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The document discusses the history of the Carthusian order and the Carthusian monastery built in Belarus from 1648-1689. It summarizes that the Carthusian order was founded in 1084 AD, and monasteries were located throughout Europe from the 12th to 14th centuries. In 1646, Carthusians from Gdansk contacted Kazimir Leon Sapieha about establishing a monastery in Belarus, which was approved by the Carthusian order in 1648. The monastery complex cost 300,000 chervonets to build. The monastery was closed in 1831 and its property was confiscated by the military.
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The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to a church door in Germany, criticizing the Catholic Church's practices around indulgences. Luther's ideas of salvation through faith alone and the Bible as the sole religious authority spread rapidly through newly invented printing presses. At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Luther refused to renounce his writings and went into hiding. John Calvin further developed Protestant theology in France and Geneva. Meanwhile, King Henry VIII of England broke with Rome when the pope denied his annulment, establishing the Church of England. The Reformation ultimately divided Western Christianity into numerous denominations.
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learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
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ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΙΑ, ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΑ ΑΡΧΕΙΑ , ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΑ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ, ΓΟΧ, ΑΡΧΕΙΑ ΚΑΤΕΒΑΣΜΕΝΑ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΣΕΛΙΔΑ ΠΟΥ ΠΛΕΟΝ ΔΕΝ ΥΠΑΡΧΕΙ http://genuineorthodoxchurch.net .
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The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 and led to the end of religious unity in Western Europe. Martin Luther posted his 95 theses criticizing the Catholic Church in 1517, which sparked the Reformation in Germany. Henry VIII established the Church of England to gain an annulment of his marriage. The Reformation spread to other parts of Europe but had less success in Spain and Italy. The Catholic Church responded with the Counter-Reformation including the Council of Trent and Jesuits. The Reformation resulted in over a century of religious wars and fragmented Christianity in the West.
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The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with political and religious pressure. Political pressure through Emperor Charles V's war achieved little and allowed German kingdoms to choose their religion. The Catholic Church then launched the Counter Reformation, including the Council of Trent which reformed Catholic practices and established new orders like the Jesuits. While the Counter Reformation stabilized Catholicism, Europe remained largely divided between Protestant north and Catholic south.
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The Cathedral of Trier is the oldest Roman Catholic church in Germany, with a main chapel made of Roman brick arranged in five symmetrical sections and an exterior apsidal semi-cylinder. The Church of St. Peter is one of the oldest churches in the Christian world, carved into a mountainside with floor mosaics and frescoes on the right side of its altar and a stone altar and platform. The Etchmiadzin Cathedral is one of the oldest cathedrals worldwide, built following Armenia's adoption of Christianity in the 3rd century with wooden doors and Old Testament frescoes and a cruciform plan with central cupola and four apses.
The First Vatican Council
The First Vatican Council was convened by Pope Pius IX from 1869-1870 to discuss contemporary issues facing the Catholic Church, including rationalism, liberalism, and the relationship between faith and science. The Council debated proposals around the catechism and principles of the Christian religion. A key issue debated was the doctrine of papal infallibility, or whether the Pope could make biblical decisions without the consent of bishops. Though the Council approved two constitutions before being suspended due to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, it established the dogma of papal infallibility and the beginning of the Ultramontanism movement upholding papal authority.
Counter reformation
Here are the key points I gathered from our discussion:
- The Protestant Reformation challenged the authority and teachings of the Catholic Church in the 16th century.
- In response, the Catholic Church launched the Counter-Reformation to reform itself from within and stop the spread of Protestantism.
- The Council of Trent was convened to clarify Church doctrine and condemn Protestant teachings. It led to reforms but maintained core Catholic beliefs and authority structures.
- New religious orders focused on charity work to strengthen the Church's image and teachings. The Jesuits also gained political influence.
- The Inquisition punished heresy through trials and torture, while the Index of Prohibited Books banned writings deemed heretical or imm
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The document discusses the history of the inquisition from its origins in the 13th century to its abolition in the 19th century. It began as a way for the Catholic Church to discover and punish heresy through investigations and questioning that often involved torture. Over time, the inquisition targeted various religious dissenters like Cathars, Waldensians, Knights Templar, Jews, Muslims, and Protestants. It granted the Church political power and a way to consolidate orthodox theology while weakening opposition and gaining wealth through confiscated property. The inquisition used torture devices and censorship of prohibited books to enforce obedience to Church doctrine until it was finally abolished in fear of the French Revolution.
Protestant reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th century movement aimed at reforming corruption within the Catholic Church. Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and papal authority in 1517, which helped spark the Reformation. This led to the formation of Protestant religions separate from Catholicism and a split in Christianity. The Reformation spread ideas like "faith alone" and challenged the Church's authority, while the Counter-Reformation strengthened Catholic doctrines and launched the Inquisition in response.
Great schism
The Great Schism began as a power struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France over taxation of the church. This led to the papacy being moved to Avignon, France, outraging other Christian groups. Eventually, there were two popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon, dividing Western Christianity until the Council of Constance in 1417 ended the Schism by electing Martin V as the sole pope. Key figures like John Wycliffe and Jan Hus challenged the authority and actions of the divided papacy during this time period.
Protestant reformation an its consequences
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 as a protest against corruption and abuses within the Catholic Church, led by Martin Luther. Luther's 95 Theses criticized the Church's sale of indulgences and doctrine of salvation, and emphasized faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority. The printing press helped spread his ideas to a wider audience. Other reformers like Calvin and Henry VIII also challenged Catholic doctrine. This led to over a century of religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, culminating in the Thirty Years' War.
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Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University (APUG) own a complex
and heterogeneous documental material: manuscripts, printed texts noted
by author or teacher, sometimes considered hybrids printed-manuscript.
The use of archival or library standards are not sufficient to express
this complexity. In addition to represent the physical structure,
state of conservation and restoration, it was necessary to bring out
context and network of relationships among documents, agents,
activities, places, events and periods to reconstruct the history
of education, models, subjects taught and their evolution within
the Roman College (Jesuits school) and influence in Europe and in the world.
We present the problem, how it was solved and the methodology used to create
an OWL ontology developed in a bottom-up approach: starting from the analysis
of real data, using an iterative process, we have reached interoperability
and alignment with international standards (CIDOC-CRM, EAC, EAD, EDM, FRBR-oo, etc.).
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select 91 respondents. The findings of the study revealed that on the
competitiveness of SMEs in Ghanaian economy with access to public
contract, SMEs have the ability to be flexible in their operations and
their adaptability to changes either accidental or unexpected. It was
also revealed that SMEs serve as a force for economic diversification
and can act as the main engines for growth and development. The
study also revealed that SMEs have the advantages in the form of
innovation, employment, spatial benefits and the potential for
decentralized supply opportunities. On issue of preferential treatments
accorded SMEs in Ghana based on the Public Procurement Act 663, the
study revealed that procurement officers/entities are not required to
give SMEs concerns an equitable opportunity to compete for contracts
and it does not provide any specific laws or articles relating to SMEs.
The margins of preference found in the Public Procurement Act 663 is
designed to give preference to local suppliers and contractors
(irrespective of the nationality of the proprietor) competing with
foreign suppliers and contractors not specifically for SMEs in Ghana. It
was clear that there are no small business set-aside programs provided
for SMEs in the Public Procurement Act 663 and its does not have any
exemption from bid and performance security. It is recommended that
the procurement policy and the Act 663 should be reformed to reflect
preferential treatment for all the SMEs in Ghana to enhance their
competitiveness in the economy.
HSE Integro brochure
HSE Integro provides integrated health, safety, and environmental services including training, products, and consultancy. It aims to protect workers, assets, and communities in a cost-effective manner. The company offers a range of safety products and training programs customized for clients' needs, including personal protective equipment, fire safety, confined space entry, and environmental management. HSE Integro's goal is to create a positive safety culture across industries through hazard-free work environments and contributing to sustainability.
Abrasive personality
Darrel Sandstrom is a talented yet abrasive executive who has rapidly risen through the ranks of his company. While he is very intelligent and effective at turning around failing divisions, his abrasive personality antagonizes both subordinates and superiors. He is impatient, demanding, and lacks tact. The company president faces a dilemma - Sandstrom cannot be promoted further due to his abrasiveness, but losing him would also be problematic as he is highly successful. The executives discuss various options but none provide a clear solution to dealing with Sandstrom and his abrasive personality type.
Factors influencing-green-supply-chain-in-the-mining-sector-in-ghana
The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level
significance given that it can help to minimize negative impact of mining activities on the
environment and to ensure environmental sustainability. This research was carried out
primarily to examine the factors influencing green supply chain management in the mining
industry of Ghana. Data was collected using focus group discussion with the experts from the
mining companies. Analysis of the data showed that the goods purchased by mining companies
have negative effects on the environment. It was also concluded that procurement practices
could be used to reduce the negative impacts of the companies’ operation on the environment
since the procurement departments of the companies have specific policies geared towards
environmentally preferable purchases. The study further established that green procurement
influence supplier selection through environmental regulations by Environmental Protection
Agency of Ghana, suppliers’ environmental emission among others. The study revealed that
the most notable factors influencing green supply chain in the mining companies in Ghana
include lack of knowledge and expertise involving green supply chain, lack of awareness of the
potential economic benefits of green supply chain, lack of political commitment, lack of the
learning capacity to evaluate green supply chain; high cost of environmental programs,
ineffective sanction regime for environmental offenders among others. The study recommends
that mining companies and its allies should organise joint seminars and workshops to sensitize
the staff and suppliers on the benefits of green purchasing and the need to embrace it. The
mining industry and EPA should also link up to train their supply/logistics/procurement
practitioners on the issues of green procurement /supply chain.
A study on the construction process (Precast concrete, In-situ cast concrete,...
A study on the construction process (Precast concrete, In-situ cast concrete,...Bhaddin Al-Naqshabandi
This document provides an overview of precast concrete construction, in-situ cast concrete construction, shoring, and underpinning. It describes that precast concrete elements are cast off-site and include items like slabs, beams, and wall panels. In-situ concrete is poured on-site and can form any shape but requires more time and resources. Shoring uses temporary structures like rakers to support unstable structures during construction. Underpinning strengthens existing foundations, for example by adding new piles or walls underneath for additional support.Viewers also liked (13)
SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES (SMES) ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC PROCUREMENT...
SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED ENTERPRISES (SMES) ACCESSIBILITY TO PUBLIC PROCUREMENT...
Factors influencing-green-supply-chain-in-the-mining-sector-in-ghana
Factors influencing-green-supply-chain-in-the-mining-sector-in-ghana
A study on the construction process (Precast concrete, In-situ cast concrete,...
A study on the construction process (Precast concrete, In-situ cast concrete,...
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St Lawrence the Deacon Church, Panitan, Capiz, Episode 2
The Church in Panitan, Capiz has a very interesting Patron Saint. He was St Lawrence who was a Spanish deacon of the Church in the years 257 and 258 in Rome. What is interesting is what this young man did and how he met his end through the most horrendous martyrdom possible. We tell his story briefly to provide some background to what we found when we visited this lovely spacious and airy church. He is the same St Lawrence after whom Jacques Cartier named the majestic St Lawrence River when he discovered Canada in the early 1500's..
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Our Lady of Assumption Church in Arichat, Nova Scotia has a long religious history dating back to the first French missionaries who arrived in 1611. The first chapel was built in Arichat in 1786 and was replaced by the present church building in 1837. In 1844, Arichat became the seat of the new Diocese of Arichat, with the church becoming its cathedral. It housed important religious artifacts purchased by the bishops, including a pipe organ, paintings, statues and stained glass windows. The church has undergone renovations over the years but still serves the community today.
The Medieval Church
Constantine the Great was the first Roman emperor to become Christian. He enforced correct Christian practice and after his death in 337, Byzantium was renamed Constantinople. Five special bishops had authority over church leaders, including the bishops of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, and they argued over who was most powerful. The Christian church eventually split into the East and West branches.
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At first, at the time of his martyrdom, the martyr began to glisten with remarkable miracles, restoring sight to the blind, walking to the lame, hearing to the deaf, speech to the mute, and cleansing lepers, restoring paralytics, curing dropsy and all varieties of fatal, incurable disease, even resuscitating the dead. And miraculously exercising power over the demons and all the elements, he extended the touch of this power to unusual and unheard of signs. For instance, people deprived of their eyes and genitalia obtained new members by his merits.
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The document summarizes the history of Christianity in Barcelona from the 3rd century AC to the Visigoth period. It describes how Christian ideas arrived as the Germanic tribes invaded the Roman Empire. An early Christian community and bishop existed in Barcelona between 260-300 AC. Important early Christian figures included Saint Cugat and Saint Eulalia. Architectural structures linked to Christian worship appeared in the 4th century and the church of Barcelona became highly active under Bishop Paciano. The Visigothic occupation was peaceful and they adopted Roman customs, with the city becoming the Visigoth capital briefly. The bishop's palace was enlarged over time and hosted church councils.
Those Who Pray,Kill,and Work
The document discusses the role and power of the Catholic Church during medieval feudal Europe. It describes the three estates of society - the clergy (First Estate), nobility (Second Estate), and peasants (Third Estate). The Church had extraordinary power over ordinary people, deciding salvation and requiring tithes. Over time, the clergy became corrupt and more focused on wealth and prestige than spiritual guidance, weakening the Church. The Crusades were a series of wars called by the Church from the 11th-13th centuries in an attempt to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule, but ultimately failed.
The monastery of San Salvatore
The document provides details about the Monastery of San Salvatore, a Franciscan monastery located in Chania, Crete, Greece. It discusses the monastery's history from its origins in the 13th century through the Venetian, Ottoman, and modern periods. Specifically, it details how the monastery was originally a small chapel that expanded over time. It also describes how the monastery functioned and the common facilities like the cloister and peristyle that were used by the Franciscan friars.
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This document provides biographical information about Saint Vincent de Paul. It details the key events in his life and works, including:
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Christianity spread throughout Europe over many centuries, beginning in the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD. It was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380 AD. Missionaries and monks helped spread Christianity to areas outside the empire, converting nobles and royalty who then helped spread it to the general population. By the 15th century, most of Europe had been Christianized. Major figures like Augustine of Canterbury and Saint Boniface played important roles in establishing and spreading the religion.
Historical Contact Between the Orthodox and Anglicans From 1617 Until 1920
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The document discusses the importance of pilgrimages in the Middle Ages and the significance of sites like Santiago de Compostela. It describes the religious mentality of the time and the dangers of pilgrimages given the lack of infrastructure. However, people were devoted to traveling long distances on foot to sites housing important relics in hopes of miracles or salvation. Monasteries like Cluny played a key role in supporting pilgrims and spreading culture along pilgrimage routes in Spain. Military orders also helped protect travelers.
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The St. Francis Church in Kochi, India is one of the oldest churches built by Europeans in India dating back to 1503. It was originally constructed out of wood and mud by Portuguese Franciscan Friars with permission from the Cochin Raja. Famous explorer Vasco da Gama was buried there after his death in 1524, though his body was later returned to Portugal. The church was rebuilt out of stone in the 1500s and changed hands between the Portuguese, Dutch, and British until becoming affiliated with the Anglican sect in 1804. It is now dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, the Italian friar and preacher it was originally named after.
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The document summarizes information about important historical and religious sites in and around Assisi, Italy. It discusses the Basilica of St. Francis, the birthplace of St. Francis; the Temple of Minerva, an ancient Roman temple; and the Porziuncola, a small church where St. Francis experienced visions that led him to found the Franciscan order. It provides context about the history and significance of these locations in Assisi.
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картезианцы на англ Red
- 2. WHO ARE CARTESIANS? The Carthusian Order, also called the Order of Saint Bruno, is a Roman Catholic religious order of enclosed monastics. The order was founded by Saint Bruno of Cologne in 1084 B.C. The name Carthusian is derived from the Chartreuse Mountains in France. From the end of XII to the end of XIV century Carthusian monasteries were located throughout Europe, from Ireland to Poland. The emergence of the Cartesians in Belarus is connected with the name of Casimir Leon Sapieha.
- 4. In 1646 the Cartesians from Gdansk sent a letter to Kazimir Leon Sapieha. In 1648, the Sapieha’s proposal was approved by General Chapter of the Order of Cartesians. Over the years 1648 -1689 monastery complex was built, which cost 300,000 chervonets (which was equal to 1 ton of gold).
- 5. MONASTERY OF ST. BERNARD IN THE ALPS
- 6. GENERAL PLAN OF THE MONASTERY COMPLEX
- 7. Measurement drawing of the side of building. 1831 Measurement drawing of the front façade. 1831
- 9. The monastery was closed in August 28, 1831. Monastery church was converted into a parish. The possession of the monastery were placed under royal control. The confiscated property of the monastery, totaled 8,847,777 rubles In 1832, the monastery buildings were handed over to the military authorities. In 1866 the part of building was disassembled and sold as building material.
- 15. The ruins of the Church of St. Corpus
- 16. Sapieha Palace
- 19. AIRVIEW
- 20. Model of restored gates