficiency, such as choosing the right fan size, reducing system resistance, maintaining fans properly, and controlling air flow through methods like variable speed drives.
This document provides information on cooling towers, including types, components, performance parameters for assessment, and opportunities for improved energy efficiency. It discusses the main types of cooling towers as natural draft, mechanical draft (including forced draft, induced draft counter flow and cross flow), and compares fill media options. Key performance parameters covered include range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration. Energy efficiency opportunities discussed include selecting an appropriately sized tower, optimizing fill media, improving water distribution and treatment, upgrading fans and motors, and reducing drift losses.
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including:
- The main components and types of cooling towers such as natural draft, mechanical draft, forced draft, induced draft, cross flow, and counter flow towers.
- Parameters for assessing cooling tower performance including range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration.
- Energy efficiency opportunities for cooling towers related to selecting tower size and type, fill media, pumps, fans and motors.
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including:
- The main components and types of cooling towers, such as natural draft, mechanical draft, forced draft, induced draft, cross flow, and counter flow towers.
- Parameters for assessing cooling tower performance like range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and cycles of concentration.
- Opportunities for improving energy efficiency, such as selecting towers based on heat load and wet bulb temperature, using efficient fill media and fans, and optimizing water treatment.
The document provides an overview of HVAC systems and components. It discusses refrigeration processes, the history of artificial refrigeration, and defines HVAC. Common HVAC systems like split units, ductable units, and chilled water systems are described. The document also covers refrigeration cycles, air conditioning principles, components of air cooled and water cooled chillers, cooling towers, and chilled water piping insulation. Heat load calculations and duct fabrication are explained through diagrams.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems and their components. It discusses topics such as thermal comfort, air conditioning principles, central HVAC systems including chillers and cooling towers, air distribution systems, and maintenance practices. Diagrams illustrate key HVAC processes like refrigeration cycles and psychrometrics. Maintenance checklists and parameters to monitor are presented to help ensure optimal system performance.
The document discusses evaporative cooling systems from Spec-Air, including direct evaporative cooling, indirect evaporative cooling, and indirect/direct evaporative cooling. It provides information on their performance, applications, equipment, maintenance, and energy efficiency. Spec-Air offers a wide range of evaporative cooling solutions from 1500-100,000 CFM to help projects achieve cooling needs in an environmentally-friendly way.
The document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It describes vapor compression and vapor absorption refrigeration cycles. It covers commonly used refrigerants such as R-12, R-22, ammonia, and their properties. It defines performance parameters for refrigeration systems such as coefficient of performance, tons of refrigeration, and energy efficiency ratio. It also describes domestic refrigerators, window air conditioners, and split air conditioners as examples of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
Combined Air Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Water Dispenser SystemsIRJET Journal
This document describes a combined air refrigeration, air conditioning, and water dispenser system. The system uses a common compressor and condenser to provide refrigeration, cooling, and chilled water from a single unit. This aims to provide these functions more compactly and with lower electrical consumption than separate units. The system works by using a refrigerant to absorb heat in low-temperature areas (evaporators) and reject it to a condenser. A back pressure valve and diffuser valve help control refrigerant flow between the different evaporator sections. Performance is analyzed using Cool Pack software to optimize design and operation factors like space, cost, and efficiency.
Refrigeration and heat pumps use reversed heat engine cycles to transfer heat from low to high temperature regions. A refrigerator uses work to absorb heat from its surroundings (Q1), while a heat pump uses work to reject heat (Q2). The coefficient of performance (COP) indicates efficiency. An ideal Carnot cycle achieves the highest COP, which is a function of temperature difference. Practical vapor-compression refrigeration cycles use phase change of refrigerants to improve heat transfer efficiency compared to gas cycles. Refrigerant selection depends on properties like latent heat and safety.
The document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It introduces common refrigeration cycles like vapor compression, vapor absorption and discusses their basic components and working. It then discusses different refrigeration systems like air refrigeration systems, their merits and demerits. It provides examples to calculate cooling capacity, COP and other performance parameters of refrigeration cycles.
EcoCooling offers evaporative cooling systems that can save up to 90% on cooling costs compared to air conditioning. Their product ranges include internal compact units and external modular units that can be configured in various ways. The internal ECT range is designed for flexibility inside buildings, with options for ducted or raised floor installation. The external ECP range is proven for industrial use, with over 3,500 global installations. Both product lines use evaporative cooling principles and advanced controls to provide energy-efficient, fresh air cooling for various commercial and industrial spaces.
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TO THE TRAINER This PowerPoint presentation can be used to train people about the basics of refrigeration and air condonditioning. The information on the slides is the minimum information that should be explained. The trainer notes for each slide provide more detailed information, but it is up to the trainer to decide if and how much of this information is presented also. Additional materials that can be used for the training session are available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org under “Energy Equipment” and include: Textbook chapter on this energy equipment that forms the basis of this PowerPoint presentation but has more detailed information Quiz – ten multiple choice questions that trainees can answer after the training session Option checklist – a list of the most important options to improve energy efficiency of this equipment
Refrigeration and air conditioning is used to cool products or a building environment. The refrigeration or air conditioning system (R) transfers heat from a cooler low-energy reservoir to a warmer high-energy reservoir
There are several heat transfer loops in a refrigeration system as shown in Figure 2. Thermal energy moves from left to right as it is extracted from the space and expelled into the outdoors through five loops of heat transfer: Indoor air loop . In the left loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air fan through a cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The cool air then cools the building space. Chilled water loop . Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chiller’s evaporator to be re-cooled. Refrigerant loop . Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chiller’s compressor pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water. Condenser water loop . Water absorbs heat from the chiller’s condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower. Cooling tower loop . The cooling tower’s fan drives air across an open flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the outdoors.
Depending on applications, there are several options / combinations of air conditioning, which are available for use: Air conditioning (for space or machines) Split air conditioners Fan coil units in a larger system Air handling units in a larger system
The following refrigeration systems exist for industrial processes (e.g. chilling plants) and domestic purposes (modular units, i.e. refrigerators): Small capacity modular units of the direct expansion type similar to domestic refrigerators. Centralized chilled water plants with chilled water as a secondary coolant for a temperature range over typically 5 oC. They can also be used for ice bank formation. Brine plants, which use brines as a lower temperature, secondary coolant for typically sub-zero temperature applications, which come as modular unit capacities as well as large centralized plant capacities. The plant capacities up to 50 TR (tons of refrigeration) are usually considered as small capacity, 50 – 250 TR as medium capacity and over 250 TR as large capacity units.
A large company may have a bank of units, often with common chilled water pumps, condenser water pumps, cooling towers, as an off site utility. The same company may also have two or three levels of refrigeration and air conditioning such as a combination of: Comfort air conditioning (20 – 25 oC) Chilled water system (8 – 10 oC) Brine system (sub-zero applications)
This section include various types of refrigeration such as Vapour Compression Refrigeration and Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system
The two principle types of refrigeration plants found in industrial use are: Vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) and vapour absorption refrigeration (VAR). VCR uses mechanical energy as the driving force for refrigeration, while VAR uses thermal energy as the driving force for refrigeration.
Compression refrigeration cycles take advantage of the fact that highly compressed fluids at a certain temperature tend to get colder when they are allowed to expand. If the pressure change is high enough, then the compressed gas will be hotter than our source of cooling (outside air, for instance) and the expanded gas will be cooler than our desired cold temperature. In this case, fluid is used to cool a low temperature environment and reject the heat to a high temperature environment.
Vapour compression refrigeration cycles have two advantages. First, a large amount of thermal energy is required to change a liquid to a vapor, and therefore a lot of heat can be removed from the air-conditioned space. Second, the isothermal nature of the vaporization allows extraction of heat without raising the temperature of the working fluid to the temperature of whatever is being cooled. This means that the heat transfer rate remains high, because the closer the working fluid temperature approaches that of the surroundings, the lower the rate of heat transfer.
The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages (note to the trainer: the next slides will explain what is happening between 1 to 4)
The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages (note to the trainer: the numbers 1-4 are shown in the figure) : 1 – 2. Low-pressure liquid refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs heat from its surroundings, usually air, water or some other process liquid. During this process it changes its state from a liquid to a gas, and at the evaporator exit is slightly superheated.
The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages (note to the trainer: the numbers 1-4 are shown in the figure) : 2 – 3. The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised. The temperature will also increase, because a proportion of the energy put into the compression process is transferred to the refrigerant.
The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages (note to the trainer: the numbers 1-4 are shown in the figure) : 3 – 4. The high pressure superheated gas passes from the compressor into the condenser. The initial part of the cooling process (3-3a) de-superheats the gas before it is then turned back into liquid (3a-3b). The cooling for this process is usually achieved by using air or water. A further reduction in temperature happens in the pipe work and liquid receiver (3b - 4), so that the refrigerant liquid is sub-cooled as it enters the expansion device
The refrigeration cycle is shown in the Figure and can be broken down into the following stages (note to the trainer: the numbers 1-4 are shown in the figure) : 1 – 2. Low-pressure liquid refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs heat from its surroundings, usually air, water or some other process liquid. During this process it changes its state from a liquid to a gas, and at the evaporator exit is slightly superheated. 2 – 3. The superheated vapour enters the compressor where its pressure is raised. The temperature will also increase, because a proportion of the energy put into the compression process is transferred to the refrigerant. 3 – 4. The high pressure superheated gas passes from the compressor into the condenser. The initial part of the cooling process (3-3a) de-superheats the gas before it is then turned back into liquid (3a-3b). The cooling for this process is usually achieved by using air or water. A further reduction in temperature happens in the pipe work and liquid receiver (3b - 4), so that the refrigerant liquid is sub-cooled as it enters the expansion device.CondenserEvaporatorHigh Pressure SideLow Pressure SideCompressorExpansion Device 1234 4 - 1 The high-pressure sub-cooled liquid passes through the expansion device, which both reduces its pressure and controls the flow into the evaporator
A variety of refrigerants are used in vapor compression systems. The choice of fluid is determined largely by the cooling temperature required. Commonly used refrigerants are in the family of chlorinated fluorocarbons, CFCs, also known as freons: R-11, R-12, R-21, R-22 and R-502.
The choice of refrigerant and the required cooling temperature and load determine the choice of compressor, as well as the design of the condenser, evaporator, and other auxiliaries. Additional factors such as ease of maintenance, physical space requirements and availability of utilities for auxiliaries (water, power, etc.) also influence component selection.
The vapour absorption refrigeration system consists of: Evaporator Absorber High pressure generator Condenser The next slides discuss each of these in more detail.
Evaporator The refrigerant (water) evaporates at around 4oC under a high vacuum condition of 754 mm Hg in the evaporator. Chilled water goes through heat exchanger tubes in the evaporator and transfers heat to the evaporated refrigerant. The evaporated refrigerant (vapor) turns into liquid again, while the latent heat from this vaporization process cools the chilled water (in the diagram from 12 oC to 7 oC). The chilled water is then used for cooling purposes.
Absorber In order to keep evaporating, the refrigerant vapor must be discharged from the evaporator and refrigerant (water) must be supplied. The refrigerant vapor is absorbed into lithium bromide solution, which is convenient to absorb the refrigerant vapor in the absorber. The heat generated in the absorption process is continuously removed from the system by cooling water. The absorption also maintains the vacuum inside the evaporator.
High Pressure Generator As lithium bromide solution is diluted, the ability to absorb the refrigerant vapor reduces. In order to keep the absorption process going, the diluted lithium bromide solution must be concentrated again. An absorption chiller is provided with a solution concentrating system, called a generator. Heating media such as steam, hot water, gas or oil perform the function of concentrating solutions.The concentrated solution is returned to the absorber to absorb refrigerant vapor again.
Condenser To complete the refrigeration cycle, and thereby ensuring the refrigeration takes place continuously, the following two functions are required To concentrate and liquefy the evaporated refrigerant vapor, which is generated in the high-pressure generator. To supply the condensed water to the evaporator as refrigerant (water) For these two functions a condenser is installed.
There are occasions where air conditioning, which stipulates control of humidity up to 50 % for human comfort or for process, can be replaced by a much cheaper and less energy intensive evaporative cooling. Evaporative cooling is an extremely efficient means of cooling at very low cost. The concept is very simple and is the same as that used in a cooling tower. Air is brought in close contact with water to cool it to a temperature close to the wet bulb temperature. The cool air can be used for comfort or process cooling. The disadvantage is that the air is rich in moisture. The possibility of evaporative cooling is especially attractive for comfort cooling in dry regions. This principle is practiced in textile industries for certain processes.
This section include performance evaluation of refrigeration plant and examples for the assessment of refrigeration plant.
The cooling effect produced is quantified as to ns of refrigeration, or shortly TR. 1 TR of refrigeration = 3024 kCal/hr heat rejected. The refrigeration TR is assessed as TR = Q x Cp x (Ti – To) / 3024, where Q is mass flow rate of coolant; Cp is coolant specific heat in; Ti is inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator; and To is outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator. The above TR is also called as chiller tonnage.
The specific power consumption kW/TR is a useful indicator of the performance of a refrigeration system. By measuring the refrigeration duty performed in TR and the kW inputs, kW/TR is used as an energy performance indicator. In a centralized chilled water system, apart from the compressor unit, power is also consumed by the chilled water (secondary) coolant pump, the condenser water pump (for heat rejection to cooling tower) and the fan in the cooling tower. Effectively, the specific power consumption for a certain TR output is the sum of: Compressor kW/TR Chilled water pump kW/TR Condenser water pump kW/TR Cooling tower fan kW/TR
The theoretical Coefficient of Performance (Carnot), (COPCarnot, a standard measure of refrigeration efficiency of an ideal refrigeration system) depends on two key system temperatures: evaporator temperature Te and condenser temperature Tc. COP is given as: COPCarnot = Te / (Tc - Te) (Click once) But COPCarnot is only a ratio of temperatures, and does not take into account the type of compressor. Hence the COP normally used in industry is calculated using the equation on the slide
COPCarnot = Te / (Tc - Te) This expression also indicates that higher COPCarnot is achieved with higher evaporator temperatures and lower condenser temperatures.
In case of air conditioning units, the airflow at the fan coil units or the air handling units can be measured with an anemometer. Dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures are measured at the inlet and outlet of AHU or the FCU. The refrigeration load in TR is assessed as: TR = Q x x ( h in - h out) / 3024. Where Q is the air flow; is density of air; h in is enthalpy of inlet air; and h out is enthalpy of outlet air. Use of psychometric charts can help to calculate hin and hout from dry bulb and wet bulb temperature values which are measured during trials by a whirling psychrometer. Power measurements at compressor, pumps, AHU fans, cooling tower fans can be taken with a portable load analyzer. The specific power consumption can then be calculated.
An indicative TR load profile for air conditioning is presented as follows: Small office cabins = 0.1 TR/m2 Medium size office i.e., = 0.06 TR/m2 10 – 30 people occupancy with central A/C Large multistoried office = 0.04 TR/m2 complexes with central A/C
Accuracy of flow and temperature measurements In a field performance assessment, accurate instruments are required to measure the Inlet and outlet temperatures of chilled water and condenser water, preferably with a count of at least 0.1 oC. Flow measurements of chilled water can be made with an ultrasonic flow meter directly or can be determined based on pump duty parameters. Condenser water flow can also be measured with a non-contact flow meter directly or determined by using pump duty parameters. Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) Although the kW/ TR can serve as an initial reference, it should not be taken as an absolute since this value is based on a 100% equipment capacity level. But most equipment operate between 50% and 75% of their capacity. To overcome this, an average kW/TR with partial loads has to be determined, which is called the Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV). The IPLV is the most appropriate reference, although not considered the best, because it only captures four points within the operational cycle: 100%, 75%, 50% and 25%. Furthermore, it assigns the same weight to each value, and most equipment operate between 50% and 75% of their capacity.
Energy efficiency opportunities.
We will go through the following eight areas for energy efficiency improvements.
There is a tendency to apply high safety margins to operations, which influence the compressor suction pressure / evaporator set point. For instance, a process-cooling requirement of 15 oC would need chilled water at a lower temperature, but the range can vary from 6 oC to about 10 oC. At chilled water of 10 oC, the refrigerant side temperature has to be lower (about –5oC to +5oC). The refrigerant temperature determines the corresponding suction pressure of the refrigerant, which in turn determines the inlet duty conditions for the refrigerant compressor. Minimizing energy consumption can be achieved in the following ways: Proper sizing of heat transfer areas of process heat exchangers and evaporators the heat transfer coefficient on the refrigerant side can range from 1400 – 2800 watts /m2K. The refrigerant side heat transfer areas are of the order of 0.5 m2/TR and above in evaporators 2. Optimizing the driving force, i.e. the difference between evaporator temp Te and condensing temp Tc. A 1oC raise in evaporator temperature can save almost 3 % of the power consumed. The next slide shows the effect of Te and Tc on the cooling effect TR and the power consumption
This table shows the effect of evaporation temperature on the compressor power consumption. At a constant condenser temperature Tc of 40oC, lower evaporator temperatures reduce the refrigeration capacity TR and increase the power consumption The second table shows the effect of condensing temperature on the compressor power consumption. At a constant evaporator temperature Te of 10oC, increasing the condensing temperature leads to a reduction in refrigeration capacity and an increase in power consumption. The conclusion is therefore that you try to keep the difference between Te and Tc at an optimum level to ensure the best TR at the lowest power consumption.
3. Selection of condensers The choice of condensers in practice is between air-cooled, air-cooled with water spray, and shell and tube condensers with water-cooling. Larger shell and tube heat exchangers (0.65 m2/TR and above) that are used as condensers and that are equipped with good cooling tower operations allow operation at low discharge pressure values and improve the TR capacity of the refrigeration plant and thus reduce the power consumption. For example (optional) If the refrigerant R22 is used in a water-cooled shell and tube condenser then the discharge pressure is 15 kg/cm2. If the same refrigerant is used in an air-cooled condenser then the discharge pressure is 20 kg/cm2. This shows how much additional compression duty is required, which results in almost 30 % additional energy consumption by the plant.
Once compressors have been purchased, effective maintenance is the key to optimizing power consumption. Poor maintenance forces a compressor to work harder, which results in increased power consumption A maintenance checklist for the condenser and evaporator Ensuring proper separation of the lubricating oil and the refrigerant Timely defrosting of coils Increasing the velocity of the secondary coolant (air, water, etc.). Equally important is proper selection, sizing, and maintenance of cooling towers. A reduction of 0.55oC in temperature of the water returning from the cooling tower reduces compressor power consumption by 3%.
This table shows the effect of poor maintenance of compressor power consumption. For example, a dirty condenser and evaporator can increase the power consumption per ton of refrigeration (TR) by 38%!
Efficient compressor operation requires that the compression ratio be kept low, to reduce discharge pressure and temperature. For low temperature applications involving high compression ratios, and for wide temperature range requirements, it is preferable (due to equipment design limitations) and often economical to employ multi-stage reciprocating machines or centrifugal / screw compressors. There are two types of multi-staging systems, which are applicable to all types of compressors: compound and cascade.
Efficient compressor operation requires that the compression ratio be kept low, to reduce discharge pressure and temperature. For low temperature applications involving high compression ratios, and for wide temperature range requirements, it is preferable (due to equipment design limitations) and often economical to employ multi-stage reciprocating machines or centrifugal / screw compressors. There are two types of multi-staging systems, which are applicable to all types of compressors: compound and cascade. Compound a combination of two compressors with low compression ratios can provide a high compression ratio A single refrigerant is used in the system, and the two compressors share the compression task equally. a first-stage compressor that sized to meet the cooling load, feeds into the suction of a second-stage compressor after inter-cooling of the gas. A part of the high-pressure liquid from the condenser is flashed and used for liquid sub-cooling. The second compressor, therefore, has to meet the load of the evaporator and the flash gas. Cascade For temperatures in the range of –46oC to –101oC, cascaded systems are preferable. In this system, two separate systems using different refrigerants are connected so that one rejects heat to the other. The main advantage of this system is that a low temperature refrigerant, which has a high suction temperature and low specific volume, can be selected for the low-stage to meet very low temperature requirements.
Consideration of part-load operation is important, because most refrigeration applications have varying loads. The load may vary due to variations in temperature and process cooling needs. During part-load operation, the evaporator temperature rises and the condenser temperature falls, effectively increasing the COP. But at the same time, deviation from the design operation point and the fact that mechanical losses form a greater proportion of the total power negate the effect of improved COP, resulting in lower part-load efficiency. Matching refrigeration capacity to the load is a difficult exercise, requiring knowledge of compressor performance, and variations in ambient conditions, and detailed knowledge of the cooling load.
The capacity of compressors is controlled in a number of ways. We will discuss four of these Capacity control through cylinder unloading, vanes and valves Capacity control of reciprocating compressors through cylinder unloading results in incremental (step-by-step) modulation. In contrast, continuous modulation occurs in centrifugal compressors through vane control and in screw compressors through sliding valves. Capacity regulation through speed control is the most efficient option. Reciprocating compressors: it should be ensured that the lubrication system is not affected. Centrifugal compressors: restrict speed control to about 50 % of the capacity to prevent surging. Below 50%, vane control or hot gas bypass can be used for capacity modulation.
Temperature control requires careful system design. Reciprocating compressors: for widely varying loads control the compressor by monitoring the return water (or other secondary coolant) temperature. If load fluctuations are not high: the temperature of the water leaving the chiller should be monitored. The outgoing water temperature should be monitored for centrifugal and screw chillers. Capacity regulation through speed control is the most efficient option. The efficiency of screw compressors operating at part load is generally higher than either centrifugal compressors or reciprocating compressors, which may make them attractive in situations where part-load operation is common.
Managing part-load at bank of compressors at central plant Many industries use a bank of compressors at a central location to meet the load. Usually the chillers feed into a common header from which branch lines are taken to different locations in the plant. In such situations, operation at part-load requires extreme care. For efficient operation, the cooling load, and the load on each chiller must be monitored closely. It is more efficient to operate a single chiller at full load than to operate two chillers at part-load. The distribution system should be designed such that individual chillers can feed all branch lines. Isolation valves must be provided to ensure that chilled water (or other coolant) does not flow through chillers not in operation. Valves should also be provided on branch lines to isolate sections where cooling is not required. This reduces pressure drops in the system and reduces power consumption in the pumping system. Individual compressors should be loaded to their full capacity before operating the second compressor. In some cases it is economical to provide a separate smaller capacity chiller, which can be operated on an on-off control to meet peak demands, with larger chillers meeting the base load.
Packaged units Packaged units can be used For diverse applications requiring a wide range of temperatures depending on the distance at which cooling loads need to be met. Packaged units at load centers reduce distribution losses in the system. Advantages: Economical, flexibility and reliability. Despite the advantages of packaged units, central plants generally have lower power consumption since at reduced loads power consumption can reduce significantly due to the large condenser and evaporator surfaces. Flow control Flow control is also commonly used to meet varying demands. Reduced flow. In such cases the savings in pumping at reduced flow should be weighed against the reduced heat transfer in coils due to reduced velocity. In some cases, operation at normal flow rates, with subsequent longer periods of no-load (or shut-off) operation of the compressor, may result in larger savings.
Depending on the nature of the load, it is economical to provide a chilled water storage facility with very good cold insulation. Also, the storage facility can be fully filled to meet the process requirements so that chillers need not be operated continuously. This system is usually economical if small variations in temperature are acceptable. This system has the added advantage of allowing the chillers to be operated at periods of low electricity demand to reduce peak demand charges. Low tariffs offered by some electric utilities for operation at nighttime can also be taken advantage of by using a storage facility. An added benefit is that lower ambient temperature at night lowers condenser temperature and thereby increases the COP. If temperature variations cannot be tolerated, it may not be economical to provide a storage facility since the secondary coolant would have to be stored at a temperature much lower than required to provide for heat gain. The additional cost of cooling to a lower temperature may offset the benefits. The solutions are case specific. For example, in some cases it may be possible to employ large heat exchangers, at a lower cost burden than low temperature chiller operation, to take advantage of the storage facility even when temperature variations are not acceptable. Ice bank systems, which store ice rather than water, are often economical.
In overall plant design, adoption of good practices improves the energy efficiency significantly. Some areas for consideration are: Design of cooling towers with FRP impellers and film fills, PVC drift eliminators, etc. Use of softened water for condensers in place of raw water. Use of economic insulation thickness on cold lines, heat exchangers, considering cost of heat gains and adopting practices like infrared thermography for monitoring - applicable especially in large chemical / fertilizer / process industry. Adoption of roof coatings / cooling systems, false ceilings / as applicable, to minimize refrigeration load. Adoption of energy efficient heat recovery devices like air to air heat exchangers to pre-cool the fresh air by indirect heat exchange; control of relative humidity through indirect heat exchange rather than use of duct heaters after chilling. Adopting of variable air volume systems Adopting of sun film application for heat reflection Optimizing lighting loads in the air conditioned areas Optimizing number of air changes in the air conditioned areas are few other examples.