This document discusses the recycling of copper rotor motors (CRMs) used in electric motors. It states that CRMs can be recycled within existing copper recycling processes to achieve almost 100% recovery of copper in a highly purified state, and an iron-silicon slag suitable for construction. The recycling process involves sorting CRMs from other metals, smelting to separate copper and iron, and electrolytic refining to produce high purity copper and valorize other metals.
Matrix Telecom Solutions: Hotel IP-PBX SystemMatrix Comsec
Matrix Present a range of Hospitality IP-PBX that not just plays a role of a communication system, but also actively contributes in the routine functioning of the Hotel thereby increase the productivity of its staff. With features that facilitate to serve guests more efficiently without any human error, Matrix Hospitality Solution truly is a boon to hoteliers.
Bionanotechnology and its applications rita martin
Bionanotechnology combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology. Find its applications in various fields Nanotherapeutics, Gene therapy , Immunotherapy, Harmless Viruses, stem cells
Introduction to copper rotor induction motorsLeonardo ENERGY
Copper rotors are now being used in different branches of industry, especially for applications where high efficiency is required. Industrial applications include motors for high-speed machining centers, pumps, drills, compressors and fans. Transport applications include asynchronous motors for electric traction, starter-alternators, generators, and electric power-steering.
Presentation economic assessment copper rotorsLeonardo ENERGY
Economic assessment for copper rotor induction motors compared to aluminium rotor technology. For a given efficiency level, copper rotor technology offers a reduced size and weight, that translates into savings in electrical steel and a positive economic case for this technology.
Study carried out by Aquila University
Matrix Telecom Solutions: Hotel IP-PBX SystemMatrix Comsec
Matrix Present a range of Hospitality IP-PBX that not just plays a role of a communication system, but also actively contributes in the routine functioning of the Hotel thereby increase the productivity of its staff. With features that facilitate to serve guests more efficiently without any human error, Matrix Hospitality Solution truly is a boon to hoteliers.
Bionanotechnology and its applications rita martin
Bionanotechnology combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology. Find its applications in various fields Nanotherapeutics, Gene therapy , Immunotherapy, Harmless Viruses, stem cells
Introduction to copper rotor induction motorsLeonardo ENERGY
Copper rotors are now being used in different branches of industry, especially for applications where high efficiency is required. Industrial applications include motors for high-speed machining centers, pumps, drills, compressors and fans. Transport applications include asynchronous motors for electric traction, starter-alternators, generators, and electric power-steering.
Presentation economic assessment copper rotorsLeonardo ENERGY
Economic assessment for copper rotor induction motors compared to aluminium rotor technology. For a given efficiency level, copper rotor technology offers a reduced size and weight, that translates into savings in electrical steel and a positive economic case for this technology.
Study carried out by Aquila University
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER, COPPER-MA...Rautomead Limited
Rautomead Chairman, Sir Michael Nairn, presented a paper at the ICDC seminar in Mumbai on 30 November 2014. Sir Michael talked about “Rautomead Technology for Continuous Casting of Oxygen Free Copper, Copper Magnesium & Other Copper Conductor Alloys” and reflected on the development and evolution of Rautomead continuous casting technology during its 35 year history.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
TALAT Lecture 1201: Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering MaterialCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.
Copper in comparison to aluminium as common material in conductors of LV and ...Leonardo ENERGY
From an investigation of the decision model, it seems the one factor that plays the dominant role in selecting aluminium is its significantly lower price as a conductor. Factors that benefit the selection of copper conductors are:
* Easier installation of joints and accessories
* Easier maintenance
* Superior mechanical properties
* Smaller radial size
* Problems with connectors in aluminium conductor cables
Busbars, busducts, and busways using copper conductors have several advantages compared to their counterparts fabricated from other materials.
The main advantages of copper arise from its high electric conductivity (low electric resistance). These characteristics make it possible to create busways with the same current carrying capacity but that are smaller and/or more energy efficient.
In addition, the use of copper results in highly durable connections that can resist strong mechanical forces.
Cost of the conductor should not be the only consideration when evaluating the cost of a busway. The cost of the mechanical support systems, the energy losses over the lifetime of the installation, and the scrap value of the material at its end-of-life must all be taken into consideration in order to gain an accurate picture. When this is done, it becomes clear that the initial price of copper has only a minor influence on the total life cycle cost of the busway.
The design of electrical machines and equipments mainly depends on the quality of these materials. Low grade materials result in bulky and costly equipment generally
A new generation of instruments and tools to monitor buildings performanceLeonardo ENERGY
What is the added value of monitoring the flexibility, comfort, and well-being of a building? How can occupants be better informed about the performance of their building? And how to optimize a building's maintenance?
The slides were presented during a webinar and roundtable with a focus on a new generation of instruments and tools to monitor buildings' performance, and their link with the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) for buildings as introduced in the EU's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD).
Link to the recordings: https://youtu.be/ZCFhmldvRA0
Addressing the Energy Efficiency First Principle in a National Energy and Cli...Leonardo ENERGY
When designing energy and climate policies, EU Member States have to apply the Energy Efficiency First Principle: priority should be given to measures reducing energy consumption before other decarbonization interventions are adopted. This webinar summarizes elements of the energy and climate policy of Cyprus illustrating how national authorities have addressed this principle so far, and outline challenges towards its much more rigorous implementation that is required in the coming years.
RAUTOMEAD TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF OXYGEN-FREE COPPER, COPPER-MA...Rautomead Limited
Rautomead Chairman, Sir Michael Nairn, presented a paper at the ICDC seminar in Mumbai on 30 November 2014. Sir Michael talked about “Rautomead Technology for Continuous Casting of Oxygen Free Copper, Copper Magnesium & Other Copper Conductor Alloys” and reflected on the development and evolution of Rautomead continuous casting technology during its 35 year history.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
TALAT Lecture 1201: Introduction to Aluminium as an Engineering MaterialCORE-Materials
This lecture provides an introduction to metallurgical concepts necessary to understand how structural features of aluminium alloys are influenced by alloy composition, processing and heat treatment, and the basic affects of these parameters on the mechanical properties, and hence engineering applications, of the alloys. It is assumed that the reader has some elementary knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.
Copper in comparison to aluminium as common material in conductors of LV and ...Leonardo ENERGY
From an investigation of the decision model, it seems the one factor that plays the dominant role in selecting aluminium is its significantly lower price as a conductor. Factors that benefit the selection of copper conductors are:
* Easier installation of joints and accessories
* Easier maintenance
* Superior mechanical properties
* Smaller radial size
* Problems with connectors in aluminium conductor cables
Busbars, busducts, and busways using copper conductors have several advantages compared to their counterparts fabricated from other materials.
The main advantages of copper arise from its high electric conductivity (low electric resistance). These characteristics make it possible to create busways with the same current carrying capacity but that are smaller and/or more energy efficient.
In addition, the use of copper results in highly durable connections that can resist strong mechanical forces.
Cost of the conductor should not be the only consideration when evaluating the cost of a busway. The cost of the mechanical support systems, the energy losses over the lifetime of the installation, and the scrap value of the material at its end-of-life must all be taken into consideration in order to gain an accurate picture. When this is done, it becomes clear that the initial price of copper has only a minor influence on the total life cycle cost of the busway.
The design of electrical machines and equipments mainly depends on the quality of these materials. Low grade materials result in bulky and costly equipment generally
A new generation of instruments and tools to monitor buildings performanceLeonardo ENERGY
What is the added value of monitoring the flexibility, comfort, and well-being of a building? How can occupants be better informed about the performance of their building? And how to optimize a building's maintenance?
The slides were presented during a webinar and roundtable with a focus on a new generation of instruments and tools to monitor buildings' performance, and their link with the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) for buildings as introduced in the EU's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD).
Link to the recordings: https://youtu.be/ZCFhmldvRA0
Addressing the Energy Efficiency First Principle in a National Energy and Cli...Leonardo ENERGY
When designing energy and climate policies, EU Member States have to apply the Energy Efficiency First Principle: priority should be given to measures reducing energy consumption before other decarbonization interventions are adopted. This webinar summarizes elements of the energy and climate policy of Cyprus illustrating how national authorities have addressed this principle so far, and outline challenges towards its much more rigorous implementation that is required in the coming years.
Auctions for energy efficiency and the experience of renewablesLeonardo ENERGY
Auctions are an emerging market-based policy instrument to promote energy efficiency that has started to gain traction in the EU and worldwide. This presentation provides an overview and comparison of several energy efficiency auctions and derives conclusions on the effects of design elements based on auction theory and on experiences of renewable energy auctions. We include examples from energy efficiency auctions in Brazil, Canada, Germany, Portugal, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, and US.
A recording of this presentation can be viewed at:
https://youtu.be/aC0h4cXI9Ug
Energy efficiency first – retrofitting the building stock finalLeonardo ENERGY
Retrofitting the building stock is a challenging undertaking in many respects - including costs. Can it nevertheless qualify as a measure under the Energy Efficiency First principle? Which methods can be applied for the assessment and what are the results in terms of the cost-effectiveness of retrofitting the entire residential building stock? How do the results differ for minimization of energy use, CO2 emissions and costs? And which policy conclusions can be drawn?
This presentation was used during the 18th webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy on February 3, 2022.
A link to the recording: https://youtu.be/4pw_9hpA_64
How auction design affects the financing of renewable energy projects Leonardo ENERGY
Recording available at https://youtu.be/lPT1o735kOk
Renewable energy auctions might affect the financing of renewable energy (RE) projects. This webinar presents the results of the AURES II project exploring this topic. It discusses how auction designs ranging from bid bonds to penalties and remuneration schemes impact financing and discusses creating a low-risk auction support framework.
This presentation discusses the contribution of Energy Efficiency Funds to the financing of energy efficiency in Europe. The analysis is based on the MURE database on energy efficiency policies. As an example, the German Energy Efficiency Fund is described in more detail.
This is the 17th webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy.
Recordings are available on: https://youtu.be/KIewOQCgQWQ
(see updated version of this presentation:
https://www.slideshare.net/sustenergy/energy-efficiency-funds-in-europe-updated)
The Energy Efficiency First Principle is a key pillar of the European Green Deal. A prerequisite for its widespread application is to secure financing for energy efficiency investments.
This presentation discusses the contribution of Energy Efficiency Funds to the financing of energy efficiency in Europe. The analysis is based on the MURE database on energy efficiency policies. As an example, the German Energy Efficiency Fund is described in more detail.
This is the 17th webinar in the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy.
Recordings are available on: https://youtu.be/KIewOQCgQWQ
Five actions fit for 55: streamlining energy savings calculationsLeonardo ENERGY
During the first year of the H2020 project streamSAVE, multiple activities were organized to support countries in developing savings estimations under Art.3 and Art.7 of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED).
A fascinating output of the project so far is the “Guidance on Standardized saving methodologies (energy, CO2 and costs)” for a first round of five so-called Priority Actions. This Guidance will assist EU member states in more accurately calculating savings for a set of new energy efficiency actions.
This webinar presents this Guidance and other project findings to the broader community, including industry and markets.
AGENDA
14:00 Introduction to streamSAVE
(Nele Renders, Project Coordinator)
14:10 Views from the EU Commission and the link with Fit-for-55 (Anne-Katherina Weidenbach, DG ENER)
14:20 The streamSAVE guidance and its platform illustrated (Elisabeth Böck, AEA)
14:55 A view from industry: What is the added value of streamSAVE (standardized) methods in frame of the EED (Conor Molloy, AEMS ECOfleet)
14:55 Country experiences: the added value of standardized methods (Elena Allegrini, ENEA, Italy)
The recordings of the webinar can be found on https://youtu.be/eUht10cUK1o
This webinar analyses energy efficiency trends in the EU for the period 2014-2019 and the impact of COVID-19 in 2020 (based on estimates from Enerdata).
The speakers present the overall trend in total energy supply and in final energy consumption, as well as details by sector, alongside macro-economic data. They will explain the main drivers of the variation in energy consumption since 2014 and determine the impact of energy savings.
Speakers:
Laura Sudries, Senior Energy Efficiency Analyst, Enerdata
Bruno Lapillonne, Scientific Director, Enerdata
The recordings of the presentation (webinar) can be viewed at:
https://youtu.be/8RuK5MroTxk
Energy and mobility poverty: Will the Social Climate Fund be enough to delive...Leonardo ENERGY
Prior to the current soaring energy prices across Europe, the European Commission proposed, as part of the FitFor55 climate and energy package, the EU Social Climate Fund to mitigate the expected social impact of extending the EU ETS to transport and heating.
The report presented in this webinar provides an update of the European Energy Poverty Index, published for the first time in 2019, which shows the combined effect of energy and mobility poverty across Member States. Beyond the regular update of the index, the report provides analysis of the existing EU policy framework related to energy and transport poverty. France is used as a case study given the “yellow vest” movement, which was triggered by the proposed carbon tax on fuels.
Watch the recordings of the webinar:
https://youtu.be/i1Jdd3H05t0
Does the EU Emission Trading Scheme ETS Promote Energy Efficiency?Leonardo ENERGY
This policy brief analyzes the main interacting mechanisms between the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) and the EU Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). It presents a detailed top-down approach, based on the ODYSSEE energy indicators, to identify energy savings from the EU ETS.
The main task consists in isolating those factors that contribute to the change in energy consumption of industrial branches covered by the EU ETS, and the energy transformation sector (mainly the electricity sector).
Speaker:
Wolfgang Eichhammer (Head of the Competence Center Energy Policy and Energy Markets @Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI)
The recordings of this webinar can be watched via:
https://youtu.be/TS6PxIvtaKY
Energy efficiency, structural change and energy savings in the manufacturing ...Leonardo ENERGY
The first part of the presentations presents the energy efficiency improvements in the manufacturing sector since 2000, and the role of structural change between the different branches and energy savings. It will compare the improvements in Denmark and other countries with EU average. This part is based on ODYSSEE data.
The second part of the presentation presents the development in Denmark in more detail, and it will compare the energy efficiency improvement, corrected for structural change, with the reported savings from the Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme.
Recordings of the live webinar are on https://youtu.be/VVAdw_CS51A
Energy Sufficiency Indicators and Policies (Lea Gynther, Motiva)Leonardo ENERGY
This policy brief looks at questions ‘how to measure energy sufficiency’, ‘which policies and measures can be used to address energy sufficiency’ and ‘how they are used in Europe today’.
Energy sufficiency refers to a situation where everyone has access to the energy services they need, whilst the impacts of the energy system do not exceed environmental limits. The level of ambition needed to address energy sufficiency is higher than in the case of energy efficiency.
This is the 13th edition of the Odyssee-Mure on Energy Efficiency Academy, and number 519 in the Leonardo ENERGY series. The recording of the live presentation can be found on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEAdYbI0wDI&list=PLUFRNkTrB5O_V155aGXfZ4b3R0fvT7sKz
The Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) Initiative Prod...Leonardo ENERGY
The Super-efficient Equipment and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) Initiative Product Efficiency Call to Action, by Melanie Slade - IEA and Nicholas Jeffrey - UK BEIS
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
3. Publication No Cu0181
Issue Date: March 2013
Page 1
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, various products containing metallic copper composites have appeared on the market with the intent of taking full advantage of copper’s properties. A composite is usually defined as a structure obtained by assembling two or more materials (in this case metals) in contact or very close proximity. By retaining their individuality, they contribute to the maximization of the overall performance of the assembly through their distinct, but complementary mechanical, physical, and chemical properties.
Common examples are numerous including among others, cooking pans of a copper/stainless steel sandwich or similarly lined bottoms, copper/stainless steel clad roofing sheets, squirrel cage copper/iron/silicon rotors for electric motors, copper-sheathed aluminium and steel electric wires, and copper wires with embedded niobium/titanium superconducting filaments.
Although most of these products have not yet arrived at the end of their service life, it is important to evaluate their recycling potentials and to outline possible recycling schemes.
One difficulty in recycling metallic composites lies in the fact that the strong bond between the constituents and their rather similar plasticity makes a mechanical separation virtually impossible. Therefore pyro- metallurgical and, to a lesser extent, hydrometallurgical techniques have to be employed.
This briefing note focuses on the pyro-metallurgical recycling of copper squirrel cage rotors used in electrical motors (Copper Rotor Motors or CRM). Like conventional electrical motors, after adequate sorting of the different metals, they can be easily recycled with existing technologies. This can achieve an almost 100% recovery of copper in a highly purified state and the formation of a valuable iron-silicon slag suitable for a variety of applications after granulation, including materials suitable for infrastructure construction. The same technology holds also for other copper/steel and copper/stainless steel composites. Indeed, in the latter, a large fraction of the nickel contained in the steel is recoverable separately.
The squirrel cage rotor consists of a grooved stack of magnetic iron-silicon laminates (typically 2 to 3% silicon). The grooves are filled with a highly conductive metal. Historically aluminium was pressure die cast into the grooves. Recent advances in design however substitute copper due to its superior electrical conductivity. This improved design enables the fabrication of a smaller rotor with an equivalent mechanical power.
Picture 1 :Copper rotor motor or CRM
4. Publication No Cu0181
Issue Date: March 2013
Page 2
Picture 2 : Copper rotor internals
This leads to a significant overall reduction in weight and volume of the motor, which compensates by an appreciable margin both the higher density and the higher price of copper.
The typical copper and aluminium content in a rotor as a function of its power, is given in Table 1 for several 400 V/50 Hz motors. The high copper content—with an average relative copper content of around 25%— means that for technical and economic reasons, the rotors must be recycled within the copper recycling circuit and not within the steel scrap circuit. It should also be noted that the amount of copper in the windings of the stator is at least as high as the copper in the rotor and that the proportion of copper rises with increasing power. The copper content in the stator is approximately proportional to the power (KW)^0.75
Table 1: Copper in CRM
Power (kW) 1.5 3.0 7.5 15.0 22.0
Iron weight (kg)
6.3
7.5
16.9
30.0
30.3 Copper weight (kg) 2.3 3.2 5.2 6.4 5.2
Relative copper weight (%)
27
30
24
18
15
The question now is where and how to best recycle electric motors.
Technical and economic reasons lead to recycling electric motors within the copper industry.
Recycling copper in the steel making industry is ineffective and affects the quality of the resulting steel.
Once copper enters a steel melt, pyro-metallurgical processes are ineffective at eliminating it. The reason is the higher affinity of iron for oxygen. The only practical method of reducing copper content in steel is by dilution. Copper as an alloying metal hardens steel and deteriorates the surface quality during hot rolling. The content of copper as an unavoidable impurity is limited to only 0.25 % in almost all steel qualities. Therefore, steel scrap has very strict limitations concerning the copper content. Nevertheless, there are some steel grades and trademark brands containing copper. Good corrosion resistance and/or high mechanical strength characterize such steels. One widely known example of such weathering steel is the popular COR-TEN steel
5. Publication No Cu0181
Issue Date: March 2013
Page 3
which can be alloyed with copper up to 1.5 %. Current alloying practice is supposedly the direct injection of copper into the melt, as apparently no master alloys are offered on the market.
On the contrary, as will be described below in the copper metallurgy section, iron can be easily separated from copper. Due to its higher affinity for oxygen than copper, iron is essentially oxidized during smelting and converting and transformed in a silicate-based slag, which can be recycled for construction and road works.
Note that the situation is less problematic for rotors containing aluminium: on one hand the aluminium content is much lower by a factor three in comparison to copper, and on the other, aluminium is routinely used to deoxidize steel melts.
Economically, the recycling of the CRM in the copper industry makes sense as well.
In reference to the LME copper price, the discount for the copper contained in rotor scrap is approximately 25%. This means that the value of the copper is higher by almost one order of magnitude in comparison to the steel of the cage. This becomes clear by considering a steel scrap price of some 200 €/ton and an LME copper quotation of some 6,500 €/ton. For one ton of rotor scrap of which 25% is copper, the steel value would be at the best around 150 € and for copper around 1,300 €.
Practically speaking, the recycling path for the CRM is essentially similar to the one used for conventional motors with copper wire coils. It consists of two distinctive processes:
The extraction of the copper (usually mixed with iron and steel fragments forming the so-called meatballs) from the decommissioned and shredded systems, like end of life vehicles and appliances. Figure 1 shows the simplified scheme of the scrap sorting circuit.
The pyro-metallurgical separation of copper and iron eventually leads to high purity cathodes and iron silicate based slag. Figure 3 shows the simplified refining process of copper scrap.
As indicated, for the first process, electrical motor containing systems like vehicles and appliances are increasingly fragmented mechanically with hammers and shredders following the manual removal of fluids or specific subsystems like wire harnesses and radiators. An initial sorting with strong magnets separates the magnetic iron fragments and the non-magnetic light materials (glass, polymers, et cetera) as well as most of the non-ferrous metals (stainless steel, aluminium, copper, et cetera). Both fractions have to be processed further for a better sorting of the different materials and a more efficient recycling. This is obvious for the non- magnetic fraction. It holds also for the steel fragments, because of their contamination with non-ferrous metal parts, which are embedded in the fragments or which just stick to them. The truly critical parts are the armature copper windings that were not fully removed from the rotor and stator iron bodies. These iron/copper fragments are usually designated as “meatballs”—a term which is also suitable to the CRMs.
Picture 3 :Mixed scraps with “meatballs”
6. Publication No Cu0181
Issue Date: March 2013
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Figure 1: Flow-chart of the recovery of meatballs
In previous processes, the meatballs had to be picked out manually. This is now being carried out more and more by automated methods. In recent years, new sorting lines have been developed combining chemical identification of the major constituents of the fragments and controlled pneumatic sorting. The fragments are placed on an endless conveyer belt and pass under analytical sensors, currently using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. New tools are under development such as laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which may possibly allow for better spatial resolution and chemical sensitivity. At the end of the belt, a row of valves can deliver controlled high-pressure air jets for ejecting out of the main steel stream one or two fractions of contaminants. Figure 2 shows the main steps of a modern sorting line.
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Figure 2: Modern sorting line
It is important to note that these analytical techniques only analyse the surface of the sample with an information depth below one mm. In order to sort the shredded scrap efficiently, sufficient copper must be apparent to the probing beam—either x-rays or laser light. Otherwise, meatballs will be considered as pure iron fragments and will thus deteriorate the quality of the iron scrap. At this stage, the layouts of the two kinds of rotors may make a difference: obviously copper is more apparent in a conventional rotor with its windings than in a CRM. Thus, both rotor designers and shredder plants have to make as much copper surface apparent as possible. For the latter, increasing the brittleness of iron by using so-called cryogenic shredding could improve the fragmentation of the rotors. It should also be determined whether automatic visual inspection should supplement chemical analysis.
Nevertheless, it is clear that a truly pure iron fraction is unlikely to ever be achieved, due to the presence of small electrical motors or bits of copper that are too small or hidden and which will not be detected or ejected. The code given by the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI) to the shredded and sorted scrap with electric motors is Shelmo (shredded electric motors) which means mixed copper bearing material from ferrous shredding including motors without cages, and Zebra, which stands for scrap still containing other kinds of high-density non-ferrous metals. The objective of scrap yards is to sort out as much copper as possible and to provide the steel mills with the best quality scrap. On one hand, as already explained, the copper contained in the iron has no value, and in fact being a nuisance. Thus, delivering high quality steel scrap increases the premium on the price which can go from some 5 to 25 €/ton. On the other hand, collecting as much copper as possible for the copper refiners strongly increases the benefit of the sorting operation.
After sorting, the iron scrap goes to the steel mills. There, it is—after inspection, and possibly mixed with higher quality steel scraps—directly melted in electric arc furnaces. The only refining treatment is the removal of gaseous or highly volatile impurities.
The recycling of copper scrap is more complex, but it leads ultimately to a quality identical to one of primary copper obtained from ore. Copper scrap refining starts with a three-step pyro-metallurgical process producing anodes for electrolytic refining in tank houses.
Firstly, low-grade copper inorganics (fumes, dross, slag, et cetera) and metallic scrap like the meatballs are melted in shaft furnaces or Isa smelters under reducing conditions in respect to copper. The main products are impure black copper serving as a collector for most non-ferrous metallic elements, flue dust charged with
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some volatile metallic elements, as well as slag resulting mainly from the oxidation of iron in presence of some fluxes like sand and lime. The presence of iron in the scrap is an asset, because its exothermic oxidation reaction contributes to the heat needed to melt the charge. The slag may also contain some copper and other valuable minor elements. Thus, the flue dust and slag have to be processed to recover all the non-ferrous elements, as well as the off-gas to eliminate hazardous organic compounds. The two following refining furnaces (converting furnace and anode furnace) are charged with the upgraded copper coming from the previous furnace and with higher quality metallic copper scrap like alloys and low purity copper.
Figure 3: Recycling flow-chart of copper scrap
The converting furnace is either a conventional Pierce-Smith converter, or the more recent top blown rotary converter (TBRC). It upgrades the black copper through an oxidation and slag forming process to remove most of its 20% content of other elements. The crude or blister copper obtained consists now of approximately 97% copper. In the anode furnace, the impurity level is still reduced by a similar process to less than 1%.
For the recycling, CRMs have to be considered as low-grade scrap—even if the copper and iron components are rather pure—and charged into the starting furnace. They could also be recycled in a pyro-metallurgical copper production plant using sulphide ore. The process bears some similarities with the refining processes. The only restriction is that the meatballs are fed into a bath-smelting furnace and not into a flash smelter.
Both processes produce anodes of comparable purity, and thus the last common step is electrolytic refining of copper up to 99.99 %, with the possibility of recovering further very valuable elements in the slime like gold and silver.
As a conclusion, there is, worldwide, enough capacity to recycle efficiently, with well-proven technologies, mixed copper/iron scrap such as meatballs. In Europe, there are several secondary copper smelters (Aurubis— Lünen in Germany, Boliden in Sweden, Metallochimique in Belgium, and Montanwerke Brixlegg in Austria) reclaiming copper from electronics and appliance scraps and accounting for a total capacity exceeding 300,000 tons per year. CRM can also easily be handled by primary copper smelters together with copper concentrates.
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It is also possible that a very small fraction could be directly melted for the production of iron containing copper alloys that go to speciality niche markets.
Recycling copper scrap is a field of on-going improvements. The aim is to increase the useful recovery rate of all elements contained in the scrap and to reduce the energetic and environmental burden.
Concerning CRMs, their recycling is similar to that of conventional rotors—the only challenge for the design of the rotor and for the fragmentation at its end of life is that enough copper surface is visible to enable an efficient sorting of the shredded fragments. As shown on the picture below, the copper rings at both ends of the rotor are clearly visible.
Picture 4: CRM ends
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REFERENCES
GENERAL
Jim Fowler: Equipment Focus: Meatball Separators, Scrap Magazine, Washington (Jan/Feb 2011)
Bernd E. Langner: Understanding Copper (2011)
Deutsches Kupferinstitut: Recycling von Kupferwerkstoffen, Düsseldorf (2012)
Robert Stibich: Montanwerke Brixlegg AG (Nordtirol), Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 7, pp. 367-370, Bochum (2004)
WEBSITES
CRM
www.coppermotor.com
www.favi.com
Scrap specifications
www.bdsv.org
www.isri.org
Scrap sorting equipment
www.steinert.de
www.titech.de
Recycling companies
www.aurubis.com
www.galloo.com
www.montanwerke-brixlegg.com
www.metallo.com
INTERVIEWS
Aurubis AG (Lünen) (D) Robert Stauch
Andritz Maerz GmbH (D) Bernhard Hanusch
Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Stahlrecycling- und Entsorgungsunternehmen eV (D) Detlef Cohrs
Metallo-Chimique NV (B) Inge Hofkens
Montanwerke Brixlegg AG (A) Robert Stibich
Steinert Elektromagnete GmbH (D) Astrid Schröder
Titech/Tomra Sorting GmbH (D) Christoph Bach