Reflective Essay- Nursing profession
Directions:Imagine or be sure to ask your nurse to be specific and provide examples and stories. 300 words per questions below:
Reminder: Respond to the following questions below.
1. Why did you choose nursing as a profession?
1. What was nursing school like for him or her? Ask them:
1. How they managed and balanced work, family and life and the difficulties.
1. The level of commitment to school required to be successful (hrs. required for studying, social life, workload)
1. What their clinical and lab experiences were like.
1. How they prepared for examinations and the NCLEX.
1. Describe their top three patient memories and why they are memorable.
1. What does the phrase “Nurse-Life” mean to this nurse?
1. What is the hardest thing about being a nurse?
1. Reflect and discuss what your thoughts are about the interview. Did the interview change your perspective on nursing, on nursing school or life?
Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2011, pp. 300--313
This paper is part of an ASAP special collection on Social Psychology and Contemporary
Immigration Policy
Economic Dynamics and Changes in Attitudes
Toward Undocumented Mexican Immigrants
in Arizona
Priscila Diaz,∗ Delia S. Saenz, and Virginia S.Y. Kwan
Arizona State University
Mexican immigration to the United States comprises an important social issue
in contemporary public policy debate, particularly given the recent passage of
Arizona’s Senate Bill 1070 (SB 1070). The current study investigated how indi-
viduals’ sentiments toward undocumented Mexican immigrants shifted between
2006 and 2009 in Arizona, and also examined economic concomitants to these
shifts. Participants included 3,195 culturally diverse students attending a state
university in Arizona. They reported their attitudes toward undocumented Mex-
ican immigrants regarding housing, employment, values, social welfare, citizen-
ship, health care, and education issues. Results show less-positive attitudes as
each year progressed among European and Latino Americans, as well as other
ethnic minorities. Further, anti-undocumented immigrant sentiment increased as
unemployment increased and gross domestic product real growth rate decreased.
Ethnic differences emerged in the relative negativity toward undocumented immi-
grants such that European Americans were less positive towards undocumented
Mexican immigrants than Latinos over 4 years. These findings suggest that eco-
nomic dynamics may beget anti-immigrant sentiment, leading to contentious leg-
islation, such as Arizona’s recent immigration law.
“America has constantly drawn strength and spirit from wave after wave of immigrants. . .They
have proved to be the most restless, the most adventurous, the most innovative, the most
industrious of people.” – Bill Clinton, 42nd U.S. President
Nearly all U.S. citizens have roots in other countries from which they, their
parents, or one of their ancestors from 300 ye.
Lecture NotesImmigration and the United States Chapter 4 Imm.docxsmile790243
Lecture Notes
Immigration and the United States
Chapter 4
Immigration and the United States
� The history of the United States is the history of immigration.
� Immigration in the U.S. was at it�s highest during the 1880-1920 period.
� Xenophobia � The fear of strangers or foreigners.
� Nativism �beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants.
Catholics and Irish Immigrants
� Catholics in general and the Irish immigrants were the first Europeans to be ill-treated.
� Irish did not suffer their maltreatment in silence.
� To many whites, the Irish were worst than Blacks because the Blacks at least �knew their place.�
Chinese Immigrants
� Sinophobes � People who fear anything associated with China.
� White settlers found Chinese immigrants and their customs and religion difficult to understand.
� Railroad provided the greatest demand for Chinese labor in the 1860�s.
� In 1882 Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act which outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years.
The National Origin System
� Attempt at blocking the growing immigration from southern European countries such as from Italy and Greece.
� Gave preference to English speaking people from Western Europe.
The 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act
� The goals of this act were to reunite families and protect the American labor market.
� It also listed the rules for becoming a citizen of the United States or Naturalization.
The Brain Drain
� The Brain Drain is the immigration to the United States of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are needed by their home countries.
� We protest immigration but we do not mind as long as it is someone making a valuable contribution to our society.
Population Growth
� In the 1990�s legal immigration accounted for one fourth of the nation�s growth.
� California is the most extreme case of projected growth. It is expected to grow from 32 million people in 1995 to more than 49 million people by 2025.
Illegal Immigration
� Illegal immigrants and their families come to this country in search of higher-paying jobs than their home countries can provide.
� Most immigrants work in jobs that many U.S. born citizens do not want.
� The majority of illegal immigrants in the U.S. come from Mexico.
� In 2002 there were more than 8 Million illegal immigrants in the U.S.
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
� Hiring of illegal immigrants became illegal and provided fines and prison sentences to employers who did not comply.
� Also made it illegal for employers to discriminate against legal immigrants because of their not being U.S. citizens.
Economic Impact of Immigration
� In some areas, heavy immigration can drain community resources.
� In some areas, immigration may be an economic burden and create unwanted competition for jobs.
� On a positive note, Immigrants can help revitalize the local economy in some instances.
California’s Proposition 187
� An attempt to reduce illegal immig ...
No Human Being Is Illegal By Ngai, Mae M.Like abortion and gun.docxcurwenmichaela
No Human Being Is Illegal
By Ngai, Mae M.
Like abortion and guns, immigration has emerged as a hot-button issue in American politics. Because immigration involves concerns in different registers, economic and cultural, it is strangely and perhaps uniquely misaligned in traditional partisan terms (Wong 2006; Zolberg 2006). President Bush cannot manage the split in his own party, between those Republicans who want to exploit immigrants and those who want to expel them. Among Democratic voters, some support cultural diversity and inclusion while others worry that cheaper immigrant labor depresses domestic wages. Political consultants, sensing a no-win situation, are advising Democrats with presidential aspirations to stay clear of the issue altogether.
The lack of partisan coherence, however, does not explain why immigration evokes such heated debate. There is a dimension to the debate that seems irrational, impervious to arguments involving empirical data, historical experience, or legal precedent. This was brought home to me after I wrote an op-ed in a major newspaper about how, during the first half of the twentieth century, the U.S. government legalized tens of thousands of illegal European immigrants (Ngai 2006). I received postcards with invectives like, "stupid professor!" I faced similar hostility during a live call-in show on public radio. Confronted with ranting about how immigrants are bad for the United States, I wanted to counter that immigrants are good for the United States. At one level, negative generalizations about immigrants can be refuted point by point: they do not hurt the economy, they expand it; they are more law abiding than the native-born population; they want to learn English and their children all do (Smith and Edmonston 1997; Alba and Nee 2002).
But this approach is risky. Generalizations reproduce stereotypes and efface the complexity and diversity of immigrant experience. As Bonnie Honig (2001) has argued, xenophilia is the flip side of xenophobia. In both cases citizens use "immigrants" as a screen onto which they project their own aspirations or frustrations about American democracy. Casting immigrants as bearers of the work ethic, family values, and consensual citizenship renews the tired citizen's faith-liberal capitalism. But when the immigrants disappoint or when conditions change, they become easy scapegoats.
As Honig suggests, this kind of immigration discourse is an exercise in nationalism. In an important sense, "Are immigrants good or bad for us?" is the wrong question. It takes as its premise that immigrants are not part of "us." The idea falsely posits that non-citizens are not part of American society and leaves them out of the discussion. The mass demonstrations of Mexicans and other immigrants last spring were significant because they showed that immigrants are no longer content to be the object of discussion but have emerged as subjects with voice and agency. It was particularly noteworthy but p ...
Running head: DRAFT ESSAY 1
DRAFT ESSAY 2
Draft Essay
Derrell Ramsey
Keiser University
January 25,2017
Government, Politics and Social Justice: Is America on the right road?
The issues of social justice, government and politics are related to the country’s identity. Interaction of the above three factors will enable one to understand their history and identity in a better way. One of the critical issue affected by the factors is that of immigrants where they are considered to have an effect on the nation’s identity. Government plays a role in the issue of immigrants in that it is responsible for passing and implementation of policies that affect the immigrants. Politics also play a critical role in the issue of immigrants in that politicians usually have an influence on the laws and regulations on immigrants. Social justice is evident in the way the immigrants are treated in the host country. There has been a concern in United States as to whether the immigrants from Third World countries and who are non-English speakers destroy national identity (Muller, 2006). The major focus of this essay will be the advantages and disadvantages of immigrants to the nation in order to reach a conclusion as to whether it really affects the nation’s identity.
There are many people who have raised concerns over the loss of American identity due to increase in Muslim and Latino populations. However others dismiss this notion claiming that immigrants are important to the country and that several measures can be put in place to ensure that national identity is still maintained. Immigration has been considered to be of great benefit to United States in that it has shaped many political, economic and social processes that are important to the nation (Joppke, 2014). The nation also benefits from immigrants in terms of the labor force, some of the best researchers and scientists are immigrants and therefore discouraging them or driving them back to their countries will result in loss to United States. United States is the leading country in the world in regards to asylum and refugee admissions which mostly comprise the immigrants.
The major concern that is raised by those against insurgence of immigrants is that it leads to degradation of the culture of the society. This is through various social aspects such as language and religion. For example the dominant language in United States is English but immigrants into the country may not be English speakers, they will continue using the language and therefore may not adopt the national language in the host country. In regards to religion, alt ...
Lecture NotesImmigration and the United States Chapter 4 Imm.docxsmile790243
Lecture Notes
Immigration and the United States
Chapter 4
Immigration and the United States
� The history of the United States is the history of immigration.
� Immigration in the U.S. was at it�s highest during the 1880-1920 period.
� Xenophobia � The fear of strangers or foreigners.
� Nativism �beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants.
Catholics and Irish Immigrants
� Catholics in general and the Irish immigrants were the first Europeans to be ill-treated.
� Irish did not suffer their maltreatment in silence.
� To many whites, the Irish were worst than Blacks because the Blacks at least �knew their place.�
Chinese Immigrants
� Sinophobes � People who fear anything associated with China.
� White settlers found Chinese immigrants and their customs and religion difficult to understand.
� Railroad provided the greatest demand for Chinese labor in the 1860�s.
� In 1882 Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act which outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years.
The National Origin System
� Attempt at blocking the growing immigration from southern European countries such as from Italy and Greece.
� Gave preference to English speaking people from Western Europe.
The 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act
� The goals of this act were to reunite families and protect the American labor market.
� It also listed the rules for becoming a citizen of the United States or Naturalization.
The Brain Drain
� The Brain Drain is the immigration to the United States of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are needed by their home countries.
� We protest immigration but we do not mind as long as it is someone making a valuable contribution to our society.
Population Growth
� In the 1990�s legal immigration accounted for one fourth of the nation�s growth.
� California is the most extreme case of projected growth. It is expected to grow from 32 million people in 1995 to more than 49 million people by 2025.
Illegal Immigration
� Illegal immigrants and their families come to this country in search of higher-paying jobs than their home countries can provide.
� Most immigrants work in jobs that many U.S. born citizens do not want.
� The majority of illegal immigrants in the U.S. come from Mexico.
� In 2002 there were more than 8 Million illegal immigrants in the U.S.
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
� Hiring of illegal immigrants became illegal and provided fines and prison sentences to employers who did not comply.
� Also made it illegal for employers to discriminate against legal immigrants because of their not being U.S. citizens.
Economic Impact of Immigration
� In some areas, heavy immigration can drain community resources.
� In some areas, immigration may be an economic burden and create unwanted competition for jobs.
� On a positive note, Immigrants can help revitalize the local economy in some instances.
California’s Proposition 187
� An attempt to reduce illegal immig ...
No Human Being Is Illegal By Ngai, Mae M.Like abortion and gun.docxcurwenmichaela
No Human Being Is Illegal
By Ngai, Mae M.
Like abortion and guns, immigration has emerged as a hot-button issue in American politics. Because immigration involves concerns in different registers, economic and cultural, it is strangely and perhaps uniquely misaligned in traditional partisan terms (Wong 2006; Zolberg 2006). President Bush cannot manage the split in his own party, between those Republicans who want to exploit immigrants and those who want to expel them. Among Democratic voters, some support cultural diversity and inclusion while others worry that cheaper immigrant labor depresses domestic wages. Political consultants, sensing a no-win situation, are advising Democrats with presidential aspirations to stay clear of the issue altogether.
The lack of partisan coherence, however, does not explain why immigration evokes such heated debate. There is a dimension to the debate that seems irrational, impervious to arguments involving empirical data, historical experience, or legal precedent. This was brought home to me after I wrote an op-ed in a major newspaper about how, during the first half of the twentieth century, the U.S. government legalized tens of thousands of illegal European immigrants (Ngai 2006). I received postcards with invectives like, "stupid professor!" I faced similar hostility during a live call-in show on public radio. Confronted with ranting about how immigrants are bad for the United States, I wanted to counter that immigrants are good for the United States. At one level, negative generalizations about immigrants can be refuted point by point: they do not hurt the economy, they expand it; they are more law abiding than the native-born population; they want to learn English and their children all do (Smith and Edmonston 1997; Alba and Nee 2002).
But this approach is risky. Generalizations reproduce stereotypes and efface the complexity and diversity of immigrant experience. As Bonnie Honig (2001) has argued, xenophilia is the flip side of xenophobia. In both cases citizens use "immigrants" as a screen onto which they project their own aspirations or frustrations about American democracy. Casting immigrants as bearers of the work ethic, family values, and consensual citizenship renews the tired citizen's faith-liberal capitalism. But when the immigrants disappoint or when conditions change, they become easy scapegoats.
As Honig suggests, this kind of immigration discourse is an exercise in nationalism. In an important sense, "Are immigrants good or bad for us?" is the wrong question. It takes as its premise that immigrants are not part of "us." The idea falsely posits that non-citizens are not part of American society and leaves them out of the discussion. The mass demonstrations of Mexicans and other immigrants last spring were significant because they showed that immigrants are no longer content to be the object of discussion but have emerged as subjects with voice and agency. It was particularly noteworthy but p ...
Running head: DRAFT ESSAY 1
DRAFT ESSAY 2
Draft Essay
Derrell Ramsey
Keiser University
January 25,2017
Government, Politics and Social Justice: Is America on the right road?
The issues of social justice, government and politics are related to the country’s identity. Interaction of the above three factors will enable one to understand their history and identity in a better way. One of the critical issue affected by the factors is that of immigrants where they are considered to have an effect on the nation’s identity. Government plays a role in the issue of immigrants in that it is responsible for passing and implementation of policies that affect the immigrants. Politics also play a critical role in the issue of immigrants in that politicians usually have an influence on the laws and regulations on immigrants. Social justice is evident in the way the immigrants are treated in the host country. There has been a concern in United States as to whether the immigrants from Third World countries and who are non-English speakers destroy national identity (Muller, 2006). The major focus of this essay will be the advantages and disadvantages of immigrants to the nation in order to reach a conclusion as to whether it really affects the nation’s identity.
There are many people who have raised concerns over the loss of American identity due to increase in Muslim and Latino populations. However others dismiss this notion claiming that immigrants are important to the country and that several measures can be put in place to ensure that national identity is still maintained. Immigration has been considered to be of great benefit to United States in that it has shaped many political, economic and social processes that are important to the nation (Joppke, 2014). The nation also benefits from immigrants in terms of the labor force, some of the best researchers and scientists are immigrants and therefore discouraging them or driving them back to their countries will result in loss to United States. United States is the leading country in the world in regards to asylum and refugee admissions which mostly comprise the immigrants.
The major concern that is raised by those against insurgence of immigrants is that it leads to degradation of the culture of the society. This is through various social aspects such as language and religion. For example the dominant language in United States is English but immigrants into the country may not be English speakers, they will continue using the language and therefore may not adopt the national language in the host country. In regards to religion, alt ...
Reflective PostAnthony Johnson posted Apr 2, 2020 318 PMThe.docxcarlt3
Reflective Post
Anthony Johnson posted Apr 2, 2020 3:18 PM
The readings and assignments throughout this course have been very important in enhancing my skills and knowledge about human resource management both in the public and private sector. Based on these readings, I was able to learn about the various legal measures that have been established to enhance the welfare of employees across the country from the actions of their employers. In addition, the readings and assignments enabled me to learn about the various approaches that are used by the employers to motivate their employees and ramp up productivity. some of the key concepts that I believe are applicable to my work experience, profession, and career plans for the future include the use of total rewards to motivate employees, the role of employment at will and other legislations, as well as the changes that have been made in employment laws to improve the working conditions for the employees.
Employee motivation has a key role in ensuring that individuals are able to achieve high standards of performance and productivity. Employers use different approaches to ensure that their employees remain fully committed and satisfied with the workplace environment. Lack of satisfaction is likely to negatively impact their performance, which in turn affects the performance of the entire organization. The various legislations that have been passed by the government such as the employment at will, aim at protecting the interests of both the employees and their employers. From the readings and assignments, I was able to learn the rights and obligations that I have as an individual as well as what I should expect from my employer. Such knowledge is important not only for my present career but also for my future career plans.
The government, through the Department of Labor (DoL) has made significant efforts to ensure that the interests of the American employees are adequately protected. At the same time, the government seeks to ensure that the employers are acting in a manner that benefits the economy while focusing on the interests of the employees. Over the years, the regulatory environment has changed, in a bid to adapt to the changes occurring in the workplace. This has ensured that effect HRM practices are adopted across the board thereby enhancing the welfare of all the employees.
One key part of the course that helped shape my perception of the role of HRM in the private sector was the Module 3 Assignments. These assignments enabled me to evaluate some of the tasks carried out by the HRM in private organizations and how they rhyme with the practices in the public sector. Based on the assignments, I was able to learn how legislation such as Employment at Will Doctrine, Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), and the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) have impacted the private sector human resource management practices.
Module 1 - Background
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT .
Reflective Report
Student Number: 15833856
Module code: HR380
Content of Table
1. Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
2. Reflective Report ---------------------------------------------------------------------------3
University experience -------------------------------------------------------------------------3
2.1 Group Report------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3-4
2.1 Extracurricular activity -----------------------------------------------------------5
3. Personal Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Personal Development Plan -----------------------------------------------------------6
4. Conclusion -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
5. Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
1. Introduction
The aim of this reflective report is to develop a reflective statement concerning the previous experience, and develop a draft idea to assess self-ability in order to enhance future learning or future employability behaviours. The reflection statement is used to measure outputs and allow individuals to look back on their value (Watt et, al.,2001) Therefore, in this report I will demonstrate my university experience particularly “ Developing centre - Group work” and extracurricular activity. I will use both kinds of information to continue from the original learning context; there are two elements to consider in carrying out development areas; combining the elements from the break down experience, which suggests new insight, and finally through evaluation, the action of decision making will be made based on criteria or systematic judgement. (Bloom,1954) An experiential reflection will offer the opportunity to discuss personal context within practicum, as to do so allows an insight and perspective for professional personal growth (Monaghan et al. 2012) as the Kolb’s learning cycle (1984) will be adopted to encourage a high level of reflection approach. Furthermore, a personal development plan will be included in the appendix at the end of the report, which includes the overall competencies that I wish to work on from the past or those competencies that I am planning to work on in the future (Brown, 1995; McMullan et al., 2003; Redman, 1994; Seng and Seng, 1996; Smith and Tillema, 1998; Snadden et al., 1996).
2. Reflective Report
The reflective work is on certain experiences at university and the extracurricular role which demonstrate significant capability for professional competencies, which in order to gain better skills, overcomes conflict and improves future performance.
2.1 The university experience – Group work in developing centre
We did throwback group work on a dev.
Reflective Journal Ethics and DiversityOverviewDuring your .docxcarlt3
Reflective Journal: Ethics and Diversity
Overview
During your course of study in the M.Ed. program you have examined issues relating to ethics in the educational setting and the importance of promoting diversity.
In this journal, you will reflect on these Master's of Education program learning outcomes:
Ethics:
Examine major legal, social, and ethical issues affecting education in diverse learning environments.
Diversity:
Promote differentiated learning and multi-ethnic, multicultural, and global awareness and appreciation in instructional methods, program curricula, and assessment practices.
Requirements:
Write a 1–2 page paper in which you:
Reflect upon what you have learned throughout your coursework related to ethical issues in education, and discuss the fundamental manner in which your ideas, values, beliefs, practices, etc. have or have not changed as a result.
Examine how your coursework in the M.Ed. program and your work experience have helped you to grow in the areas of ethics and diversity and how you have used or will use these competencies in your current or future position.
Attach one to three pieces of your chosen previous assignments as artifacts to demonstrate your competencies in the areas of ethics and diversity. Identify the ID and title (for example: EDU599 – Education Capstone) of the courses for which you had produced the assignments.
If you do not have an artifact, attach the descriptions of your chosen previous assignments (This will become your artifact submission). Artifacts do not count as part of the one to two page length requirement.
.
Reflective Personal Development Paper(25 Points)5-to-6 p.docxcarlt3
Reflective Personal Development Paper
(25 Points)
5-to-6 page paper [double-space, APA style]
Students will write a narrative essay about your own life, describing the experiences that have shaped your views of race, culture, and issues of diversity and how your life experiences, perceptions, education, and family background have led to your current ideas about teaching and learning diverse
student populations.
By researching and studying your own family background, it is possible to gain an appreciation about ways in which we share many similarities and differences. As a brief, introductory section of this assignment, try to gather as much information as you can about your family background including
religious affiliation, ethnicity, culture, language(s), country of origin, education/occupation and any other information you think is of interest and value. Then, reflect on your own experiences in terms of your cultural reference, your family background, your interactions with others unlike yourself, and other factors determined by your own circumstances and your upbringing. Include SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF EVENTS AND SITUATIONS
that you feel shaped your views on these issues. Be sure to situate your
examples in the context of assumptions about schooling and education.
Write a five to six page paper [double-space, APA style] recapturing your recollections and emphasizing your experiences with cultural diversity as a student in elementary, secondary, and higher education.
Some suggested questions you may want to ask yourself:
What messages did I receive growing up a
bout what it meant to be a member of my racial/
ethnic group, religious, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic class, etc.? How has these, or later life situations that challenged it, informed the way you interact with students or colleagues or parents, either in or out of your group?
Have you been encouraged (or forced) to think about issues like racism, sexism, heterosexism/homophobia, or classism? If so, how did those experiences shape your teaching and/or learning? If not, how has the lack of consideration of those issues informed your teaching and/or learning?
What are some of your life experiences, or dimensions of your identity, that give you a unique insight into multicultural issues?
What are some of the areas or isms with which you still struggle? What are some of your stereotypes or prejudices? How might you confront them?
Try to think deeply about parts of your identity that put you in a privileged group (whiteness for race, maleness for gender, heterosexuality for sexual orientation, uppermiddle class for socioeconomic status, etc.) and the inequities around those areas. Challenge yourself. Use this as an opportunity to
practice and model self-critique.
Suggested Format
-Family History Family Background
Life Experience
Cultural Experiences
Childhood
Adolescence
College and beyond
Adulthood
-Impact on Teaching
Personal Im.
Reflective practice is crucial in education and becomes the foundati.docxcarlt3
Reflective practice is crucial in education and becomes the foundation for ongoing growth and development as a professional. Reflect on how you plan to continue growing in your practice and utilize district, academic, or personal resources to support you. How has the reflective process helped you to identify your personal and professional goals? How do you intend to meet those goals?
.
Reflective Journal 9 Benefits and Dangers of Social NetworksW.docxcarlt3
Reflective Journal 9: Benefits and Dangers of Social Networks
Write a 3/4 to 1 page journal entry (300 to 500 words) in which you:
1. Discuss two or three (2-3) benefits you or others have experienced with social networks.
2. Discuss one or two (1-2) dangers you or others have experienced with social networks.
3. Complete the page requirement.
4. Write with clarity, following mechanics and formatting requirements.
The specific course learning outcome(s) associated with this assignment are:
· Apply critical thinking skills to the analysis of issues involving mass media and society.
· Analyze ways in which different types of media content reflect and / or influence society’s attitudes and behaviors.
· Analyze various issues affecting the media business.
· Evaluate the effects of new forms of media (e.g., online services) on social interactions.
· Write clearly and concisely about media and society using proper writing mechanics.
Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.
Click here to view the grading rubric.
Data Analysis and Reporting
Chapter 15
Data ManagementIncludes coding, cleaning, and organizing data into a usable format (preparing for analysis)
Coding – assigning labels so data can be read and understood by a computer (e.g., 1=yes, 2=no)
Cleaning – values are valid and consistent (e.g., 1=true, 2=false, there should be no 3s); Also, need to deal with missing data
Data AnalysisBegins with being able to identify the variables
Variables – a characteristic or attribute that can be measured or observed (Creswell, 2002)
Types of variables: independent (controlled or cause or exert some influence) and dependent (are outcome variables that are being studied)
Also, the level(s) of data collected are importantNominal OrdinalNumerical (interval and ratio)
Data Analysis (cont.)Descriptive statistics – used to organize, summarize and describe characteristics
Inferential statistics – concerned with relationships and causality to make generalizations about a population based on a sample
AnalysesUnivariate (1 variable) Bivariate (2 variables)Multivariate (More than 2 variables)
Examples of Evaluation Questions Answered
Univariate Data AnalysesOne variable at a time
Summary counts (frequency distributions)
Measures of central tendency – e.g., mean, median, and mode
Measures of spread or variation – e.g., range, standard deviation, variance
Bivariate AnalysesCan be non-statistical comparisonsExample of non-statistical comparisons (eyeballing the data)
Male Female
Yes 35 62
No 50 46
Bivariate Analyses (cont.)HypothesesNull: statement of no significant difference Type I error – rejecting the null hypothesis when it is trueType II error – failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is not true (accepting a false null hypothesis)Level of significance (alpha level) – probability of making a type I error; e.g., p<.01A.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND PAIN .docxcarlt3
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND PAIN 5
Relationship Between Depression and Pain Among College Students in Us
Kean University
Research and Technology
05/08/20
Expected Results
Since correlation and regression analysis will be used to test the research hypothesis, it is expected that the results of the research will show there is a positive relationship between depression and pain among college students in the United States. From the literature reviewed, it was clear that chronic pain is a predisposing factor for depression. The results will show that a higher percentage of people who are depressed also experience pain. The results can be summarized using figure 1 below.
Figure 1: relationship between pain and depression.
The results will show that people who are in pain and depressed often turn to drugs to manage pain. Drug abuse among the depressed people is expected to high as the ability to manage stress is annihilated by pain. It is also expected that the relationship between depression and pain will be pronounced among women participants than among the male counterparts. The coefficient of correlation between pain and depression will be higher in women than in men. People experiencing chronic pain have an escalated risk of experiencing mood disorders such as depression. Another significant proportion with persistent pain suffers from clinical depression. Conversely, depression should also have the ability to increase severity of chronic pain
There are other factors such that mediate the relationship between chronic pain and depression. These include religious practices, values and beliefs. Similarly, meditation and prayer can help reduce the strength of the relationship between the two variables. This is in line with the published literature that highlights that positive psychological factors that can be used in helping people adjust to pain and optimism. Hope has been identified as one of the psychological factors that can be used in reducing pain and depression as it increases the likelihood of a person accepting the pain and suffering and hence coping positively.
Discussion:Potential Significance of the Results
Pain and depression are closely intertwined. As such, there is a positive relationship between chronic pain and depression. Just as depression can cause pain, pain can also cause depression. If not effectively managed, pain and depression can create a vicious cycle where chronic pain worsens the manifesting symptoms of depression. The depression that results also worsens the experiential pain.
Women are more vulnerable to depression because they are too emotional. Women have a lower tolerance to pain and hence become easily depressed (Amirifard et al., 2017). This explains why the coefficient of correlation between pain and depression is higher for women and men. It therefore follows that teaching women pain management skills can empower women to avoid getting depress.
RELATED COVERAGEA More Streamlined CharityJULY 26, 201.docxcarlt3
RELATED COVERAGE
A More Streamlined Charity
JULY 26, 2013
N.Y. / REGION
In Lieu of Money, Toyota Donates Efficiency to New
York Charity
By MONA ELNAGGAR JULY 26, 2013
The Food Bank for New York City is the country’s largest anti-hunger
charity, feeding about 1.5 million people every year. It leans heavily, as
other charities do, on the generosity of businesses, including Target,
Bank of America, Delta Air Lines and the New York Yankees. Toyota
was also a donor. But then Toyota had a different idea.
Instead of a check, it offered kaizen.
A Japanese word meaning “continuous improvement,” kaizen is a main
ingredient in Toyota’s business model and a key to its success, the
company says. It is an effort to optimize flow and quality by constantly
searching for ways to streamline and enhance performance. Put more
simply, it is about thinking outside the box and making small changes
to generate big results.
Toyota’s emphasis on efficiency proved transformative for the Food
Bank.
At a soup kitchen in Harlem, Toyota’s engineers cut down the wait time
for dinner to 18 minutes from as long as 90. At a food pantry on Staten
Island, they reduced the time people spent filling their bags to 6
minutes from 11. And at a warehouse in Bushwick, Brooklyn, where
volunteers were packing boxes of supplies for victims of Hurricane
Sandy, a dose of kaizen cut the time it took to pack one box to 11
seconds from 3 minutes.
Daryl Foriest, director of distribution at the Food Bank’s pantry and soup kitchen in Harlem, was
skeptical at first of the Toyota engineers’ efforts. “The line of people waiting to eat is too long,” he told
them. “Make the line shorter.” They did. James Estrin/The New York Times
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After 62 Years and Many
Battles, Village Voice to
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Improve on Test Scores,
but Not All Are Safe
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‘Blue Racism,’ Then
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Toyota has “revolutionized the way we serve our community,” said
Margarette Purvis, the chief executive and president of the Food Bank.
But Toyota’s initial offer to the charity in 2011 was met with
apprehension.
“They make cars; I run a kitchen,” said Daryl Foriest, director of
distribution at the Food Bank’s pantry and soup kitchen in Harlem.
“This won’t work.”
New York Today
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businesses, arts, sports, dining, style and more.
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offers for The New York Times's products and services.
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When Toyota insisted it would, Mr. Foriest presented the company with
a challenge.
“The line of people waiting to eat is too long,” Mr. Foriest said. “Make
the line shorter.”
Toyota’s engineers went to work. The kitchen.
Related Reading Chapter 12 (Parrott text)Chapter.docxcarlt3
Related Reading:
Chapter 12 (Parrott text)
Chapters 10, 11, and 12 (Baldwin et al. text)
Acts 15:1-29, 1 Corinthians 12:4-27, Rom. 12:4-8.
Prompt: After completing the lecture and reading assignments, describe an effective leadership approach from a biblical perspective. Include the following:
Describe core attributes.
Support with Scripture.
Describe style and approach.
Distinguish from popular models in purpose and perception.
Include an assessment of your leadership strengths and how you can use this information to increase your success as a leader. Use the
StrengthsFinder 2.0
source—use the code to access the website and further explore your strengths.
Requirements: 750 words minimum, two scholarly sources, APA format
.
Relating to triaging mobile evidence thoroughly explainDevice.docxcarlt3
Relating to triaging mobile evidence thoroughly explain:
Devices powered off as it relates to:
Isolated network, wifi, and Bluetooth
Sleep mode
Legal issues
Validating findings
Report
What is mobile forensics
What is computer forensics
Describe two major differences between the two as it relates to extractions
.
Rejepov 1Rejepov 2810229112018Technology and its impact on.docxcarlt3
Rejepov 1
Rejepov 2
81022
9/11/2018Technology and its impact on our environment
2018 was one of the hottest years of the century. And most people claim that the use of modern technology is the reason for such climate change. However, the government spends millions and millions of money on scientists who are researching on eco-friendly technology and source of energy. James Gustave Speth, then-President of the World Resources Institute, in 1992 wrote an article suggesting a national strategy to combine the goals of a healthy environment and a strong economy. He suggests that we can reduce pollution by recycling waste. This process makes products more affordable for people to buy and use. A year after year the eco-friendly technology is becoming more affordable for people. More people are installing solar panels on the roofs of their houses which helps to reduce the use of eco-harmful sources of energy. Scientists calculated that by the end of the XXI century everyone will be using eco-friendly tech products which will reduce the harm to the environment to zero.
Technology requires energy. In the early XX century, the coal was the main source of energy. Years after the coal was changed with oil. In the 1950s scientists started using a nuclear power as a main source of energy. However, none of them are eco-friendly. They deal inevitable damage to our environment, damaging the air we breathe, the atmosphere that protects us from Sun and soil where we plant our vegetables and fruits. The changes scientists started paying attention to the damage we are dealing with the environment in the 1990s. That was the time when scientists started researching on alternative sources of energy. Marine energy, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal and solar power are first renewable and alternative sources of energy. China is one of the first countries to start using renewable energy. In 2004, “The New York Times” published an article which states that the government of China declared by 2010 10 percent of the whole of China’s power will be generated through renewable sources. Indeed, in 2018 China’s 12 percent of power is generated through renewable sources of energy and China is not going to stop on this. Now they are planning to increase that number from 10 percent to 20 by the year 2030. With renewable sources of energy comes the eco-friendly technologies. Some of the tech companies are working on so-called “greenhouses”. This houses are entirely eco-friendly and do not require energy that is harmful to the environment. The price of these houses starts at 75000$ which makes it affordable for people. Also, solar and wind farms are being built which will help to reduce the use of energy sources such as nuclear power.
Tech products are more eco-friendly then they were before. For example, phones these days come with Lithium-ion batteries which lasts for years and requires less electricity. Gas powered cars are now being replaced by electric cars which do not produce.
REL133 v8Hinduism, Jainism, and SikhismREL133 v8Page 2 o.docxcarlt3
REL/133 v8
Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism
REL/133 v8
Page 2 of 4
Religion Comparison
Part 1: Hinduism Overview
Hinduism has no founder, but an integration of different beliefs. Its development was influenced by the nomadic Aryan Indo-European races that occupied Northern India. The religions originated from Russia and Central Asia as they attacked the Harappans residing in the area. Veda is the oldest scripture in Hindu that means wisdom and knowledge. It has hymns, prayers and ritual texts introduced during in the ancient times. The secret teachings in Hindu are known as the Upanishads, and it includes the mystical concepts of man and the universe.
Hinduism has a term known as Ramayan and is one of the significant Indian tales. Puranas is a vital source used to understand Hinduism, and it includes the legends, gods, and demons. A common feature between Hinduism and other religions is that most of its festivals fall in two classes (Doniger, 2010). There are those who celebrate saints and others celebrating notable scriptural events. Om is a symbol in Hinduism and used in meditation. The swastika is another symbol associated with a negative connotation in other parts across the world while in Hinduism, it is a sign of luck and fortune.
Part 2: Compare and Contrast Two Religions
Religion 1
Hinduism
Religion 2
Jainism
Similarities
Differences
Points of origin
Jainism and Hinduism came from India. Moreover, they are all knows as the traditional faiths of the Indians.
The existence of Atma
The two religions accept the reality of Atma, also known as the soul. They believe in the immortality of the soul. In the contexts of both religions, the physical body can die, but the spirit that inhabits it lives on and leads to reincarnation.
The ideas of Moska, Karma, and Reincarnation
Jainism and Hinduism both believe in Karma. Karma can refer to the good or bad. They also believe in reincarnation, the idea of life after death (Babb, 2015). Both religions also believe in moska, the liberation from the cycle of life and death. However, the meaning of these concepts is different in each religion.
Temples and Idols
The religious activities in both religions are similar. They both have temples and conduct idol worshiping. They also have times when they fast as a way of worship and purification of the soul.
The concept of Karma
In Hindu, Karma is an essence of transgression to atone for blessings to get in the next life. Jains consider Karma a kind of activity that attaches to the soul in each life. While Hindus try to do the right thing to atone for the spiritual debt, Jains follow actions intended to clean the soul of a polluting nature.
The idea of Moksha
Hindus believe that Moksha and liberation take place where the soul meets the universal soul and results to eternal life in Vishnu’s territory. The Jains considers moksha an activity-less and tranquil that is said to take place in Siddhabhumi.
Animal Sacrifices
Jainism do not engage in ani.
REL 2300 Walters Short Writing Assignment #1 .docxcarlt3
REL 2300
Walters
Short Writing Assignment #1
Please answer the following question with in a one-page essay. What is your opinion of the
influence of religion in American society?
Format
Your response must include these elements:
Topic Sentence: Give a direct and precise answer to the question. State clearly your
position on the question so there is no doubt in the readers’ mind where
you stand.
Definition: Explain how you are using the main terms included in the topic sentence.
Context: Explain where the example to be used comes from and the circumstances
surrounding its relevance.
Example(s) Cite a specific example.
Interpretation: In the case of a quotation taken from the text, interpret it fully. In the case
of a painting describe it completely.
Relationship: Explain the relationship between the example and the position you have
taken on the subject.
Grading Rubric
II n dn d ii c ac a tt oo rr ss
LL ee vv ee ll ss o f o f
AA c hc h ii ee vv ee mm e n te n t
BB ee gg ii n nn n ii n gn g (( 0 )0 ) DD ee vv e le l o po p ii n gn g (( 1 )1 ) CC oo mm pp e te t e n te n t (( 33 )) AA c c oc c o mm pp l i sl i s h e dh e d (( 55 ))
Meaning and Development:
ideas, examples, reasons and
evidence,
point of view
Inappropriate
No viable point of view; little
or no evidence; weak critical
thinking; providing
insufficient reasons or other
support
Appropriate Develops a point
of view; demonstrating some
critical thinking; may have
some inadequate examples,
reasons and other evidence of
support
Effective
Develops a point of view and
demonstrates competent
critical thinking; enough
supporting detail to
accomplish the purpose of the
question
Insightful
Ideas are fresh, mature and
extensively developed;
insightfully develops a point
of view and demonstrates
outstanding critical thinking
Conventions: grammar.
punctuation, spelling,
paragraphing, format
Distracting
Errors interfere with writer’s
ability to consistently
communicate purpose;
pervasive mechanical errors
obscure meaning;
inappropriate format
Fundamental
Errors interfere with writer’s
ability to communicate
purpose; contains an
accumulation of errors; some
weakness in format
Controlled Occasional errors
do not interfere with writer’s
ability to communicate
purpose; generally
appropriate format
Polished Control of
conventions contribute to
the writer’s ability to
communicate purpose;
free of most mechanical
errors; appropriate format
.
REL101(WI) World ReligionsReflection Paper #2The Problem of.docxcarlt3
REL101(WI): World Religions
Reflection Paper #2
The Problem of Evil
The most formidable challenge a believer in God must face is known as “the problem of evil.” This problem, which goes back to ancient times yet is no less distressing today, asks about the relationship between belief in God and the existence of evil in the world. If God is truly good and cares for us, why do bad things continually happen to good people? How can there be so much unmerited evil and suffering in the world if an all-powerful and all-loving creator governs the universe? Like many other faiths, Judaism has had to confront such questions head on. While much of Jewish history is full of pain and suffering, nothing has tested the Jewish faith like the mass slaughter of Jews during the Holocaust (or Shoah). Given God’s covenantal promise of a blessed existence and God’s declaration that the Jews are his “chosen people,” many wonder today how they can possibly square the extermination of 6 million such people with belief in a deity who is said to be both compassionate and just. For this second Reflection Paper, you are asked to weigh in on this conflicted debate. Before you begin to write, consider the discussion of Judaism in class, read carefully the article “The Problem of Evil” posted under “Course Materials” on Blackboard, and research at least two other articles of your choice that address this topic. Then, in your paper, expand this difficult issue to all of the Western religions and offer your best insights on the ongoing attempt to make sense of the problem of evil. If you are a believer, how do you reconcile your belief in an all-powerful, all-loving God and the immense evil that surrounds us? Which of the many solutions to the problem of evil (officially known a “theodicy”), do you find convincing? If you are not committed to a religious belief, what is your opinion about the problem of evil? Is this problem great enough to lead one to atheism, as many have argued? Is one of the counterarguments presented in this discussion particularly powerful?
The Problem of Evil
Introduction: The Great Problem
We live in a world in shadow. It’s a fact, noted by every religion and belief system throughout history, that suffering plagues the human condition. Some of us experience far more pain than others, but it’s something we must all face during our lives. Possibly even worse than the existence of suffering is the randomness with which it strikes—often in the lives of people who have done nothing to deserve it—and our too-frequent powerlessness to help the afflicted innocent.
The great and terrible fact of suffering has been humanity’s constant companion. Our history as a species is a long, slow climb up from the darkness, punctuated by much faltering, backsliding, and frustration. For thousands of years of human history, every day was a struggle to stay alive. Plagues and epidemics swept continents like wildfire. Natural disasters led to the collapse of great empires..
REL 212 WEEK 7 DQWeek 7 Discussion The roots of Christianity a.docxcarlt3
REL 212 WEEK 7 DQ
Week 7 Discussion
The roots of Christianity and the growth of this religion.
Please respond to the following:
Main discussion questions for the week:
We have seen/suggested that Zoroastrianism influenced Judaism. Jesus was a Jew and used the Jewish scripture when he taught. Some even say that Christianity is a sect of Judaism (see Rabbi Norman Solomon, Judaism: A Very Short Introduction). Yet, most Christians claim that their religion is unique.
· Did Zoroastrianism and/or Judaism provide the basis for Christianity or not?
· Pick a side and defend it with three (3) reasons. Explain each reason.
In our chapter we have seen numerous splits in Christianity: In the Book of Acts; the division between Roman Catholicism and the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Protestant Reformation, and on and on. Modern Christianity is sometimes characterized by the split between followers who believe in the literal interpretation of the Bible and those who believe in a figurative interpretation.
· How can one Bible, especially one New Testament, be used to justify so many divisions?
· Is one of these divisions/denomination the "right" denominations? Why?
Be sure to respond to at least one (1) (BELOW) other student.
Samantha Anglin
RE: Week 7 Discussion
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Top of Form
Total views: 13 (Your views: 1)
Hi Class!
I believe that Zoroastrianism/Judaism provided a basis to Christianity. Since Zoroastrianism did exsist before Christianity, I think this is a major reason why Christianity came about. I will use the example of Hinduism and Buddhism, Buddhism originated mainly from Hinduism (since Hinduism is one of the oldesst realigions) because some people wanted to take some of the philosophies from Hinduism and create their own set of beliefs. Christianity has some of the same basics as Judaism and Zoroastrianism, but they created new philosophies and values to fit the kind of religion that they wanted.
Like the religion, there was a basis that was used to start the religion. It was influenced by many factors including religion and culture so there is going to be one bible that started it all. I think that they all use the Bible as the center stone that each new division expands and revolves on. I think that every single sect can believe that their denomination is the 'right' one, but ultimately the only right one would be the one to start it all.But they are all revolving around the same basis, so it really depends on your morals and values as to which one is the 'right' one.
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
9e0c20ee-3de9-4
false
PUBLISHED
Running head: CASE STUDY TEMPLATE 7
CASE STUDY TEMPLATE:
Case Study #
Background Summary
Statement of the Problem
Implications and Alternative
Solution
s
Description of Alternative
Pros
Cons
Explanation of each alternative in detail
Methods for Determining
.
Reimplementation of a bedside shift report 7 Errors are .docxcarlt3
Reimplementation of a bedside shift report 7
* Errors are in red that must be addressed or more points will continue to come off.
· Clarification about the change process is needed; telehealth in ICU is mentioned but not explained as being relevant to BSR. There are many sentence structural issues. See my feedback throughout.
Change Proposal: Reimplementation of a Bedside Shift Report
The identified clinical problem that is relevant to nurses in the workplace is the bedside shift report (BSR). The bedside shift report may be used to help the development of teamwork, ownership, and accountability thus increasing the satisfaction of the nurses. The reason for selecting the reimplementation of a bedside shift report is because; at a targeted facility the implementation of the bedside shift report is becoming poor. This has led to the poor compliance with the standards of practice, and increase costs in the facility. Also, to have a reduced cost by removing overtime pay and scrubbing off legal errors which result in legal fees (Clark et al., 2020). (*Re-phrase this sentence, avoid slang).
The reimplementation of a bedside shift report is important for the nurse practicing in the organization. Bedside shift report assists in improving the experience of the client and improving the handoff care between the nurses through including the family and client in the delivery of care. Bedside shift report is leading to the introduction of a change in the nursing culture i.e. introduction of various methods of communicating patient-specific care at a shift transformation. Shift reports given at the bedside is helping in changing the manner in which nurses are communicating and practicing (Clark et al., 2020).
At the targeted facility, the execution of the bedside shift report is poor and this is associated to the lack of knowledge concerning the role of bedside shift reporting on the patient outcome. The healthcare providers at the facility are not directly engaged in the provision of healthcare. There is poor communication of the goals of the bedside shift reporting and their importance about the positive outcomes and benefits that are involved in the change (Clark et al., 2020).
According to the study by Gregory et al., (2014), the process of assessing the transformation in practice that involves transitioning of the bedside nurse shift handoffs is important. The evaluation process is helpful in the re-implementation plan to help in improving the areas of weaknesses. The evaluation process of the success in the implementation in the practice is assessing the perception of the nurses about the proposed changes i.e. the re-implementation plans. There is evidence showing the positive impacts of the bedside shift report in the safety of the patient, the control of the pain, the satisfaction of the patients, and improvement in the nurse to patient or nurse to nurse communication (Gregory et al., 2014).
A study by Dempsey et al., (2014) reveals t.
Rehabilitation ProgramDesign rehabilitation program for A left-h.docxcarlt3
Rehabilitation Program
Design rehabilitation program for A left-handed college baseball pitcher is in need of a rehabilitation program following Tommy John surgery.
· Use other outside sources in creating your program.
· Your program should include reasoning for your exercises, progressions, phases, etc.
· This paper should be spaced and formatted per APA guidelines, 6th edition.
Format to think about when writing your rehabilitation program.
1. Elbow rehabilitation program.
a. Is the program relevant to the injury, gender, age, and sport? Yes or No ?
b. If no, what is not relevant?
c. If yes, are the exercises clearly described?
d. If no, what is unclear or understated?
e. Are the exercises under the best stages of care? Yes or No ?
f. If no, where should they be moved to?
g. Are benchmarks created to know when progression of the exercises and phases is necessary? Yes or No?
h. What needs to be done to improve these items?
2. Communication
a. Put yourself in the role of the athlete. Are the exercises easy to understand or seem too complicated? Yes or No?
b. If no, what is missing, unclear or over/understated? Where does the communication break down and/or which exercise(s) and/or phase(s) is/are problematic and why?
Additional feedback/comments:
3. Program planning considerations
a. Did the writer take healing timelines and tissues injured into consideration when creating the program? Yes or No?
· If no, what information is missing?
b. Did the writer:
· explain why s/he chose this/these exercises? Yes or No?
· address why s/he believes the exercises will be useful in addressing the issues identified in the scenario? Yes or No?
i. If yes, did the writer accurately apply the exercises to the scenario? Yes or No?
ii. If yes, what clues in the program tell you that the exercises were applied accurately to the rehab phases?
iii. If no, what direction would you give the writer to strengthen this program?
DUE THURSDAY FEBRUARY 27, 2020
Students will be required to develop and write their own approximately 500 word response(2 pgs.)
1. Involving stakeholders in the planning process is extremely important and this includes the citizens if the whole community concept is to be applied. Just looking at your community's plan and website for emergency management, does it appear that the community has been involved in the process, why or why not?
In order to complete this assignment you must watch both videos linked provide below and Read all the attached files. 4 files are attached Answer must be related to the material provided:
Video: https://youtu.be/Ui-eBiMBkXY
https://youtu.be/__VD-cBC2vI
Community Resources & Preparedness
The National Preparedness System outlines an organized process for the whole community to move forward with their preparedness activities and achieve the National Preparedness Goal. The National Preparedness System integrates efforts across the five preparedness mission areas—Prevention, Protection, Mitig.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Reflective PostAnthony Johnson posted Apr 2, 2020 318 PMThe.docxcarlt3
Reflective Post
Anthony Johnson posted Apr 2, 2020 3:18 PM
The readings and assignments throughout this course have been very important in enhancing my skills and knowledge about human resource management both in the public and private sector. Based on these readings, I was able to learn about the various legal measures that have been established to enhance the welfare of employees across the country from the actions of their employers. In addition, the readings and assignments enabled me to learn about the various approaches that are used by the employers to motivate their employees and ramp up productivity. some of the key concepts that I believe are applicable to my work experience, profession, and career plans for the future include the use of total rewards to motivate employees, the role of employment at will and other legislations, as well as the changes that have been made in employment laws to improve the working conditions for the employees.
Employee motivation has a key role in ensuring that individuals are able to achieve high standards of performance and productivity. Employers use different approaches to ensure that their employees remain fully committed and satisfied with the workplace environment. Lack of satisfaction is likely to negatively impact their performance, which in turn affects the performance of the entire organization. The various legislations that have been passed by the government such as the employment at will, aim at protecting the interests of both the employees and their employers. From the readings and assignments, I was able to learn the rights and obligations that I have as an individual as well as what I should expect from my employer. Such knowledge is important not only for my present career but also for my future career plans.
The government, through the Department of Labor (DoL) has made significant efforts to ensure that the interests of the American employees are adequately protected. At the same time, the government seeks to ensure that the employers are acting in a manner that benefits the economy while focusing on the interests of the employees. Over the years, the regulatory environment has changed, in a bid to adapt to the changes occurring in the workplace. This has ensured that effect HRM practices are adopted across the board thereby enhancing the welfare of all the employees.
One key part of the course that helped shape my perception of the role of HRM in the private sector was the Module 3 Assignments. These assignments enabled me to evaluate some of the tasks carried out by the HRM in private organizations and how they rhyme with the practices in the public sector. Based on the assignments, I was able to learn how legislation such as Employment at Will Doctrine, Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), and the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) have impacted the private sector human resource management practices.
Module 1 - Background
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT .
Reflective Report
Student Number: 15833856
Module code: HR380
Content of Table
1. Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
2. Reflective Report ---------------------------------------------------------------------------3
University experience -------------------------------------------------------------------------3
2.1 Group Report------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3-4
2.1 Extracurricular activity -----------------------------------------------------------5
3. Personal Analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Personal Development Plan -----------------------------------------------------------6
4. Conclusion -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
5. Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
1. Introduction
The aim of this reflective report is to develop a reflective statement concerning the previous experience, and develop a draft idea to assess self-ability in order to enhance future learning or future employability behaviours. The reflection statement is used to measure outputs and allow individuals to look back on their value (Watt et, al.,2001) Therefore, in this report I will demonstrate my university experience particularly “ Developing centre - Group work” and extracurricular activity. I will use both kinds of information to continue from the original learning context; there are two elements to consider in carrying out development areas; combining the elements from the break down experience, which suggests new insight, and finally through evaluation, the action of decision making will be made based on criteria or systematic judgement. (Bloom,1954) An experiential reflection will offer the opportunity to discuss personal context within practicum, as to do so allows an insight and perspective for professional personal growth (Monaghan et al. 2012) as the Kolb’s learning cycle (1984) will be adopted to encourage a high level of reflection approach. Furthermore, a personal development plan will be included in the appendix at the end of the report, which includes the overall competencies that I wish to work on from the past or those competencies that I am planning to work on in the future (Brown, 1995; McMullan et al., 2003; Redman, 1994; Seng and Seng, 1996; Smith and Tillema, 1998; Snadden et al., 1996).
2. Reflective Report
The reflective work is on certain experiences at university and the extracurricular role which demonstrate significant capability for professional competencies, which in order to gain better skills, overcomes conflict and improves future performance.
2.1 The university experience – Group work in developing centre
We did throwback group work on a dev.
Reflective Journal Ethics and DiversityOverviewDuring your .docxcarlt3
Reflective Journal: Ethics and Diversity
Overview
During your course of study in the M.Ed. program you have examined issues relating to ethics in the educational setting and the importance of promoting diversity.
In this journal, you will reflect on these Master's of Education program learning outcomes:
Ethics:
Examine major legal, social, and ethical issues affecting education in diverse learning environments.
Diversity:
Promote differentiated learning and multi-ethnic, multicultural, and global awareness and appreciation in instructional methods, program curricula, and assessment practices.
Requirements:
Write a 1–2 page paper in which you:
Reflect upon what you have learned throughout your coursework related to ethical issues in education, and discuss the fundamental manner in which your ideas, values, beliefs, practices, etc. have or have not changed as a result.
Examine how your coursework in the M.Ed. program and your work experience have helped you to grow in the areas of ethics and diversity and how you have used or will use these competencies in your current or future position.
Attach one to three pieces of your chosen previous assignments as artifacts to demonstrate your competencies in the areas of ethics and diversity. Identify the ID and title (for example: EDU599 – Education Capstone) of the courses for which you had produced the assignments.
If you do not have an artifact, attach the descriptions of your chosen previous assignments (This will become your artifact submission). Artifacts do not count as part of the one to two page length requirement.
.
Reflective Personal Development Paper(25 Points)5-to-6 p.docxcarlt3
Reflective Personal Development Paper
(25 Points)
5-to-6 page paper [double-space, APA style]
Students will write a narrative essay about your own life, describing the experiences that have shaped your views of race, culture, and issues of diversity and how your life experiences, perceptions, education, and family background have led to your current ideas about teaching and learning diverse
student populations.
By researching and studying your own family background, it is possible to gain an appreciation about ways in which we share many similarities and differences. As a brief, introductory section of this assignment, try to gather as much information as you can about your family background including
religious affiliation, ethnicity, culture, language(s), country of origin, education/occupation and any other information you think is of interest and value. Then, reflect on your own experiences in terms of your cultural reference, your family background, your interactions with others unlike yourself, and other factors determined by your own circumstances and your upbringing. Include SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF EVENTS AND SITUATIONS
that you feel shaped your views on these issues. Be sure to situate your
examples in the context of assumptions about schooling and education.
Write a five to six page paper [double-space, APA style] recapturing your recollections and emphasizing your experiences with cultural diversity as a student in elementary, secondary, and higher education.
Some suggested questions you may want to ask yourself:
What messages did I receive growing up a
bout what it meant to be a member of my racial/
ethnic group, religious, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic class, etc.? How has these, or later life situations that challenged it, informed the way you interact with students or colleagues or parents, either in or out of your group?
Have you been encouraged (or forced) to think about issues like racism, sexism, heterosexism/homophobia, or classism? If so, how did those experiences shape your teaching and/or learning? If not, how has the lack of consideration of those issues informed your teaching and/or learning?
What are some of your life experiences, or dimensions of your identity, that give you a unique insight into multicultural issues?
What are some of the areas or isms with which you still struggle? What are some of your stereotypes or prejudices? How might you confront them?
Try to think deeply about parts of your identity that put you in a privileged group (whiteness for race, maleness for gender, heterosexuality for sexual orientation, uppermiddle class for socioeconomic status, etc.) and the inequities around those areas. Challenge yourself. Use this as an opportunity to
practice and model self-critique.
Suggested Format
-Family History Family Background
Life Experience
Cultural Experiences
Childhood
Adolescence
College and beyond
Adulthood
-Impact on Teaching
Personal Im.
Reflective practice is crucial in education and becomes the foundati.docxcarlt3
Reflective practice is crucial in education and becomes the foundation for ongoing growth and development as a professional. Reflect on how you plan to continue growing in your practice and utilize district, academic, or personal resources to support you. How has the reflective process helped you to identify your personal and professional goals? How do you intend to meet those goals?
.
Reflective Journal 9 Benefits and Dangers of Social NetworksW.docxcarlt3
Reflective Journal 9: Benefits and Dangers of Social Networks
Write a 3/4 to 1 page journal entry (300 to 500 words) in which you:
1. Discuss two or three (2-3) benefits you or others have experienced with social networks.
2. Discuss one or two (1-2) dangers you or others have experienced with social networks.
3. Complete the page requirement.
4. Write with clarity, following mechanics and formatting requirements.
The specific course learning outcome(s) associated with this assignment are:
· Apply critical thinking skills to the analysis of issues involving mass media and society.
· Analyze ways in which different types of media content reflect and / or influence society’s attitudes and behaviors.
· Analyze various issues affecting the media business.
· Evaluate the effects of new forms of media (e.g., online services) on social interactions.
· Write clearly and concisely about media and society using proper writing mechanics.
Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.
Click here to view the grading rubric.
Data Analysis and Reporting
Chapter 15
Data ManagementIncludes coding, cleaning, and organizing data into a usable format (preparing for analysis)
Coding – assigning labels so data can be read and understood by a computer (e.g., 1=yes, 2=no)
Cleaning – values are valid and consistent (e.g., 1=true, 2=false, there should be no 3s); Also, need to deal with missing data
Data AnalysisBegins with being able to identify the variables
Variables – a characteristic or attribute that can be measured or observed (Creswell, 2002)
Types of variables: independent (controlled or cause or exert some influence) and dependent (are outcome variables that are being studied)
Also, the level(s) of data collected are importantNominal OrdinalNumerical (interval and ratio)
Data Analysis (cont.)Descriptive statistics – used to organize, summarize and describe characteristics
Inferential statistics – concerned with relationships and causality to make generalizations about a population based on a sample
AnalysesUnivariate (1 variable) Bivariate (2 variables)Multivariate (More than 2 variables)
Examples of Evaluation Questions Answered
Univariate Data AnalysesOne variable at a time
Summary counts (frequency distributions)
Measures of central tendency – e.g., mean, median, and mode
Measures of spread or variation – e.g., range, standard deviation, variance
Bivariate AnalysesCan be non-statistical comparisonsExample of non-statistical comparisons (eyeballing the data)
Male Female
Yes 35 62
No 50 46
Bivariate Analyses (cont.)HypothesesNull: statement of no significant difference Type I error – rejecting the null hypothesis when it is trueType II error – failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is not true (accepting a false null hypothesis)Level of significance (alpha level) – probability of making a type I error; e.g., p<.01A.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND PAIN .docxcarlt3
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND PAIN 5
Relationship Between Depression and Pain Among College Students in Us
Kean University
Research and Technology
05/08/20
Expected Results
Since correlation and regression analysis will be used to test the research hypothesis, it is expected that the results of the research will show there is a positive relationship between depression and pain among college students in the United States. From the literature reviewed, it was clear that chronic pain is a predisposing factor for depression. The results will show that a higher percentage of people who are depressed also experience pain. The results can be summarized using figure 1 below.
Figure 1: relationship between pain and depression.
The results will show that people who are in pain and depressed often turn to drugs to manage pain. Drug abuse among the depressed people is expected to high as the ability to manage stress is annihilated by pain. It is also expected that the relationship between depression and pain will be pronounced among women participants than among the male counterparts. The coefficient of correlation between pain and depression will be higher in women than in men. People experiencing chronic pain have an escalated risk of experiencing mood disorders such as depression. Another significant proportion with persistent pain suffers from clinical depression. Conversely, depression should also have the ability to increase severity of chronic pain
There are other factors such that mediate the relationship between chronic pain and depression. These include religious practices, values and beliefs. Similarly, meditation and prayer can help reduce the strength of the relationship between the two variables. This is in line with the published literature that highlights that positive psychological factors that can be used in helping people adjust to pain and optimism. Hope has been identified as one of the psychological factors that can be used in reducing pain and depression as it increases the likelihood of a person accepting the pain and suffering and hence coping positively.
Discussion:Potential Significance of the Results
Pain and depression are closely intertwined. As such, there is a positive relationship between chronic pain and depression. Just as depression can cause pain, pain can also cause depression. If not effectively managed, pain and depression can create a vicious cycle where chronic pain worsens the manifesting symptoms of depression. The depression that results also worsens the experiential pain.
Women are more vulnerable to depression because they are too emotional. Women have a lower tolerance to pain and hence become easily depressed (Amirifard et al., 2017). This explains why the coefficient of correlation between pain and depression is higher for women and men. It therefore follows that teaching women pain management skills can empower women to avoid getting depress.
RELATED COVERAGEA More Streamlined CharityJULY 26, 201.docxcarlt3
RELATED COVERAGE
A More Streamlined Charity
JULY 26, 2013
N.Y. / REGION
In Lieu of Money, Toyota Donates Efficiency to New
York Charity
By MONA ELNAGGAR JULY 26, 2013
The Food Bank for New York City is the country’s largest anti-hunger
charity, feeding about 1.5 million people every year. It leans heavily, as
other charities do, on the generosity of businesses, including Target,
Bank of America, Delta Air Lines and the New York Yankees. Toyota
was also a donor. But then Toyota had a different idea.
Instead of a check, it offered kaizen.
A Japanese word meaning “continuous improvement,” kaizen is a main
ingredient in Toyota’s business model and a key to its success, the
company says. It is an effort to optimize flow and quality by constantly
searching for ways to streamline and enhance performance. Put more
simply, it is about thinking outside the box and making small changes
to generate big results.
Toyota’s emphasis on efficiency proved transformative for the Food
Bank.
At a soup kitchen in Harlem, Toyota’s engineers cut down the wait time
for dinner to 18 minutes from as long as 90. At a food pantry on Staten
Island, they reduced the time people spent filling their bags to 6
minutes from 11. And at a warehouse in Bushwick, Brooklyn, where
volunteers were packing boxes of supplies for victims of Hurricane
Sandy, a dose of kaizen cut the time it took to pack one box to 11
seconds from 3 minutes.
Daryl Foriest, director of distribution at the Food Bank’s pantry and soup kitchen in Harlem, was
skeptical at first of the Toyota engineers’ efforts. “The line of people waiting to eat is too long,” he told
them. “Make the line shorter.” They did. James Estrin/The New York Times
Public Hospitals Treat
Greater Share of Mental
Health Patients
Mayor de Blasio Used
Personal Email for City
Matters, Memo Says
After 62 Years and Many
Battles, Village Voice to
End Print Publication
Struggling Schools
Improve on Test Scores,
but Not All Are Safe
Police Union Complains of
‘Blue Racism,’ Then
Regrets Word Choice
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Toyota has “revolutionized the way we serve our community,” said
Margarette Purvis, the chief executive and president of the Food Bank.
But Toyota’s initial offer to the charity in 2011 was met with
apprehension.
“They make cars; I run a kitchen,” said Daryl Foriest, director of
distribution at the Food Bank’s pantry and soup kitchen in Harlem.
“This won’t work.”
New York Today
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businesses, arts, sports, dining, style and more.
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When Toyota insisted it would, Mr. Foriest presented the company with
a challenge.
“The line of people waiting to eat is too long,” Mr. Foriest said. “Make
the line shorter.”
Toyota’s engineers went to work. The kitchen.
Related Reading Chapter 12 (Parrott text)Chapter.docxcarlt3
Related Reading:
Chapter 12 (Parrott text)
Chapters 10, 11, and 12 (Baldwin et al. text)
Acts 15:1-29, 1 Corinthians 12:4-27, Rom. 12:4-8.
Prompt: After completing the lecture and reading assignments, describe an effective leadership approach from a biblical perspective. Include the following:
Describe core attributes.
Support with Scripture.
Describe style and approach.
Distinguish from popular models in purpose and perception.
Include an assessment of your leadership strengths and how you can use this information to increase your success as a leader. Use the
StrengthsFinder 2.0
source—use the code to access the website and further explore your strengths.
Requirements: 750 words minimum, two scholarly sources, APA format
.
Relating to triaging mobile evidence thoroughly explainDevice.docxcarlt3
Relating to triaging mobile evidence thoroughly explain:
Devices powered off as it relates to:
Isolated network, wifi, and Bluetooth
Sleep mode
Legal issues
Validating findings
Report
What is mobile forensics
What is computer forensics
Describe two major differences between the two as it relates to extractions
.
Rejepov 1Rejepov 2810229112018Technology and its impact on.docxcarlt3
Rejepov 1
Rejepov 2
81022
9/11/2018Technology and its impact on our environment
2018 was one of the hottest years of the century. And most people claim that the use of modern technology is the reason for such climate change. However, the government spends millions and millions of money on scientists who are researching on eco-friendly technology and source of energy. James Gustave Speth, then-President of the World Resources Institute, in 1992 wrote an article suggesting a national strategy to combine the goals of a healthy environment and a strong economy. He suggests that we can reduce pollution by recycling waste. This process makes products more affordable for people to buy and use. A year after year the eco-friendly technology is becoming more affordable for people. More people are installing solar panels on the roofs of their houses which helps to reduce the use of eco-harmful sources of energy. Scientists calculated that by the end of the XXI century everyone will be using eco-friendly tech products which will reduce the harm to the environment to zero.
Technology requires energy. In the early XX century, the coal was the main source of energy. Years after the coal was changed with oil. In the 1950s scientists started using a nuclear power as a main source of energy. However, none of them are eco-friendly. They deal inevitable damage to our environment, damaging the air we breathe, the atmosphere that protects us from Sun and soil where we plant our vegetables and fruits. The changes scientists started paying attention to the damage we are dealing with the environment in the 1990s. That was the time when scientists started researching on alternative sources of energy. Marine energy, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal and solar power are first renewable and alternative sources of energy. China is one of the first countries to start using renewable energy. In 2004, “The New York Times” published an article which states that the government of China declared by 2010 10 percent of the whole of China’s power will be generated through renewable sources. Indeed, in 2018 China’s 12 percent of power is generated through renewable sources of energy and China is not going to stop on this. Now they are planning to increase that number from 10 percent to 20 by the year 2030. With renewable sources of energy comes the eco-friendly technologies. Some of the tech companies are working on so-called “greenhouses”. This houses are entirely eco-friendly and do not require energy that is harmful to the environment. The price of these houses starts at 75000$ which makes it affordable for people. Also, solar and wind farms are being built which will help to reduce the use of energy sources such as nuclear power.
Tech products are more eco-friendly then they were before. For example, phones these days come with Lithium-ion batteries which lasts for years and requires less electricity. Gas powered cars are now being replaced by electric cars which do not produce.
REL133 v8Hinduism, Jainism, and SikhismREL133 v8Page 2 o.docxcarlt3
REL/133 v8
Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism
REL/133 v8
Page 2 of 4
Religion Comparison
Part 1: Hinduism Overview
Hinduism has no founder, but an integration of different beliefs. Its development was influenced by the nomadic Aryan Indo-European races that occupied Northern India. The religions originated from Russia and Central Asia as they attacked the Harappans residing in the area. Veda is the oldest scripture in Hindu that means wisdom and knowledge. It has hymns, prayers and ritual texts introduced during in the ancient times. The secret teachings in Hindu are known as the Upanishads, and it includes the mystical concepts of man and the universe.
Hinduism has a term known as Ramayan and is one of the significant Indian tales. Puranas is a vital source used to understand Hinduism, and it includes the legends, gods, and demons. A common feature between Hinduism and other religions is that most of its festivals fall in two classes (Doniger, 2010). There are those who celebrate saints and others celebrating notable scriptural events. Om is a symbol in Hinduism and used in meditation. The swastika is another symbol associated with a negative connotation in other parts across the world while in Hinduism, it is a sign of luck and fortune.
Part 2: Compare and Contrast Two Religions
Religion 1
Hinduism
Religion 2
Jainism
Similarities
Differences
Points of origin
Jainism and Hinduism came from India. Moreover, they are all knows as the traditional faiths of the Indians.
The existence of Atma
The two religions accept the reality of Atma, also known as the soul. They believe in the immortality of the soul. In the contexts of both religions, the physical body can die, but the spirit that inhabits it lives on and leads to reincarnation.
The ideas of Moska, Karma, and Reincarnation
Jainism and Hinduism both believe in Karma. Karma can refer to the good or bad. They also believe in reincarnation, the idea of life after death (Babb, 2015). Both religions also believe in moska, the liberation from the cycle of life and death. However, the meaning of these concepts is different in each religion.
Temples and Idols
The religious activities in both religions are similar. They both have temples and conduct idol worshiping. They also have times when they fast as a way of worship and purification of the soul.
The concept of Karma
In Hindu, Karma is an essence of transgression to atone for blessings to get in the next life. Jains consider Karma a kind of activity that attaches to the soul in each life. While Hindus try to do the right thing to atone for the spiritual debt, Jains follow actions intended to clean the soul of a polluting nature.
The idea of Moksha
Hindus believe that Moksha and liberation take place where the soul meets the universal soul and results to eternal life in Vishnu’s territory. The Jains considers moksha an activity-less and tranquil that is said to take place in Siddhabhumi.
Animal Sacrifices
Jainism do not engage in ani.
REL 2300 Walters Short Writing Assignment #1 .docxcarlt3
REL 2300
Walters
Short Writing Assignment #1
Please answer the following question with in a one-page essay. What is your opinion of the
influence of religion in American society?
Format
Your response must include these elements:
Topic Sentence: Give a direct and precise answer to the question. State clearly your
position on the question so there is no doubt in the readers’ mind where
you stand.
Definition: Explain how you are using the main terms included in the topic sentence.
Context: Explain where the example to be used comes from and the circumstances
surrounding its relevance.
Example(s) Cite a specific example.
Interpretation: In the case of a quotation taken from the text, interpret it fully. In the case
of a painting describe it completely.
Relationship: Explain the relationship between the example and the position you have
taken on the subject.
Grading Rubric
II n dn d ii c ac a tt oo rr ss
LL ee vv ee ll ss o f o f
AA c hc h ii ee vv ee mm e n te n t
BB ee gg ii n nn n ii n gn g (( 0 )0 ) DD ee vv e le l o po p ii n gn g (( 1 )1 ) CC oo mm pp e te t e n te n t (( 33 )) AA c c oc c o mm pp l i sl i s h e dh e d (( 55 ))
Meaning and Development:
ideas, examples, reasons and
evidence,
point of view
Inappropriate
No viable point of view; little
or no evidence; weak critical
thinking; providing
insufficient reasons or other
support
Appropriate Develops a point
of view; demonstrating some
critical thinking; may have
some inadequate examples,
reasons and other evidence of
support
Effective
Develops a point of view and
demonstrates competent
critical thinking; enough
supporting detail to
accomplish the purpose of the
question
Insightful
Ideas are fresh, mature and
extensively developed;
insightfully develops a point
of view and demonstrates
outstanding critical thinking
Conventions: grammar.
punctuation, spelling,
paragraphing, format
Distracting
Errors interfere with writer’s
ability to consistently
communicate purpose;
pervasive mechanical errors
obscure meaning;
inappropriate format
Fundamental
Errors interfere with writer’s
ability to communicate
purpose; contains an
accumulation of errors; some
weakness in format
Controlled Occasional errors
do not interfere with writer’s
ability to communicate
purpose; generally
appropriate format
Polished Control of
conventions contribute to
the writer’s ability to
communicate purpose;
free of most mechanical
errors; appropriate format
.
REL101(WI) World ReligionsReflection Paper #2The Problem of.docxcarlt3
REL101(WI): World Religions
Reflection Paper #2
The Problem of Evil
The most formidable challenge a believer in God must face is known as “the problem of evil.” This problem, which goes back to ancient times yet is no less distressing today, asks about the relationship between belief in God and the existence of evil in the world. If God is truly good and cares for us, why do bad things continually happen to good people? How can there be so much unmerited evil and suffering in the world if an all-powerful and all-loving creator governs the universe? Like many other faiths, Judaism has had to confront such questions head on. While much of Jewish history is full of pain and suffering, nothing has tested the Jewish faith like the mass slaughter of Jews during the Holocaust (or Shoah). Given God’s covenantal promise of a blessed existence and God’s declaration that the Jews are his “chosen people,” many wonder today how they can possibly square the extermination of 6 million such people with belief in a deity who is said to be both compassionate and just. For this second Reflection Paper, you are asked to weigh in on this conflicted debate. Before you begin to write, consider the discussion of Judaism in class, read carefully the article “The Problem of Evil” posted under “Course Materials” on Blackboard, and research at least two other articles of your choice that address this topic. Then, in your paper, expand this difficult issue to all of the Western religions and offer your best insights on the ongoing attempt to make sense of the problem of evil. If you are a believer, how do you reconcile your belief in an all-powerful, all-loving God and the immense evil that surrounds us? Which of the many solutions to the problem of evil (officially known a “theodicy”), do you find convincing? If you are not committed to a religious belief, what is your opinion about the problem of evil? Is this problem great enough to lead one to atheism, as many have argued? Is one of the counterarguments presented in this discussion particularly powerful?
The Problem of Evil
Introduction: The Great Problem
We live in a world in shadow. It’s a fact, noted by every religion and belief system throughout history, that suffering plagues the human condition. Some of us experience far more pain than others, but it’s something we must all face during our lives. Possibly even worse than the existence of suffering is the randomness with which it strikes—often in the lives of people who have done nothing to deserve it—and our too-frequent powerlessness to help the afflicted innocent.
The great and terrible fact of suffering has been humanity’s constant companion. Our history as a species is a long, slow climb up from the darkness, punctuated by much faltering, backsliding, and frustration. For thousands of years of human history, every day was a struggle to stay alive. Plagues and epidemics swept continents like wildfire. Natural disasters led to the collapse of great empires..
REL 212 WEEK 7 DQWeek 7 Discussion The roots of Christianity a.docxcarlt3
REL 212 WEEK 7 DQ
Week 7 Discussion
The roots of Christianity and the growth of this religion.
Please respond to the following:
Main discussion questions for the week:
We have seen/suggested that Zoroastrianism influenced Judaism. Jesus was a Jew and used the Jewish scripture when he taught. Some even say that Christianity is a sect of Judaism (see Rabbi Norman Solomon, Judaism: A Very Short Introduction). Yet, most Christians claim that their religion is unique.
· Did Zoroastrianism and/or Judaism provide the basis for Christianity or not?
· Pick a side and defend it with three (3) reasons. Explain each reason.
In our chapter we have seen numerous splits in Christianity: In the Book of Acts; the division between Roman Catholicism and the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Protestant Reformation, and on and on. Modern Christianity is sometimes characterized by the split between followers who believe in the literal interpretation of the Bible and those who believe in a figurative interpretation.
· How can one Bible, especially one New Testament, be used to justify so many divisions?
· Is one of these divisions/denomination the "right" denominations? Why?
Be sure to respond to at least one (1) (BELOW) other student.
Samantha Anglin
RE: Week 7 Discussion
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Top of Form
Total views: 13 (Your views: 1)
Hi Class!
I believe that Zoroastrianism/Judaism provided a basis to Christianity. Since Zoroastrianism did exsist before Christianity, I think this is a major reason why Christianity came about. I will use the example of Hinduism and Buddhism, Buddhism originated mainly from Hinduism (since Hinduism is one of the oldesst realigions) because some people wanted to take some of the philosophies from Hinduism and create their own set of beliefs. Christianity has some of the same basics as Judaism and Zoroastrianism, but they created new philosophies and values to fit the kind of religion that they wanted.
Like the religion, there was a basis that was used to start the religion. It was influenced by many factors including religion and culture so there is going to be one bible that started it all. I think that they all use the Bible as the center stone that each new division expands and revolves on. I think that every single sect can believe that their denomination is the 'right' one, but ultimately the only right one would be the one to start it all.But they are all revolving around the same basis, so it really depends on your morals and values as to which one is the 'right' one.
Bottom of Form
Bottom of Form
9e0c20ee-3de9-4
false
PUBLISHED
Running head: CASE STUDY TEMPLATE 7
CASE STUDY TEMPLATE:
Case Study #
Background Summary
Statement of the Problem
Implications and Alternative
Solution
s
Description of Alternative
Pros
Cons
Explanation of each alternative in detail
Methods for Determining
.
Reimplementation of a bedside shift report 7 Errors are .docxcarlt3
Reimplementation of a bedside shift report 7
* Errors are in red that must be addressed or more points will continue to come off.
· Clarification about the change process is needed; telehealth in ICU is mentioned but not explained as being relevant to BSR. There are many sentence structural issues. See my feedback throughout.
Change Proposal: Reimplementation of a Bedside Shift Report
The identified clinical problem that is relevant to nurses in the workplace is the bedside shift report (BSR). The bedside shift report may be used to help the development of teamwork, ownership, and accountability thus increasing the satisfaction of the nurses. The reason for selecting the reimplementation of a bedside shift report is because; at a targeted facility the implementation of the bedside shift report is becoming poor. This has led to the poor compliance with the standards of practice, and increase costs in the facility. Also, to have a reduced cost by removing overtime pay and scrubbing off legal errors which result in legal fees (Clark et al., 2020). (*Re-phrase this sentence, avoid slang).
The reimplementation of a bedside shift report is important for the nurse practicing in the organization. Bedside shift report assists in improving the experience of the client and improving the handoff care between the nurses through including the family and client in the delivery of care. Bedside shift report is leading to the introduction of a change in the nursing culture i.e. introduction of various methods of communicating patient-specific care at a shift transformation. Shift reports given at the bedside is helping in changing the manner in which nurses are communicating and practicing (Clark et al., 2020).
At the targeted facility, the execution of the bedside shift report is poor and this is associated to the lack of knowledge concerning the role of bedside shift reporting on the patient outcome. The healthcare providers at the facility are not directly engaged in the provision of healthcare. There is poor communication of the goals of the bedside shift reporting and their importance about the positive outcomes and benefits that are involved in the change (Clark et al., 2020).
According to the study by Gregory et al., (2014), the process of assessing the transformation in practice that involves transitioning of the bedside nurse shift handoffs is important. The evaluation process is helpful in the re-implementation plan to help in improving the areas of weaknesses. The evaluation process of the success in the implementation in the practice is assessing the perception of the nurses about the proposed changes i.e. the re-implementation plans. There is evidence showing the positive impacts of the bedside shift report in the safety of the patient, the control of the pain, the satisfaction of the patients, and improvement in the nurse to patient or nurse to nurse communication (Gregory et al., 2014).
A study by Dempsey et al., (2014) reveals t.
Rehabilitation ProgramDesign rehabilitation program for A left-h.docxcarlt3
Rehabilitation Program
Design rehabilitation program for A left-handed college baseball pitcher is in need of a rehabilitation program following Tommy John surgery.
· Use other outside sources in creating your program.
· Your program should include reasoning for your exercises, progressions, phases, etc.
· This paper should be spaced and formatted per APA guidelines, 6th edition.
Format to think about when writing your rehabilitation program.
1. Elbow rehabilitation program.
a. Is the program relevant to the injury, gender, age, and sport? Yes or No ?
b. If no, what is not relevant?
c. If yes, are the exercises clearly described?
d. If no, what is unclear or understated?
e. Are the exercises under the best stages of care? Yes or No ?
f. If no, where should they be moved to?
g. Are benchmarks created to know when progression of the exercises and phases is necessary? Yes or No?
h. What needs to be done to improve these items?
2. Communication
a. Put yourself in the role of the athlete. Are the exercises easy to understand or seem too complicated? Yes or No?
b. If no, what is missing, unclear or over/understated? Where does the communication break down and/or which exercise(s) and/or phase(s) is/are problematic and why?
Additional feedback/comments:
3. Program planning considerations
a. Did the writer take healing timelines and tissues injured into consideration when creating the program? Yes or No?
· If no, what information is missing?
b. Did the writer:
· explain why s/he chose this/these exercises? Yes or No?
· address why s/he believes the exercises will be useful in addressing the issues identified in the scenario? Yes or No?
i. If yes, did the writer accurately apply the exercises to the scenario? Yes or No?
ii. If yes, what clues in the program tell you that the exercises were applied accurately to the rehab phases?
iii. If no, what direction would you give the writer to strengthen this program?
DUE THURSDAY FEBRUARY 27, 2020
Students will be required to develop and write their own approximately 500 word response(2 pgs.)
1. Involving stakeholders in the planning process is extremely important and this includes the citizens if the whole community concept is to be applied. Just looking at your community's plan and website for emergency management, does it appear that the community has been involved in the process, why or why not?
In order to complete this assignment you must watch both videos linked provide below and Read all the attached files. 4 files are attached Answer must be related to the material provided:
Video: https://youtu.be/Ui-eBiMBkXY
https://youtu.be/__VD-cBC2vI
Community Resources & Preparedness
The National Preparedness System outlines an organized process for the whole community to move forward with their preparedness activities and achieve the National Preparedness Goal. The National Preparedness System integrates efforts across the five preparedness mission areas—Prevention, Protection, Mitig.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, Vol. 11, No. 1,
2011, pp. 300--313
This paper is part of an ASAP special collection on Social
Psychology and Contemporary
2. Immigration Policy
Economic Dynamics and Changes in Attitudes
Toward Undocumented Mexican Immigrants
in Arizona
Priscila Diaz,∗ Delia S. Saenz, and Virginia S.Y. Kwan
Arizona State University
Mexican immigration to the United States comprises an
important social issue
in contemporary public policy debate, particularly given the
recent passage of
Arizona’s Senate Bill 1070 (SB 1070). The current study
investigated how indi-
viduals’ sentiments toward undocumented Mexican immigrants
shifted between
2006 and 2009 in Arizona, and also examined economic
concomitants to these
shifts. Participants included 3,195 culturally diverse students
attending a state
university in Arizona. They reported their attitudes toward
undocumented Mex-
ican immigrants regarding housing, employment, values, social
welfare, citizen-
ship, health care, and education issues. Results show less-
positive attitudes as
each year progressed among European and Latino Americans, as
well as other
ethnic minorities. Further, anti-undocumented immigrant
sentiment increased as
unemployment increased and gross domestic product real
growth rate decreased.
Ethnic differences emerged in the relative negativity toward
undocumented immi-
grants such that European Americans were less positive towards
4. to make the United States their new home. Although
immigration to the United
States is historically integral to the development of the nation,
as former president
Bill Clinton highlighted, large-scale U.S. immigration has long
been an unsettling
issue for many, particularly when economic conditions have not
favored increases
in population (Glick, 2005). Today, it is possible that
controversial political restric-
tions have brewed in order to deflect dissatisfaction from the
economic instability
of American society.
Mexican immigration to the United States has been a pervasive
social topic
in public policy with the passing of Arizona’s Senate Bill 1070
(SB 1070; 2010).
A shift has transpired across the nation, with a push for similar
legislation from
a number of immigration restrictionists who argue that states
need to take care
of what the federal government has failed to handle. By
contrast, many social
activists have protested the bill and related measures, warning
that this is a first
step toward apartheid (Archibold, 2010). Because of the
potential to influence
policy and legislative momentum, it is the focus of the present
work to consider
the social psychological roots that have led to the passage of
this controversial
immigration law.
Mexicans constitute 60% of the estimated 11.6 million
5. undocumented im-
migrants in the United States and represent the largest single
immigrant group
in Arizona (Hoefer, Rytina, & Baker, 2009). As this large group
has become the
focal point of discussion during the recent economic downturn,
attitudes toward
undocumented Mexican immigrants may increase in negativity
and instigate new
policies, such as Arizona’s recent immigration law.
In this article, we begin by briefly reviewing the U.S. history of
opposition to
immigrant groups and the current politics of immigration. Then,
we discuss the
literature on attitudes toward immigrants within the social
psychological frame-
work of intergroup relations. In an illustrative study, we
examine how individuals
in Arizona felt toward undocumented Mexican immigrants over
the course of
4 years leading up to the passage of SB 1070 and how these
attitudes are related
to key economic factors. We conclude by discussing future
research directions of
our work, both in the context of the current contentious political
climate and in
terms of scholarly implications.
History of Opposition to Immigrant Groups in the United States
The debate on SB 1070 is not an issue isolated in time, but
reflects one
example of the complex reactions toward immigration in the
United States. The
pattern suggests that history repeats itself. Over the course of
6. four centuries,
tens of millions of immigrants from many countries comprise
what the United
States is today. The influx of numerous immigrants from
various cultural back-
grounds has, at times, presented challenges to the nation’s
residents. A long
history of oppression exists for some large immigrant groups
partly because of
302 Diaz, Saenz, and Kwan
xenophobic reactions or desires to protect American cultural
values. Moreover,
newcomers are easy scapegoats during financial crisis.
The Irish Catholics were the first wave of immigrants that
alarmed many
Protestant, native-born Americans. In 1843, this antipathy
initiated an influen-
tial political group, the Know Nothings, who strongly opposed
Irish immigration
(Billington, 1963). This reaction was among the earliest
examples of nativism, or
the strong preference for favoring indigenous U.S. residents
over incoming immi-
grants. As nativism continued throughout generations,
immigrants were often a
chosen scapegoat for hard times (Glick, 2005). Blame was also
put on Italian and
Chinese immigrants during economic downturns. The industrial
development of
the United States sparked the need for cheap labor by means of
recruiting foreign
7. immigrants (Billington, 1963). A large number of contracted
Italian laborers filled
the spots of the U.S. workers on strike and, in turn, U.S.
workers felt very nega-
tively towards these Italian immigrants. During the gold rush
period in California,
many U.S. citizens complained in response to the small wave of
Chinese immi-
grants in the West brought in to fill the construction and
railroad labor gap (Buck
et al., 2003). Chinese immigrants created competition with
those residing in the
West and looking for gold. This competition soon turned
Chinese immigrants into
the targets of negative sentiment and instigated the only
legislation that restricted
immigration policy to a particular group, the Chinese Exclusion
Act of 1882 (Buck
et al., 2003). This restriction continued into the early 1920s.
The United States
only complicated immigration policy by setting quotas based on
national origins
(Zinn, 2003). This policy, the National Origins Act of 1921,
essentially gave pref-
erence to individuals from Northern and Western European
nations. Before the
turn of the century, the largely Irish and German immigrant
population was slowly
dominated by immigrants from Eastern and Southern European
descent, including
many Jews. The previous wave of Irish immigrants competed
against the Jewish
immigrants, which fragmented the working class (Zinn, 2003).
There is a pattern in U.S. history in which presence of economic
competition is
8. associated with greater negativity toward certain groups, even
when immigration is
not relevant. Between 1882 and 1930, for example, the number
of lynchings in the
Deep South increased as the price of cotton decreased,
demonstrating that southern
Whites singled out Blacks for the blame when they experienced
a decline in
financial well-being (Beck & Tolnay, 1990). Similarly, anti-
immigration sentiment
and extreme immigration policy may arise from the desire to
blame outsiders for
poor economic conditions. As demonstrated with immigrant and
minority groups,
attitudes as well as policy regulations are tied to economic
competition.
Now in the early 21st century, the United States once again
finds itself locked
in a debate over the role of immigrants in America. To some,
new immigrants seem
too committed to maintaining their transnational connections,
have not assimilated
into American society, and are too removed from core American
values. As in past
eras, some critics of contemporary immigrants believe that the
newcomers take
Economic Dynamics and Changes in Attitudes 303
jobs away from Americans and put undue burdens on the
educational, welfare,
and health care systems. Many participants in the debate
consider a large number
9. of illegal immigrants to pose a threat to the society’s basic
structure and safety.
However, there are advocates who point out that the initial
concern and skepticism
about every prior large influx of immigrants was not warranted
(Williams, 2003).
Immigrants did not lead to the demise of this country. Quite the
contrary, supporters
of immigration argue that immigrants have built the richness
and diversity of the
United States, which has contributed to the nation as a whole
from colonial times
to the present day.
Currently, public opinion polls show mixed attitudes over
immigrants and
immigration policy, particularly because of the inability for
citizens to distinguish
between documented and undocumented immigrants (Segovia &
Defever, 2010).
However, roughly half of Americans are greatly concerned
about illegal immi-
gration, and their concern has escalated since 2001 (Segovia &
Defever, 2010).
A majority of Americans believe that immigrants are hard
workers, that they
contribute to the United States, and that immigration is
beneficial for the coun-
try (Segovia & Defever, 2010). However, Americans do worry
about the impact
of costs due to use of public resources by immigrants, such as
educational and
medical services, as well as how immigrants drive wages down
for many citizens
(Segovia & Defever, 2010). The nation’s division and
ambivalence in immigration
10. opinion polls may reflect the difficulty of determining legal
status of an immigrant.
Because of this difficulty, proposals for everyone to carry
national identification
cards have been initiated since 1942, and nearly 66% of
Americans approved of
requiring some form of identification in 2001 (Segovia &
Defever, 2010).
In April 2010, Arizona passed a new law requiring police to
make an attempt
during a “lawful stop, detention or arrest,” to determine a
person’s immigration
status if there is reasonable suspicion that he or she is illegal.
The individual in
question is not released without confirmation of his or her legal
immigration status
(SB 1070, 2010). A week after SB 1070 was announced,
Arizona House Bill 2162
(2010) clarified that officials “may not consider race, color or
national origin in
implementing the requirements of this subsection except to the
extent permitted by
the United States or Arizona Constitution.” Both the U.S. and
Arizona supreme
courts have held in court cases that race alone is not a sufficient
basis to stop
or arrest. Nevertheless, race has been considered in courtroom
decisions con-
cerning immigration law, for example, “Mexican appearance is
a relevant factor”
(United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 1975) and “enforcement of
immigration laws of-
ten involves a relevant consideration of ethnic factors” (State v.
Graciano, 1982).
A number of individuals seeing that racial profiling may
11. essentially be imple-
mented began protests of the immigration law and boycotts of
Arizona businesses
(Thousands in Phoenix protest, 2010). As history repeats itself,
it is imperative to
understand how, over the years, attitudes towards certain
immigrant groups have
evolved.
304 Diaz, Saenz, and Kwan
Literature on Attitudes and Immigration
Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy have
psychological un-
derpinnings driven by social and environmental motives
(Allport, 1954; Citrin,
Green, Muste & Wong, 1997; Esses, Jackson & Armstrong,
1998). More specifi-
cally, one facet of social, environmental motives in attitudes
toward immigration
is the role of intergroup competition and hostility. According to
Allport (1954),
categorizing people into groups is an adaptive function that
simplifies our complex
social world. We assign individuals in groups on the basis of
shared characteristics
and in doing so, gain information of the individual based on
their group member-
ships. Although a necessary strategy, this categorization leads
to biases for our
own group, or ingroup, and those not in our group, or outgroup
(Tajfel, 1982).
Generally, individuals in our ingroup generate positive feelings
12. and outgroups may
be viewed as inferior, leading to negative consequences such as
ethnocentrism,
prejudice, and discrimination (Allport, 1954).
This phenomenon, termed ingroup–outgroup bias (Brewer,
1979), is a prime
determinant in the formation of most individuals’ attitudes
toward immigrants.
Along with this bias that favors one’s own group, the realistic
threat theory posits
that actual intergroup competition over scarce resources
provokes conflict be-
tween groups (Blalock, 1967). This conflict makes salient
potential threats from
the outgroup and, consequently, amplifies group protection
mechanisms such as
the formation of exclusionary, anti-outgroup attitudes. This
pattern is determined
by cognitively appraising events to have consequences for the
ingroup (and the
self), which in turn elicits explicit preferences for denying
“individuals or groups
of people equality of treatment which they may wish” (Allport,
1954, p. 51).
Previous empirical research clearly supports the assumption that
perceived real-
istic threat increases anti-outgroup attitudes and increases
unfavorable attitudes
toward immigrant groups (Riek, Mania, & Gaertner, 2006;
Stephan, Renfro, Esses,
Stephan, & Martin, 2005).
Other researchers have considered broader contextual and
environmental
factors that foment negative outgroup attitudes. For instance,
13. the size of the
immigrant group is associated with greater perceived threat and
more negative
attitudes towards immigrants (Schlueter & Scheepers, 2010).
Hostile stances to-
ward immigrants are also influenced by the state of the economy
(Citrin et al.,
1997; Esses et al., 1998). The declining economy signals
perceived competi-
tion for resources. Perceived zero-sum competition between
groups, or the be-
lief that the outgroup gains at the expense of one’s ingroup,
strongly influences
negative attitudes toward immigrants (Esses et al., 1998). The
media presen-
tations of the success of immigrants in a difficult economic
market can in-
duce perceptions of competition with immigrants and, thus, lead
to unfavorable
immigration attitudes (Esses, Dovidio, Jackson, & Armstrong,
2001). This lit-
erature also finds that personal financial circumstances are
weaker predictors
Economic Dynamics and Changes in Attitudes 305
of opposition to immigration than broader concerns related to
the state and national
economic trends, and tax anxiety (Citrin et al., 1997). Surges in
anti-immigrant
sentiment in Europe have also coincided with economic decline
(O’Connell,
2005) and high unemployment rates (Meuleman, Davidov, &
Billiet,
14. 2009).
Threats also vary depending on certain characteristics and
elicited emotions
of the outgroup (Cottrell & Neuberg, 2005). When comparing
oneself with the
outgroup, individuals who highlight similarities in work-related
traits perceive
greater realistic economic conflict and feel more negative
toward Mexican im-
migrants (Zarate, Garcia, Garza, & Hitlan, 2004). In other
words, equivalent job
skills produce greater prejudice. From a threat-based
perspective, anger reactions
toward Mexican immigrants relate to stricter immigration policy
attitudes, above
and beyond general prejudice (Cottrell, Richards & Nichols,
2010).
However, the Common Ingroup Identity Model (see Gaertner &
Dovidio,
2000) predicts otherwise, particularly in cases where ethnic
minorities share a
“common identity” based on their immigrant background status,
their minority
status in the United States, or lack of being perceived as the
American prototype
(Dovidio, Gluszek, John, Ditlmann, & Lagunes, 2010). The
American prototype
prominently is known to be “White” and ethnic minorities are
less likely to be
associated with being American (Devos & Banaji, 2005). This
pattern, in turn,
may differentiate immigrants and ethnic group attitudes (rooted
in shared social
categories or interdependence between minorities) from the
15. European American
majority. Although the perceived realistic threat model would
predict less favor-
able attitudes toward immigrants, based on the common identity
model, Latino
Americans and other ethnic minorities may rather have more
favorable attitudes
toward immigrants due to a shared background.
Overall, the research cited above has strong implications for
how these social
and environmental conditions exacerbate anti-immigrant
attitudes. Immigrants,
who are socially perceived as outsiders, generally elicit hostile
reactions from
U.S. citizens as seen throughout history, opinion polls, and the
empirical literature.
Although these reactions have several determinants, one
considerable factor is the
idea that immigrants pose an economic threat, which creates
intense emotions of
fear and anxiety followed by strong negative sentiment. By and
large, the empirical
literature addresses how economic dynamics account for
perceived realistic threat
and some studies have addressed the specificity of perceptions
of immigrant
outgroups. Nevertheless, the literature has not addressed the
dynamic influences
of economic conditions on attitudes towards undocumented
Mexican immigrants
over time. Presented here is one illustrative study that will be
the first to report
data on attitudes toward this group by Arizona residents over
the 4 years leading
up to SB1070, a time characterized by an economic recession
16. and high U.S.
unemployment rates.
306 Diaz, Saenz, and Kwan
An Illustrative Study: Attitudes Toward Undocumented Mexican
Immigrants
This study utilizes a unique design to investigate how
individuals in Arizona
felt toward undocumented Mexican immigrants over the past 4
years. Specifi-
cally, we aim to address three questions. First, did attitudes
toward undocumented
Mexican immigrants change over time? Second, did different
ethnic groups evince
differential attitude patterns? Third, were there economic
markers that were related
to attitude change? To address these questions, we surveyed
state university stu-
dents in Arizona attending one fall semester of 2006, 2007,
2008, or 2009. Partic-
ipants reported their feelings toward undocumented Mexicans
regarding housing
laws, employment, values, social welfare, citizenship, health
care, and education.
We predicted that attitudes toward undocumented Mexican
immigrants would be-
come less positive as national and statewide unemployment
rates increased over
the years. We also expected to see differential patterns among
the different ethnic
groups such that those most likely to share some attributes with
undocumented
17. immigrants (i.e., Latinos) would show less bias. Finally, we
hypothesized that as
yearly Gross Domestic Product (GDP) real growth rate
decreased in the United
States, positive attitudes would likewise decrease.
Method
Participants
Participants were 3,195 students (female = 1,632) attending a
large state
university in Arizona in the fall semester of 2006 (N = 743;
women = 384), 2007
(N = 1,047; women = 529), 2008 (N = 740; women = 364), and
2009 (N =
665; women = 355). All students were recruited from
introductory psychology
classes in a mass testing questionnaire at the beginning of each
fall semester. The
sample consisted of 2,131 European Americans, 288 Latinos,
and 776 other ethnic
minorities (e.g., African American, Asian, Native American,
Middle Eastern).
Other ethnic minorities did not differ from each other in the key
variables of
interest and thus were combined into one group in the analyses
to be reported. The
age of participants ranged from 18 to 49 years old (M = 18.83).
Measures
Attitudes Toward Undocumented Mexican Immigrants.
Originally developed
by the first two authors, the 11-item scale assesses how
participants feel toward cer-
18. tain issues dealing with immigration, such as housing laws,
employment, values,
social welfare, citizenship, health care, and education [5-pt
scales: 1 = strongly
disagree to 5 = strongly agree.]. Sample items were “All
undocumented Mexican
Economic Dynamics and Changes in Attitudes 307
immigrants living in the United States should adopt the
language and traditions
of Americans” and a reverse coded item “Undocumented
Mexican immigrants
provide the United States with a valuable labor resource.” The
alpha was .86, and
the scale scores ranged from 11 to 51, with a mean of 27.36 (SD
= 8.6); the higher
the scores, the less positive the attitudes were. The distribution
of the scale is
slightly skewed towards the lower end of the scale, indicating
that few participants
reported strong negative attitudes toward this group. This
relatively positive bias
in attitudes may be attributable to the use of explicit measures
in a large university
classroom, where some individuals are reluctant to admit their
negative attitudes
toward a particular group. Sex differences may also contribute
to the positivity of
the attitudes. To address this possibility, we tested whether
there are significant sex
differences in the mean attitude scores. Our analyses showed
that women reported
more-positive attitudes than men (men = 28.09 vs. women =
19. 26.67), F (1, 3175) =
21.57, p < .05. Importantly, the pattern of results for each of the
following analyses
remained the same when controlling for sex differences.
Economic Dynamics. National and state unemployment as well
as GDP for
each year (2006–2009) was used to assess the fiscal state. These
indices were
taken from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analyses (BEA)
Factbook (2010) and
from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Factbook (2010).
Results
A 4 × 3 time (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009) by ethnicity (European
American,
Latino, Other) between-subjects ANOVA was conducted to test
the hypotheses. In
line with predictions, there was a main effect of time, F (3,
3,183) = 300.31, p <
.001 and a main effect of ethnicity, F (2, 3,183) = 126.58, p <
.001, with no
significant interaction, F (6, 3,183) = .76, p > .05 (see Figure
1). A Games–Howell
post hoc analysis with an alpha level of .05 for each analysis
was conducted for
both time and ethnicity.
Six pair wise comparisons over time showed no significant
mean difference
between 2006 (M = 23.32) and 2007 (M = 23.53, p > .05),
between 2006 and 2008
(M = 23.7, p > .05) or between 2007 and 2008. However, there
was a significant
mean difference between 2006 and 2009 (M = 32.57, p < .001)
20. with less-positive
attitudes in the year 2009. Further, the remaining two pair wise
comparisons
between 2007 and 2009, as well as between 2008 and 2009,
were significantly
different from each other (p < .001). Together, these findings
suggest that attitude
shifts towards undocumented Mexican immigrants became less
positive and were
particularly pronounced from fall 2008 to fall 2009.
Did ethnic groups show different attitudes toward
undocumented Mexican
immigrants? Pair wise comparisons across the different ethnic
groups showed that
less-positive attitudes towards undocumented Mexican
immigrants were
308 Diaz, Saenz, and Kwan
Fig. 1. Attitudes Toward Undocumented Mexican Immigrants by
Ethnic Group and Year.
significantly greater overall for European American participants
(M = 28.69,
p < .001) than for Other (M = 25.85, p < .001) or Latino (M =
22.56, p < .001)
participants. Participants from Other ethnic minority groups,
further, showed less
positivity toward undocumented Mexican immigrants than
Latino participants (p <
.001). Notably, all ethnic groups showed a similar pattern of
decrease in positive
attitudes as years progressed (Figure 1).
21. To address the relationships between economic conditions and
attitudes to-
ward undocumented Mexican immigrants, we examined
bivariate correlations
among relevant variables (GDP, national and state
unemployment, attitudes to-
ward undocumented Mexican immigrants). As predicted, as
GDP real growth rate
decreased, participants had less positive attitudes towards
undocumented Mexican
immigrants (r = –.41, p < .001). Also as predicted, negative bias
was positively
correlated with national unemployment rates (r = .48, p < .001)
and statewide
unemployment rates (r = .44, p < .001), indicating that as
unemployment in-
creased, participants had less-positive attitudes towards
undocumented Mexican
immigrants. These correlations were consistent across ethnic
groups, whether
considered independently or in combination.
To examine the relative contribution of resource threat to
nonresource threat
in the changing attitudes toward undocumented immigrants, we
compared the
Economic Dynamics and Changes in Attitudes 309
Table 1. Mean Correlations Between Attitudes Toward
Undocumented Mexican Immigrants and
Economic Factors
22. GDP real National State
Measures growth rate unemployment unemployment
All 11 items of the attitudes toward Mexican
immigrants scale
−.41∗ ∗ .48∗ ∗ .44∗ ∗
Five resource-related items from the attitudes
toward Mexican immigrants scale
−.44∗ ∗ .50∗ ∗ .47∗ ∗
Six nonresource-related items from the attitudes
toward Mexican immigrants scale
−.33∗ ∗ .41∗ ∗ .37∗ ∗
∗ ∗ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
mean correlations of the five attitude items relating specifically
with resources
(labor, welfare, health care, education) and the mean
correlations of the six items
relating to cultural assimilation or equal rights. As can be seen
in Table 1, the
mean correlations for items dealing with resource threat are
significantly higher
with the three indicators of economic conditions than those for
items that do not
involve resource threat (p’s < .05) (as calculated by Preacher,
2002). This indicates
attitudes specifically regarding the resources taken and given by
undocumented
Mexican immigrants strongly relate to the fluctuations in the
economy. These
23. findings suggest that current economic conditions may be one of
possibly multiple
factors that lead to the less-positive sentiments against
undocumented immigrants.
Discussion
This illustrative study is the first to document the parallels
between a growing
economic crisis over a recent 4-year period and attitude shifts
toward a specific,
controversial immigrant group in Arizona, where SB 1070 was
passed. As years
progressed closer to 2010, positive attitudes toward
undocumented Mexican immi-
grants decreased for all ethnic groups. This decreased positivity
was significantly
pronounced between the fall of 2008 and the fall of 2009, the
latter of which was
related to a marked decline in the economy, generally, and a
severe housing crisis
in Arizona, in particular. As local and national unemployment
rates increased and
GDP real growth rate decreased (particularly in 2009), attitudes
also increased in
relative negativity. Also noteworthy is the fact that attitudes
remained relatively
constant as the economy slowly declined from 2006 to 2008, but
a strong shift
occurred when a national recession was declared after fall of
2008. These find-
ings illustrate a manner in which immigrants may become
scapegoats of social
discontent and thus be seen as potential usurpers of
governmental and private
resources.
24. Consistent with past empirical literature that has examined
economic fac-
tors and anti-immigrant sentiment, these findings theoretically
substantiate that
310 Diaz, Saenz, and Kwan
perceived economic threat is associated with less-positive
immigration attitudes
(Citrin et al., 1997; Esses et al., 1998; Riek et al., 2006;
Stephan et al., 2005). The
current work extends previous findings to a specific immigrant
subgroup that may
be seen as posing a threat for individuals residing in Arizona.
As jobs are restricted
and individuals experience financial losses due to the state of
the economy, indi-
viduals will be less likely to want to share resources and will
have less-favorable
feelings toward a group that may pose a threat (Stephan et al.,
2005). Thus, shifts
in decreased positivity toward a large immigrant group may be
the impetus for
policies concerning immigration.
Although positive attitudes decreased for all ethnic groups over
time, there
were significant mean differences. Compared to other ethnic
groups, Latinos
showed more-positive attitudes toward undocumented Mexican
immigrants. The
recent, July 2010, CNN opinion research poll inquiring about
endorsement views
25. on the new SB 1070 bill parallels the current findings. A great
majority of Latinos
(71%) reported opposition to the bill. By comparison, 50% of
African American
and 34% of European American respondents did so. The
ingroup–outgroup bias
accounts for the interesting pattern of mean differences,
substantiating the role
of ethnicity in determining citizens’ attitudes toward a specific
group of undoc-
umented immigrants. The ingroup–outgroup bias explains how
Latinos are more
likely to see undocumented Mexican immigrants as part of their
ingroup on the
basis of their culture of origin, whereas other ethnic groups may
not share this
identification (De La Garza, 1998).
As the ingroup–outgroup bias and the common identity model
would predict,
European Americans show a less positive attitude than other
ethnic minorities,
perhaps based on a magnified sense of not identifying
commonalities with the
outgroup (e.g., nationality, language, racial distinctions, less
contact). Research
on policy indicates that Latinos are less likely to endorse
immigration policy than
European Americans, such as 1994 California Proposition 187,
which eliminates
illegal immigrants from any type of social service (e.g.,
education, emergency
medical care, welfare) and requires teachers, enforcement
officers, and welfare
officials to report illegal immigrants for deportation (Lee Ottati,
& Hussain, 2001;
26. Lee & Ottati, 2002). Latinos and other ethnic minorities may
have greater sym-
pathy with Mexican immigrants as a result of a shared
background, whereas
European Americans may not evaluate this group as favorably
because of lack
of shared identity. Overall, the current results have implications
for considering
the relevant social and environmental psychological
determinants in immigration
policy.
Although our study focuses on the relationships between
economic dynamics
and attitudes toward undocumented immigrants, other concerns
about social and
cultural issues may also contribute to the changes in attitudes.
For example, the
radical rightward movement pressed on by the Tea Party after
the 2008 presi-
dential elections, and even health concerns, such as H1N1 (also
termed Mexican
Economic Dynamics and Changes in Attitudes 311
swine flu; Sunnucks, 2009), occurred during the same period of
time and may have
contributed to the increase in negative sentiment against
undocumented immigrant
between 2008 and 2009.
Furthermore, the media has focused on immigration during
these past few
years, making salient this target outgroup and, perhaps,
27. contributing to decreases
in positivity towards immigrants. In particular, use of certain
linguistic terms
might have intensified the negative sentiments against this
group. “Undocumented
worker” (similar to the “undocumented immigrant” term used in
the current study),
for example, has been found to invoke less perception of threat
and prejudice
than the term “illegal alien” (Pearson, 2010). The latter term is
associated with
greater perception of realistic and symbolic threat. This issue
has been highlighted
in the arena of term usage in media, particularly with the
presentation of SB
1070. Future studies (and political rhetoric) should take into
consideration the
specific terminology used and how different labels may elicit
different emotions
and varying levels of hostility/acceptance.
As immigration issues continue to be heightened by economic
anxieties, it
is critical to recognize that Americans may be adding yet
another group to the
database of scapegoats in this country’s immigration historical
record. Economic
struggles may once again instigate staunch anti-immigrant
sentiment, which in
turn may prompt the creation of laws that pin the evils of
society on a low
power outgroup—undocumented immigrants. It is imperative for
researchers to
continue building an understanding of the social and
environmental determinants
of opposition to groups and individuals whom our former
28. president Bill Clinton
regarded as the “strength and spirit” of America.
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Williams, M.E. (2003). Immigration: Opposing view points. San
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Cultural threat and perceived realistic
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99–105.
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York: Harper Colophon.
PRISCILA DIAZ is a NIMH Prevention Research Training
Fellow in the De-
partment of Psychology at Arizona State University. She is a
2006–2007 APA
Minority Fellowship recipient and a 2007–2010 NSF Graduate
Research Fellow-
ship recipient. Her main research interests include intergroup
attitudes, and the
societal and intrapersonal challenges facing minority and
immigrant groups.
DELIA S. SAENZ is a professor in the Social Psychology
program at Arizona
34. State University. She received her training at Princeton
University and taught
at the University of Notre Dame prior to her current
appointment. Her research
interests include tokenism, intergroup processes, acculturation,
and social identity.
Her work, funded by the National Science Foundation, NIMH,
and the Ford
Foundation, has been published in the Journal of Personality &
Social Psychology;
the Journal of Experimental Psychology; Social Cognition; and
Developmental
Psychology. She currently serves as Vice Provost for
Undergraduate Education at
ASU.
VIRGINIA S. Y. KWAN, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of
Psychology at
Arizona State University. Social perception at multiple levels—
self-perception,
interpersonal perception, and group perception—is central to
her work. One of
her research programs examines how self-perception processes
and individuation
help capitalize on the value of diversity on group performance.
Another aim of her
research is to examine the content of Asian-American
stereotypes and to identify
factors that help to break the persistence of these stereotypes. A
key feature of her
work is the integrative use of multiple methods and diverse
samples.
Copyright of Analyses of Social Issues & Public Policy is the
35. property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may
not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv
without the copyright holder's express written
permission. However, users may print, download, or email
articles for individual use.
sojo.net32 sojourners DECEMBER 2017
We decided to talk
together across the
political divide.
The apocalypse
didn’t ensue.
Ge
tty
Im
ag
es
DECEMBER 2017 sojourners 33
THE UNEXPECTED CONVERSATION happened near the end
of
church coffee hour. As I headed toward the kitchen to drop off
36. my
cup and a small plate dotted with crumbs of coffee cake, I found
myself in a brief exchange with some fellow parishioners.
Perhaps
something in the sermon that Sunday prompted it; I don’t recall.
I do remember the clear revelation that this conversation some-
how had to continue, because for the first time I was talking
about
a dicey political situation with fellow parishioners far more
con-
servative than me.
Fed up with avoiding these conversations, I suggested: “We
need to continue this.”
They agreed.
An Experiment in
Neighborly Love
by K AT H A R I N E M . P R E S TO N
a tapestry of different strands, held together
within a beautiful, affirming border. Can
we all live with that image?
The conversation remains civil, respect-
fully searching to understand each other.
We do not attempt to resolve the issue. We
have simply walked down a path together.
People leave very satisfied with the
shared experience, deciding to discuss cli-
mate change at the next meeting.
37. Hearing the range of fears
Two weeks later, a few new people who
heard about the success of the opening ses-
sion join us; a few from the first group are
unable to come.
Although nobody seems to doubt the
reality of climate change, there is still a
range of opinion: “I fear for the future of
the planet and most especially for the poor,
who are experiencing the killing effects of
climate change right now.” “I am just here
to listen. I don’t know enough about the
topic.” “Climate change is simply too all-
encompassing. Just not the first thing on
my agenda each day.” “I fear not only for
humans, but for all the other species that
are being killed.” “People really don’t want
to change their habits. They don’t want cer-
tain comforts of living taken away.”
I know a lot about climate change,
viewpoints other than one’s own; seek com-
mon concerns and values; steer away from
trying to “educate” on the issue; everyone
should have a chance to talk; stay on the
subject for the day. No partisan politics.
I and a more-conservative neighbor
and friend lightly facilitate the group dis-
cussion. We start by working around the
circle, each voicing our fears and feelings
about the topic at hand.
38. First up: immigration. Although vivid
in the national spotlight, this topic is
removed for most of us in rural northern
New York. Those who show up for the dis-
cussion are white, well-off, educated, mostly
middle-aged, Christian or nonaligned. We
are unlikely to witness deportations, and
we live far from urban areas where terror-
ism is more likely to strike. Our fears are
detached, in no way immediate, but none-
theless very heartfelt and real.
One woman fears sharia law could
spread across the country. Another, that
terrorists will slip in over the border from
Canada (just 56 miles to our north) with
immigrants and harm us. Others fear
the net that Immigration and Customs
Enforcement has thrown out will catch
innocent people, tear families apart, and
trample on constitutional rights. Someone
is anxious about the economic conse-
quences if there is no one to pick apples in
our local orchards each year. Another wor-
ries that immigrants take jobs away from
Americans and drive wages down. Someone
wonders how much of our tax money
underwrites services for immigrants.
I am pleased that people feel free to
express themselves, but astonished at the
breadth of the fears expressed. Some, from
my perspective, are unfounded or unlikely
to unfurl into reality. But we carefully avoid
getting into a discussion of facts, alterna-
tive facts, and fake news, because that will
39. simply take us to the bottom of the swamp,
where we will not see each other.
Instead, we find ourselves moving into
a conversation about what it is to be an
American, what is most sacred to us. The
Constitution is frequently mentioned.
Some say the Pledge of Allegiance should
be required of all. Also, learning English.
We talk about immigrant assimilation and
diversity. Can we have both? Perhaps we are
not a melting pot of homogeneity but rather
As in many rural areas in the U.S., we
find ourselves deeply divided politically.
Our president continues to promise to save
America from what he deems wrong, which,
he assures us, is most everything, especially
from the last eight years. He keeps us busy
chasing the rabbits he releases from his
tweets, running all over the place. Some,
opposing his views, march, write myriad
letters to our representatives, sign petitions,
and flood our newspapers with commentary.
Others who support the president write let-
ters to the editor praising his leadership and
thanking him for following through with his
promises, even when thwarted by the courts
or an uncooperative Congress.
At times the divide is breathtaking.
Although we live in a small town, we
tend to remain isolated from some of our
neighbors as we move in different social
circles, attend different events. For those
40. who do politics, loyalty to different parties
is strong.
But to our credit, and thanks to a great
deal of grace, our small Episcopal church
houses a broad spectrum of opinion.
Usually, hot topics are not broached.
We recognize the polarization, and nobody
likes it. But we are also neighbors who care
for and about each other. We want to try to
love through the gaps, to move beyond the
subtle demonization of each other’s views.
So as an experiment, working together with
others outside of our church, we decide
to start a series of conversations we call
“Different Voices,” inviting other towns-
people to join us.
Entering uncharted territory
We meet on a Sunday afternoon at our lit-
tle town library—neutral territory—seated
in a circle of folding chairs between the
stacks. Refreshments for later are on a big
table pushed to one side. Twenty-one of us
attend this trial meeting, a mix of differing
views. I am delighted at the turnout, but
anxious. In this experiment in neighborly
love, we step into uncharted territory.
Our statement of purpose emphasizes
that we will not seek to change each other’s
minds or to find solutions to problems, but
to understand each other, to find a path for
communication through turbulent waters.
41. We agree to rules of engagement: Listen
actively; try to understand and respect
sojo.net34 sojourners DECEMBER 2017
We need civic dialogue, following the biblical admonition to
love all neighbors, including those who disagree with us.
do—coal mining, manufacturing, farming,
oil and gas refining—pressures from out-
side present a threat. Fears for your future
hit you in the gut. And anyone who tells
you they will defend you from changes
looks like a savior.
In my community, the identity poli-
tics of the Right are not quite as visceral,
often relating more to bedrock loyalty to
the Republican Party and to a conserva-
tive agenda they feel was sidelined for
eight years. Last Nov. 8, many of them
weighed the disgust they felt at the can-
didate’s actions and messaging against the
hope that he could bring the country back
to another era.
At the core, our fears are not all that dif-
ferent. “My country is changing so much
that I no longer feel a part of it.” One per-
son fears sharia law will take over, another
fears fascism will. One fears that her grand-
children will not experience “home” in the
same way due to climate changes, another
fears “home” has already changed due to the
42. exit of mining or industry from the com-
munity. Everyone fears “fake news” will
destroy the credibility of our constitution-
ally protected media, but each has a different
opinion about which sources “fake” it.
I wonder: Maybe all these fears are
irrational, given the deeper goodness and
integrity we share in the American
spirit. Those people who gathered for
these discussions in our little town
library leave with two valuable expe-
riences: 1) at least some recognition of
nuances on the issue being discussed,
and 2) a new feeling of empathy and under-
standing for those we thought to be on the
other “side.”
Because people gather as communi-
ties of faith for reasons that transcend (at
least ideally) the politics of the day, our
places of worship can offer opportunities
to start new conversations, seeking to love
each other through our fears of oppos-
ing political positions. Knowing that God
accompanies us all—no matter what the
path—can mitigate these fears. The impor-
tant invitation is to ask neighbors to walk
alongside. n
Katharine M. Preston is an ecumenical lay
preacher and writer, concentrating on issues
of social justice and climate change.
43. Predictably, a subsequent discussion, on
federalism, reveals some disagreement on
what issues should remain with the states
versus the federal government. But there is
broad agreement that the responsibilities
should be shared. Some self–deprecating
amusement bubbles up about how views
on federalism quickly shift according to
who holds political power at the federal
level. With the help of the historian in our
midst, we all find a new appreciation for
the complexity facing the framers of the
Constitution and for their wisdom.
Neighbors help neighbors
This kind of discussion might seem hope-
lessly passive, naïve, and a waste of time,
given the severity of the threat on social
justice felt by some these days. But the
polarization did not start with the election
of President Trump. Both conservatives and
progressives know what it feels like to expe-
rience alienation and frustration at the state
of the country. Talking exclusively with
those with whom we agree simply hardens
our positions and makes us angrier.
We desperately need civic dialogue, fol-
lowing the biblical admonition to love all
neighbors, including those who disagree
with us. After all, neighbors help neigh-
bors, regardless of their fears or political
leanings. If neighbors experience a fire, a
flood, a job loss, or the death of a loved one,
no one asks how they feel about immigra-
44. tion, climate change, or even abortion. And
no one asks them how they voted in the last
election. We simply help.
The fundamental challenge facing peo-
ple of faith—conservative and progressive
alike—is to not sit on our high horse of
moral righteousness and dismiss the other
as uninformed or simply wrong.
As re c e nt b o ok s ( Hillbilly E leg y,
Strangers in Their Own Land) have shown,
deep fears concerning personal identity
persist in our times, as in other times in our
history. When your family and your com-
munity have been defined for generations
by the work that you and your neighbors
having worked in and about the envi-
ronmental field for more than 40 years.
Some others around the circle are as
well-informed. We bite our tongues over
misconceptions because our rule is to “not
educate” during these discussions. The lack
of knowledge on climate change among
some surprises me, but I am encouraged
by their desire to know more. The meet-
ing makes clear to all the urgent need,
in another setting, for more information
about the causes of climate change and the
effects, present and future, on our immedi-
ate environment. For now, we have heard
the range of each other’s fears.
We decide our third meeting will be on
the media. A consensus is reached almost
45. immediately on several issues: a critical
attitude toward social media (except by the
one 20-something in our midst); the effi-
cacy of the internet to spread fake news;
and the importance of a discerning public,
no matter what newspaper or newsfeed you
read or program you watch.
During our fourth meeting, we have
some fun: Working together, we answer
the 100 questions about our government
that people applying for citizenship must
be prepared to answer. We are pleased that,
collectively, it was easier than we expected
to answer most of the questions.
DECEMBER 2017 sojourners 35
We need civic dialogue, following the biblical admonition to
love all neighbors, including those who disagree with us.
I’m astonished at the breadth
of the fears expressed.
Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further
reproduction
prohibited without permission.
Vol. 11, No. 2, March 2008 YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL
CHILDREN 17
47. the needs of the families with whom
they worked. An eco-map is a
graphic representation or
visualization of the family and
linkages to the larger social system,
including informal (e.g., friends,
extended family members) and
formal (e.g., early care and
education providers, early
intervention providers) supports. It
illustrates how the family exists
within the context of its
Eco-Mapping / McCormick et al.
YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Vol. 11, No. 2, March
200818
“
”
relationships with other individuals
and institutions with which the family
has contact. Utilizing an ecological
model (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), the
eco-map provides a visual display of
any group of interconnections and
relationships, providing a graphic
image of the family system within the
larger social matrix.
Eco-maps have been used in
multiple ways by early intervention
48. providers and rehabilitation
specialists and within the clinical
practice of social workers,
psychologists, and other mental
health professionals (Bailey &
Simeonsson, 1988; Mattaini, 1995).
Originally developed as a schematic
“thinking tool” (Hartman, 1978,
p. 117) for the social worker to use
as a visual representation of the
family system at the beginning of
intervention, clinicians quickly came
to value its use as a mechanism to
(a) foster collaboration between
families and professionals and
(b) jointly organize and depict
information. More recently,
eco-mapping has been used in
clinical practice to evaluate
outcomes and to measure change
and monitor progress by completing
an eco-map at multiple points in
time (Chatters & Taylor, 1994;
Horton & Bucy, 2000).
In short, practitioners use eco-
maps as a mechanism to establish
rapport with families (Cox, 2003),
learn more about the perceptions of
the family at their initial meeting
(Hartman, 1978), organize
information and facts (Hanson &
Boyd, 1996), set goals in
intervention (Horton & Bucy,
2000), and monitor progress
(Mattaini, 1995). For each purpose,
49. the primary value of the eco-map is
in its visual impact and simplicity.
That is, the eco-map provides
a unique method to organize and
present concurrently factual
information and the relationships
between variables in the family’s
current ecology.
Given the positive history of
eco-maps within the area of social
work, its usefulness as a technique
to increase early interventionists’
awareness of the family within its
community, assist in the assessment
and planning phase of intervention,
and evaluate the effectiveness of
services (Swanson & Niles, 1997)
holds great promise for the field of
early intervention, specifically, the
family needs assessment component
of Part C of the Individuals With
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA,
2004). The eco-map provides an
opportunity to visually represent
the family’s perspectives about the
absence or presence, and nature and
strength, of linkages to friends,
coworkers, religious or spiritual
institutions, schools, social service
agencies, community groups,
recreational activities, health care
networks, legal systems, and
volunteer or advocacy organizations
(Cox, 2003). The eco-map provides
50. an opportunity to initiate early
intervention services and
Individualized Family Service Plan
(IFSP) processes in a family-centered
manner, respectful of the diversity
and individual resources and needs
of families. The purpose of this
article is to (a) provide a brief
overview of the eco-map process,
(b) describe the key steps in
completing eco-maps with families,
and (c) share implications for
early intervention practice. The
eco-mapping process will be
illustrated through the use of a family
vignette.
The eco-map provides a
unique method to
organize and present
concurrently factual
information and the
relationships between
variables in the family’s
current ecology.
Vol. 11, No. 2, March 2008 YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL
51. CHILDREN
Eco-Mapping / McCormick et al.
19
“
”
The Eco-Map Process
The eco-map is a simple paper-
and-pencil simulation that was
developed as an assessment,
planning, and intervention tool
(Hartman, 1995). It maps in a
dynamic way the ecological systems
in which the family lives and
interacts. The eco-map facilitates
an informal, conversational
approach to family information
gathering, including identification
of immediate and extended family
members, friends, and neighbors;
recreational, employment, and
community supports; and formal
resources accessed by the family.
Simple strategies are used to
diagram identified resources and
supports and relationships
between the family and these
other systems.
In most instances,
interventionists sit with the family
52. and introduce the activity as a way
of identifying the family’s current
members, friends, and supports.
Together with the family, they begin
the process by putting a circle in the
middle of the page with the child’s
name in it. The eco-map can be
designed simply with circles, or
multiple symbols can be used to
denote differences (e.g., circles for
females, squares for males). In
addition, metaphoric symbols or
faces can be used to represent
people or agencies (Van Treuren,
1986). It also helps to document
who is completing the eco-map by
putting a symbol such as a star in
the respondent’s circle. The steps in
the process include identifying
informal supports, identifying
strengths of relationships, and
identifying formal supports.
Identifying Informal Supports
The interventionist should first
describe how supports are defined
and then ask the family members to
think about the informal supports
currently available to them. An
example script of this initial step
follows:
I would like for us to work
together to identify all the
different types of people who
53. currently provide support or
help to your child and you.
This could include family
members, friends, and
members of your church or
neighborhood as well as
people from your community.
Support comes in many forms.
For example, friendship, child
care, spiritual support, and a
listening ear are all types of
support. Let’s start with your
immediate family and more
informal supports. First, I am
going to put a circle in the
middle of the page with your
child’s name in it. Now, I will
draw a circle with your name
in it. Then, I will draw a circle
for each of the informal
supports you identify.
Early intervention service
providers also might be interested in
the type of supports each person
provides as well as the frequency of
the support. Therefore, each of the
circles may be labeled and additional
information may be solicited about
how each person relates to the child
and family, the type of support each
person provides, and how often the
child and family receive the support.
For example, below the circle,
an R could indicate the relationship
54. The steps in the process
include identifying informal
supports, identifying
strengths of relationships,
and identifying formal
supports.
Eco-Mapping / McCormick et al.
YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Vol. 11, No. 2, March
200820
of this person with the child and
family (e.g., “R = neighbor”). An
S might indicate the type of support
provided (e.g., “S = babysitting”).
Information about the frequency of
the support provided by this person
(e.g., daily, weekly, monthly, as
needed, once a year) also can be
documented. An example script of
this step follows:
For each of the circles we have
drawn, we need to add some
information about how each
person relates to your child,
the type of support he or she
provides, and how often your
55. child and you receive the
support. Let’s start with
grandparents. First, we will
note their relationship as
maternal or paternal
grandparents, then list the type
of supports they provide to
you and your child.
Figure 1 shows the first stage in
the development of an eco-map of
the Theriot family. Judi, the mom, is
sharing information about her
family, including her husband, Jodi;
son, Paul; and daughter, Allie. Allie,
in the center of the map, is an
incredibly engaging, 35-month-old
little girl, who was diagnosed with
cerebral palsy at 7 months of age.
Providing informal supports in her
care and development are extended
family members, friends, and
neighbors. Each of these individuals
or groups is represented by a circle
on the map.
Figure 1
First stage of an eco-map
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56. 21
Identifying Strengths of
Relationships
At the heart of the eco-map are
the relationships between the family
and other systems, which are
represented by various types of
sketched lines. Hodge (2005)
suggests the following conventions:
Thicker lines represent stronger
or more powerful relationships.
A dashed line represents the
most tenuous relationship,
while a jagged line denotes a
conflicted one. An arrow is
drawn on the line to indicate
the flow of supports, energy,
resources, or interests. (p. 320)
Supports can go one way, such as
babysitting services offered by
a neighbor or assistance provided by
a friend. Often, supports go both
ways, such as between a parent and
grandparent. Arrows are drawn
between the circles to show whether
the relationships benefit or help one
or both people (e.g., one-way or two-
way arrow). Hodge also suggests that
short descriptions, important dates,
or other symbols be written to clarify
57. the relationships. In addition to
seeing a quick, available-at-a-glance
picture of a family and its
interactions, families are able to use
the eco-map to confirm their feelings
of isolation or stress (e.g., “So this is
why I’m so overwhelmed; I don’t
have many supports or people to
help me.”).
Figure 2 shows the Theriot
family’s eco-map with relationship
Figure 2
Relationship lines
Eco-Mapping / McCormick et al.
YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Vol. 11, No. 2, March
200822
lines drawn. The map shows that
Judi and Jodi provide primary care
for Allie, but it also shows that Allie
spends many of her days with her
Maw Maw and Paw Paw Theriot.
They are retired and have taken an
active role with Allie, bringing her
to most of her special activities. Paw
Paw is good with his hands and has
built or adapted trays, standing
frames, wagons, and many other
toys and furnishings. Allie’s
maternal grandparents are older.
58. Judi worries about them and
regularly helps them with household
chores, doctor visits, and medical
needs. Judi’s sister, Connie, also
helps her parents and, over the
years, has been a huge support for
Judi. Connie often babysits for Allie
and Paul and always is available for
Judi to “talk things over.” These
relationships are represented by the
lines between Connie and Judi,
Allie, and Paul.
Although Judi worries about
Paul, the family has a good friend
and neighbor, Kevin, who takes
Paul to many of his baseball
practices and games. Judi and Jodi
still worry that they are not giving
Paul enough time or attention. The
family relies on their faith and
church for guidance and support.
They attend services and have other
families from their church at their
home for barbeques and picnics.
Most of these families have young
children close in age to Allie and
Paul. There also are lots of young
children in the Theriots’
neighborhood.
Identifying Formal Supports
Finally, family members are
asked to identify all of the formal
59. supports they currently receive, and
separate circles for these supports
are drawn. Examples of these
supports might include physicians,
therapists, and other professionals
from community agencies. Formal
support comes in many forms. For
example, information, child care,
housing, financial assistance, early
intervention services, medical care,
and counseling are all types of
support. The steps needed to label
and denote family relationships with
these formal supports are then
repeated. That is, the interventionist
asks, “What is the relationship or
association of this person with your
child? With you? What type of
support does this person provide?
And what is the frequency of this
support?”
Figure 3 illustrates a completed
eco-map for the Theriot family. This
map shows Allie’s favorite activities,
horseback riding and swimming. It
also shows her numerous doctors
and therapies, including clinic-based
speech and physical therapy, home-
based special instruction, and
occupational therapy. A family
service coordinator also meets with
the family monthly and has helped
them access early intervention
services and supported them in
obtaining a wheelchair for Allie.
60. Currently, Allie’s providers are
discussing her need for an
augmentative communication
device. Judi and Jodi are confused
about these devices, and they are
having a difficult time trying to
discuss this with the speech-
language pathologist because of her
busy schedule. They are frustrated
that Allie’s therapists do not have
time to communicate with each
other. Jodi also is frustrated with
Vol. 11, No. 2, March 2008 YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL
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Eco-Mapping / McCormick et al.
23
their health insurance agency’s slow
determination and payment process.
Summary of the Eco-Map
Process
During the process, family
members are encouraged to take
the lead in the identification of
informal and formal supports and
strengths of relationships. When
a stopping point nears, the service
provider, if needed, might ask
61. about specific supports not
addressed by the family (e.g.,
community, intervention services,
medical or health), requesting that
the family identify and describe
these supports. These additional
supports may then be added to the
eco-map. Some families might need
additional structure as they
complete this activity. For example,
a parent might have difficulty
thinking independently of the
various types of supports the child
and family receives and would
benefit from a listing of sources and
examples of support. If this is the
case, Table 1 lists categories and
Figure 3
Completed eco-map
Eco-Mapping / McCormick et al.
YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Vol. 11, No. 2, March
200824
examples of supports to share with
the family.
Once all informal and formal
supports and their relationships are
documented, the family and
provider jointly review the eco-map
62. and reflect on the usefulness of these
supports in meeting the child’s and
family’s identified concerns and
priorities. The early interventionist
then closes with, “Thank you for
working with me to identify your
family’s supports. Let’s review your
map regularly as we consider the
effectiveness of these supports in
meeting your family’s needs. Here is
a copy for you to keep.”
Implications of the
Eco-Map Process for
Early Intervention
Practice
Some advantages of using an
eco-map in early intervention service
planning and provision include
(a) establishing rapport with families
to build a foundation for the
provision of family-centered
services, (b) appropriateness for
families of culturally diverse
backgrounds and families with
limited literacy, (c) organizing
information and facts and linking to
the IFSP, (d) facilitating services in
natural environments, and (e)
maximizing utilization of informal
resources.
Family-Centered Early
Intervention Services
63. When used in initial meetings
and information gathering with
families, the eco-map facilitates a
family-centered approach to assist
families in identifying resources
currently available to meet their
needs. It is a tool to elicit from
family members their own
perceptions of their family’s
functioning and organization
around their children and their
concerns, priorities, and resources.
A well-constructed and in-depth
eco-map can provide the family and
early intervention provider valuable
information that formal family
assessment instruments might miss.
For example, as noted in Figure 2,
the Theriot family’s eco-map not
only shows a large informal
support system but points out those
supports (i.e., maternal
grandparents) that also are
stressors for the family. Hartman
and Laird (1983) suggest that the
joint completion by provider and
family in a side-by-side process is
an important feature of the eco-
map. This shared activity and
perspective is congruent with other
recommendations for
family–professional partnerships
(Woods & McCormick, 2002).
Table 1
64. Categories and Examples of Potential Family Supports
Example of Type(s) of
Category Example of Person(s) Support
Family Grandparent Financial assistance,
emotional support
Friends Friend of yours Friendship
Neighborhood Next door neighbor Child care
Church Church member Transportation
Community Case worker Housing, financial assistance
Child care Teacher Child care, parent education
Intervention services Physical therapist Early intervention
services
Mental health Counselor Emotional support, parent
education
Medical/health Physician Medical care
Vol. 11, No. 2, March 2008 YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL
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Eco-Mapping / McCormick et al.
25
“
”
The family’s cultural
heritage and values
65. become more transparent
as the family and
professional work
together.
Use With Families of
Diverse Backgrounds
Because the eco-map process
asks the family to identify family
members and community resources,
it is useful across families of
culturally diverse backgrounds. The
eco-map has been used widely with
families of diverse backgrounds and
to map diverse components of
family systems (Hodge & Williams,
2002). The family’s cultural heritage
and values become more transparent
as the family and professional work
together to identify the family’s
various linkages, which are unique
to its culture and how the family
interacts with the world. For
example, Chatters and Taylor
(1994) report that approximately
70% of African Americans attend
church or a place of worship. It
would not, therefore, be surprising
to see church and church-related
supports included in an eco-map for
an African American family.
66. In addition, the eco-map
provides a way to reconceptualize
the complex needs of families of
children with significant disabilities
(Imber-Black, 1988; Imber-
Coppersmith, 1983, 1985).
Morawetz and Walker (1984)
suggest that this also is true for
high-poverty, high-risk families:
“Frequently a family will be
involved with many helping systems
and the relationships of these
systems with each other in respect to
the family will resemble the
relationships of a group of angry
and rivalrous relatives” (p. 333).
These interactions and relationships
can be seen readily in an eco-map.
Working together, families and
interventionists will not overlook
powerful significant-other
relationships that uniquely can
assist and support the family (Cox,
Keltner, & Hogan, 2003). The
completion of the eco-map can
confirm or challenge the perception
about a family and its interactions
in the multiple communities in
which the family lives (e.g., school,
work, neighborhood, family).
Another form of diversity that is
sometimes overlooked is the
educational level of families.
67. Eco-map construction is conducted
through verbal interaction between
the family and interventionist.
This interaction eliminates the
necessity for advanced reading
levels, and thus is useful for
families with low literacy levels or
those for whom English is not their
first language.
Linkage to the IFSP
Family information gathering is
essential to the development of
individualized early intervention
services for children and families.
The specific resources and needs
of each family must be
considered in the development and
implementation of the IFSP. The
eco-map facilitates (a) identification
of sources of family support that
can be utilized during service
provision, (b) identification of
information that will empower
families and assist them in obtaining
needed services for their child and
family, and (c) decision making
regarding currently used and needed
resources—time and resources
required of the family for services
and supports (e.g., the Theriot
family has to take off work early to
pick up Allie and drive her to
therapy). It provides a simple visual
that depicts gaps in resources or
68. Eco-Mapping / McCormick et al.
YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Vol. 11, No. 2, March
200826
relationships as well as identifies
conflicting or stressful relationships.
In short, the eco-map provides a
comprehensive picture and summary
of information that easily fits and
supports the IFSP process.
Support Services in Natural
Environments
The activities and routines in
which young children participate are
influenced by the resources, time,
interests, and settings of the family
(Dunst, Hamby, Trivette, Raab, &
Bruder, 2000). The eco-map is
designed to facilitate the
identification of these prominent
family resources and interactions
first, setting the stage for the
provision of supports and services
within environments in which the
child is already participating. For
example, Allie Theriot (Figure 2)
spends much of her time at Maw
Maw and Paw Paw’s house.
Mapping of this important resource
for the Theriot family sets the stage
69. for interventions incorporating
Allie’s typical activities at Maw
Maw and Paw Paw’s house. The
eco-map then moves to other, more
formal resources and visually
diagrams the connections, or lack of
connections, across these agencies or
organizations. The sketched lines
and arrows, as shown in the
Theriots’ eco-map, depict how
different individuals,
interventionists, and agencies
interact with one another. This
helps to highlight the type of
communication across family
members, interventionists, and
providers—a critical component of
the provision of services in natural
environments.
Review of Informal and
Formal Resources
When the eco-map is used with
families already receiving early
intervention services, it can serve as
a mechanism to facilitate a review of
the family’s use of informal and
formal resources. The eco-map can
be a concrete tool for assessing,
developing, and coordinating
natural or informal resources and
more formal networks (Flashman,
1991). Often professionals overlook
informal resources, immediately
arranging for formal programs or
70. organizations to assist in meeting
families’ needs. The visual display
provided by the eco-map allows
professionals and families to quickly
identify the “got a need—get
a service” phenomenon, which can
drain family time, energy, and
resources.
Sequential Eco-Maps
Additionally, eco-maps can be
used at the onset of intervention, at
transition, or at other points in
time. Hartman (1978)
recommended that eco-maps be
used to monitor the progress of
intervention by completing eco-
maps at multiple points in time.
A comparison of these eco-maps
might help families and
interventionists measure the changes
that have occurred over time.
Mattaini (1995) suggested that
sequential eco-maps can be useful
particularly in family situations
where the interconnected networks
of stressors, supports, resources,
and issues are complicated and a
single measure simply cannot
capture all of the data of
importance.
The eco-map provides
a comprehensive
71. picture and summary of
information that easily fits
and supports the IFSP
process.
“
”
Vol. 11, No. 2, March 2008 YOUNG EXCEPTIONAL
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Eco-Mapping / McCormick et al.
27
Summary and
Conclusions
As illustrated by the vignette
and the accompanying figures, eco-
maps offer a feasible method for
gathering extensive information
about families and their resources
and supports. It is a fun, easy-to-use
paper-and-pencil simulation that
organizes and objectifies a
tremendous amount of data about
the family system in space and
through time. The family plays a
72. vital role in bringing pertinent
information to the table and laying
the foundation for a meaningful
IFSP. Van Treuren (1986) suggests
that the eco-map has four
advantages. It (a) is simple to use
and understand, (b) is adaptable to
any size family and can be used with
children as well as adults, (c) is
functional and useful, and (d) allows
for the creativity of the family and
practitioner. The eco-map represents
the family within the context of
significant relationships with other
individuals and institutions (Horton
& Bucy, 2000). It represents the
connections between family and
others—basically, family life. The
authors of the eco-map consider
the tool to be “practical and
parsimonious . . . the usefulness of
this simple diagram becomes
dramatically clear if one considers the
volume of words it would take to
describe the family with words alone”
(Hartman & Laird, 1985, p. 161).
In summary, the use of the term
ecology is purposeful. It describes the
balance that exists between living
things and the environment in which
they function, the mutuality of these
interactions, the flow of resources, the
nature of interactions, and the points
of conflict. It demonstrates both lack
and abundance (Hartman, 1978).
73. Note
You may reach Katherine
McCormick by e-mail at [email protected]
uky.edu.
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