This document discusses the challenges of reducing feral animal populations through recreational hunting alone. It notes that:
1) Feral animal populations can more than triple each year, so hunters would need to kill over 90% of some species annually to achieve reductions.
2) Unless hunters kill more animals than can be replaced each year, they do not reduce populations as the animals they kill would have likely died anyway from other causes.
3) Recreational hunting in NSW forests does not meet protocols for effective feral animal control, as there are no defined objectives, assessment of methods, integration with other programs, quality control, or monitoring of results.
Predator Control for Sustainable & Organic Livestock ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses predator control methods for sustainable livestock production. It focuses on identifying predator attacks and controlling coyotes and dogs, which account for over 75% of livestock losses. The document recommends using an integrated approach, including fencing, guard animals, and management practices, to minimize losses in a sustainable manner. Once predators have killed livestock, quick action is important to prevent further attacks.
1) Over a seven year period in Western France, 36 whip snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus) suffered mortality from anthropogenic sources such as humans, dogs, and cats.
2) Humans killed over half of the snakes, particularly subadult/hatchling snakes. Dogs and cats also killed snakes, with dogs killing both adult and young snakes and cats only killing young snakes.
3) Mortality patterns varied by age class, with most adult snake deaths occurring in May during the breeding season and most subadult/hatchling deaths in August and September during dispersal from nest sites.
1. The document describes tools and data that can be used to identify and map the ecological value of landscapes, especially outside protected areas, at a fine spatial scale. It details data on biodiversity, threatened species, fragmentation, connectivity and resilience that provide information on key ecological properties and features.
2. The Local Ecological Footprint Tool (LEFT) combines these data layers to provide an index of overall ecological value for each pixel in a map. It was shown to accurately identify threatened species present in a study site in Honduras when compared to field data, though it had some errors of omission and commission.
3. Developing such tools using globally-available web databases allows assessing the ecological value of
This document provides an overview of population ecology concepts related to population dynamics. It discusses how populations are patchy in space and dynamic over time, with population density, size, and dispersion patterns varying spatially. Birth and death rates determine population size changes, with growth rates calculated based on births and deaths. Life histories, including survivorship and fecundity, also influence population growth. Populations can grow exponentially at first but then reach logistic growth as they near the environment's carrying capacity. Tradeoffs exist between different life history traits like growth, reproduction and survival.
The Designation & Management of Threatened Species: is there any point?Mario Balzan
The management of threatened species is an important practical way in which conservationists can intervene with extinction process and reduce the loss of biodiversity by ensuring some (high) probability of long-term species survival (Young, 1994; Norris, 2004). Though maintaining the whole ecosystem is often the target of conservationists, if a population is severely threatened this may not be sufficient. A more direct population management may be required (Hunter, 1996). To conserve such rare species there is a critical need to assess the impacts of threats on the long term survival of an individual population. This requires detailed information about the biology of the species concerned, the habitat it prefers, and the factors that might affect both of these (Root, 1998). Natural resource agencies worldwide develop species recovery plans that specify threats, propose targets required for recovery, and evaluate the extent to which habitat alteration and restoration may influence species decline and recovery (Good et al. 2003)
Epg count of migratory flock of Ghanpokhara, Lamjung, Nepal Autistic Brain
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in migratory sheep and goats in Ghanpokhara, Lamjung, Nepal. The following key points are made:
- Fecal samples from 100 sheep and goats were tested, and 80% were positive for parasites. Strongyle (78%) and Trichostrongyle (44%) were most prevalent.
- Overall egg count was 1227.53±167.43 eggs per gram. Strongyle had the highest count at 829.49±110.41 eggs per gram.
- Prevalence increased with age, being highest in animals over 2 years old. Females had higher prevalence and egg counts than
This thesis examines landscape ecology, survival, and space use of lesser prairie-chickens in the southern Great Plains. The author evaluated nonbreeding female survival using known-fate models and found survival was high but not explained by landscape variables. Home range size was larger for birds tracked with GPS versus VHF and larger in one nonbreeding season versus another. Males and females were tied to leks throughout the nonbreeding season. Habitat use differed among study sites but not temporally. The author also found survival differed between study sites corresponding to grassland amount, and increasing landscape heterogeneity and distance from fences positively and negatively influenced survival, respectively.
Center for Biological Diversity - Newsletter Fall 2010CPartipilo
The document summarizes the Center for Biological Diversity's work to protect and restore wolf populations in North America. It discusses how wolves once occupied a much larger range but were driven to near extinction, and how protections under the Endangered Species Act have allowed populations to increase again. However, wolves still occupy a small fraction of their historic range. The Center recently filed a petition calling for a national recovery plan to reestablish wolf populations across more of their suitable habitat. While wolves have seen some successes, political interference continues to threaten wolf protections and populations still face numerous risks. The Center will continue its legal and advocacy work on behalf of wolves.
Predator Control for Sustainable & Organic Livestock ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses predator control methods for sustainable livestock production. It focuses on identifying predator attacks and controlling coyotes and dogs, which account for over 75% of livestock losses. The document recommends using an integrated approach, including fencing, guard animals, and management practices, to minimize losses in a sustainable manner. Once predators have killed livestock, quick action is important to prevent further attacks.
1) Over a seven year period in Western France, 36 whip snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus) suffered mortality from anthropogenic sources such as humans, dogs, and cats.
2) Humans killed over half of the snakes, particularly subadult/hatchling snakes. Dogs and cats also killed snakes, with dogs killing both adult and young snakes and cats only killing young snakes.
3) Mortality patterns varied by age class, with most adult snake deaths occurring in May during the breeding season and most subadult/hatchling deaths in August and September during dispersal from nest sites.
1. The document describes tools and data that can be used to identify and map the ecological value of landscapes, especially outside protected areas, at a fine spatial scale. It details data on biodiversity, threatened species, fragmentation, connectivity and resilience that provide information on key ecological properties and features.
2. The Local Ecological Footprint Tool (LEFT) combines these data layers to provide an index of overall ecological value for each pixel in a map. It was shown to accurately identify threatened species present in a study site in Honduras when compared to field data, though it had some errors of omission and commission.
3. Developing such tools using globally-available web databases allows assessing the ecological value of
This document provides an overview of population ecology concepts related to population dynamics. It discusses how populations are patchy in space and dynamic over time, with population density, size, and dispersion patterns varying spatially. Birth and death rates determine population size changes, with growth rates calculated based on births and deaths. Life histories, including survivorship and fecundity, also influence population growth. Populations can grow exponentially at first but then reach logistic growth as they near the environment's carrying capacity. Tradeoffs exist between different life history traits like growth, reproduction and survival.
The Designation & Management of Threatened Species: is there any point?Mario Balzan
The management of threatened species is an important practical way in which conservationists can intervene with extinction process and reduce the loss of biodiversity by ensuring some (high) probability of long-term species survival (Young, 1994; Norris, 2004). Though maintaining the whole ecosystem is often the target of conservationists, if a population is severely threatened this may not be sufficient. A more direct population management may be required (Hunter, 1996). To conserve such rare species there is a critical need to assess the impacts of threats on the long term survival of an individual population. This requires detailed information about the biology of the species concerned, the habitat it prefers, and the factors that might affect both of these (Root, 1998). Natural resource agencies worldwide develop species recovery plans that specify threats, propose targets required for recovery, and evaluate the extent to which habitat alteration and restoration may influence species decline and recovery (Good et al. 2003)
Epg count of migratory flock of Ghanpokhara, Lamjung, Nepal Autistic Brain
The document summarizes a study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in migratory sheep and goats in Ghanpokhara, Lamjung, Nepal. The following key points are made:
- Fecal samples from 100 sheep and goats were tested, and 80% were positive for parasites. Strongyle (78%) and Trichostrongyle (44%) were most prevalent.
- Overall egg count was 1227.53±167.43 eggs per gram. Strongyle had the highest count at 829.49±110.41 eggs per gram.
- Prevalence increased with age, being highest in animals over 2 years old. Females had higher prevalence and egg counts than
This thesis examines landscape ecology, survival, and space use of lesser prairie-chickens in the southern Great Plains. The author evaluated nonbreeding female survival using known-fate models and found survival was high but not explained by landscape variables. Home range size was larger for birds tracked with GPS versus VHF and larger in one nonbreeding season versus another. Males and females were tied to leks throughout the nonbreeding season. Habitat use differed among study sites but not temporally. The author also found survival differed between study sites corresponding to grassland amount, and increasing landscape heterogeneity and distance from fences positively and negatively influenced survival, respectively.
Center for Biological Diversity - Newsletter Fall 2010CPartipilo
The document summarizes the Center for Biological Diversity's work to protect and restore wolf populations in North America. It discusses how wolves once occupied a much larger range but were driven to near extinction, and how protections under the Endangered Species Act have allowed populations to increase again. However, wolves still occupy a small fraction of their historic range. The Center recently filed a petition calling for a national recovery plan to reestablish wolf populations across more of their suitable habitat. While wolves have seen some successes, political interference continues to threaten wolf protections and populations still face numerous risks. The Center will continue its legal and advocacy work on behalf of wolves.
This document discusses the development of competencies for blended teaching. It outlines the process used to create draft competencies, which involved forming subgroups, conducting a literature review, and soliciting feedback from experts. The draft competencies are organized into four domains: Mindsets, Qualities, Adaptive Skills, and Technical Skills. Each domain contains several competencies made up of standards. The document provides an overview of the competencies and standards within each domain. It describes next steps, which include further revisions based on feedback, before releasing a final version. Attendees are encouraged to provide comments to help improve the competencies.
Teaching and learning of 21st century competencies in schoolsMario Chavez
The document discusses emerging 21st century competencies such as being a confident person, self-directed learner, and active contributor. It then introduces the Programme for Active Learning (PAL) being implemented in schools. PAL is an experiential program that incorporates creative learning, values education, social-emotional learning, and enjoyment through modules in areas like sports/outdoor education and performing/visual arts. The program is targeted at Primary 1 to 6 students with sessions running 2 hours a week.
Effective Instructional Techniques and Effective Teachingrjhayvcapatoy
This document discusses the key domains of effective teaching: subject matter expertise, classroom management expertise, instructional expertise, communication expertise, diagnostic expertise, and relational expertise. Each domain contains several strands that effective teachers demonstrate. For example, subject matter expertise involves having thorough knowledge of content, being up-to-date in one's field, understanding relationships between concepts, and providing practical examples. Overall, the document outlines the teaching skills and competencies that facilitate students' learning and intellectual growth.
The document discusses competencies, including understanding competencies, why competencies are important, and developing a competency model. It defines competencies as underlying characteristics that are causally related to superior job performance. Developing a competency model involves identifying the competencies required for effective performance, defining behaviors associated with each competency, and applying the model to human resource systems like staffing, learning, performance management and rewarding. Linking competencies to these systems can help align them with business strategy and goals.
The NCBTS outlines 7 domains of effective teaching in the Philippines which include creating a positive learning environment, considering learner diversity, effective curriculum implementation, aligning assessment to standards, community linkages, and personal and professional growth. An ideal teacher serves as a role model, treats students with respect, engages students in varied activities to high standards, and links with communities to help achieve curricular goals through continuous learning and development.
Principles of Teaching:Different Methods and Approachesjustindoliente
The document discusses different approaches and methods for teaching. It defines key concepts like teaching approach, strategy, method, and technique. It also provides examples of different teaching approaches that range from teacher-centered to learner-centered. Direct instruction/lecture and demonstration are two methods discussed in more detail. For direct instruction, steps include demonstrating skills or concepts and providing guided and independent practice. Formative assessment is used during the process. Demonstration involves a teacher or student showing a process while others observe, and guidelines are provided for effective demonstrations.
Predators around the world are facing extinction rates hundreds to thousands of times higher since human introduction. The removal of top predators from ecosystems has disrupted the regulatory balance and decreased biodiversity. Without predators controlling prey populations, prey species multiply rapidly which overtaxes resources and decreases diversity within the prey community through the "Paine effect." Trophic cascades occur when changes in one part of the food chain impact other levels, and they demonstrate the importance of predators in maintaining ecosystem integrity.
Predator Control for Sustainable & Organic Livestock ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses methods for identifying and controlling livestock predators sustainably. It focuses on coyotes and dogs, which cause over 75% of livestock losses. Identification methods include examining attack patterns and carcass remains. Control methods include fencing, guard animals, and working with agencies. The goal is reducing predation through preventative management rather than full elimination of predators.
Predator Control for Sustainable & Organic Livestock ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses methods for controlling livestock predators sustainably and organically. It focuses on identifying predator attacks and managing predators through fencing, secure areas, and guard animals. Coyotes and dogs account for over 75% of livestock losses to predators. The document provides tips for differentiating between coyote and dog attacks and examines various fencing and non-lethal techniques for reducing predation.
Predator Control for Sustainable & Organic Livestock ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses predator control methods for sustainable livestock production. It focuses on identifying predator attacks and controlling coyotes and dogs, which account for over 75% of livestock losses. The document recommends using an integrated approach, including fencing, guard animals, and management practices, to minimize losses in a sustainable manner. Once predators have killed livestock, quick action is important to prevent further attacks.
This document discusses predator management policies and the impacts of different predators on mule deer populations in Utah. It finds that coyotes have the largest impact on fawn survival, accounting for 48% of fawn mortality based on recent studies. Black bears and cougars have smaller impacts, primarily preying on fawns, while adult doe mortality is currently around 14%. The state has an aggressive predator control program focused on coyotes and cougars that aims to increase deer populations when they fall below objectives and predation is identified as a limiting factor.
This document presents information on human-wildlife conflicts from a presentation by Saisikan Patra. It defines human-wildlife conflict as the negative interaction between wild animals and people that impacts both. Such conflicts occur when human and wildlife territories overlap, reducing resources for both. Examples of conflicts provided include crop damage, livestock deaths, and human injuries or deaths from various wildlife species around the world. Causes of conflicts include habitat loss and decline of wildlife prey. Solutions proposed focus on improving wildlife habitats, changing agricultural practices, and increasing awareness of human-wildlife coexistence.
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Large carnivore populations are declining due to conflict with humans over livestock predation and attacks. Successful management of this human-wildlife conflict requires several key elements: promoting sustainable livestock husbandry practices to reduce predation; educating stakeholders to foster coexistence; and implementing compensation programs to incentivize tolerance of some losses. Wildlife management strategies like translocation or lethal removal also impact conflict levels, so population and ecological factors must be addressed. Overall, any management approach requires balancing social, economic and environmental considerations for long-term viability.
Yes, this article is clearly bad news for the Javan rhino. The key details:
- The last known Javan rhino in Vietnam has been found dead, with its horn removed.
- Surveys in 2009 and 2010 did not find any Javan rhino dung samples, confirming the species has gone extinct in Vietnam.
- Poaching is cited as the likely cause of death for this last rhino.
- The extinction of the Javan rhino in Vietnam represents a significant loss, as the national park was its only known habitat in the country.
- With no remaining wild population in Vietnam, and with poaching threatening other rare species, the extinction is a warning about illegal wildlife trade
1) The document outlines an action plan for Asian elephant conservation that aims to protect viable elephant populations and their habitats while minimizing human-elephant conflicts.
2) It recommends maintaining elephant populations above minimum viable levels of 100-1000 individuals to ensure long-term survival, and protecting habitat areas large enough to support these populations.
3) The plan proposes a "landscape approach" involving a network of protected areas and corridors connected by managed elephant ranges to allow for elephant movements and support population connectivity.
Eagles play an important role in controlling pest populations like dassies and hares that compete with livestock for food. While eagles may occasionally prey on young livestock, they typically eat small mammals, reptiles, and carrion. The document provides tips for farmers to avoid conflicts with eagles, such as not overstocking livestock and keeping newborn animals away from eagle nesting sites. It also explains how farmers can help eagles by protecting nesting sites and using poison responsibly to control pests.
One health approach to trichinellosis risk in borderland highlanders of north...ILRI
Poster prepared by Chalisa Kallayanamitra, Chalermpol Samranpong, Bruce A. Wilcox, Parichat Saenna, Veerasak Punyapornwithaya, Khwanchai Kreausukon, Pisit Leeahtam and Manoj Potapohn for the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012
Internal parasites can be a major problem for livestock producers. With parasites developing resistance to dewormers, integrated parasite management is important. Management of nutrition, pasture, and strategic deworming can help control parasites without relying on chemicals. The whole farm system affects parasites - nutrition improves animal health; pasture management reduces contamination; and soil organisms like dung beetles and earthworms kill parasite eggs and larvae. While complete elimination is impossible, reducing parasite loads benefits animal health and productivity.
Black vultures are a native raptor species in North America whose population is currently stable and growing. While not endangered, they are considered a pest species due to the property damage they can cause by roosting on roofs and perching in urban areas. Current management efforts in New Jersey focus on non-lethal deterrents like hanging effigies to scare vultures away from rooftops. A proposed management plan would decrease the population growth rate below stable levels by reducing survival of subadults and adults for 5 years, then pausing to allow the population to recover before closely monitoring it going forward. Success would be measured by decreased nuisance reports, property damage costs, and vulture-caused
The document defines nuisance wildlife as invasive animals that can displace native species or animals that conflict with humans and cause property damage or disease. It lists specific mammal, bird, and fish species considered nuisance in Virginia, including coyotes, nutria, European starlings, and feral hogs. These nuisance species are adaptable, not dependent on specific foods, and generally pose low risks to human health and safety. Their status can change based on how tolerant humans are as populations grow. Coyotes in Virginia are considered a nuisance species with a growing population.
Conservation and use of wildlife: the bushmeat crisisRobert Nasi
This document summarizes a presentation on the bushmeat crisis in Central Africa. It notes that the annual bushmeat harvest in Central Africa may exceed 2 million tonnes, equivalent to over 1.3 billion chickens or 2.5 million cows. Wildlife provides important ecological, economic and cultural benefits but is threatened by unsustainable hunting for local consumption and commercial trade. Factors driving overexploitation include poverty, population growth, commercialization of the wildlife trade, and habitat loss. Lessons indicate there are no simple solutions and that livelihood issues must be addressed alongside biological concerns. Successful management approaches have included game ranching, community-based programs, and new monitoring methods using technology and participatory research.
This document discusses the development of competencies for blended teaching. It outlines the process used to create draft competencies, which involved forming subgroups, conducting a literature review, and soliciting feedback from experts. The draft competencies are organized into four domains: Mindsets, Qualities, Adaptive Skills, and Technical Skills. Each domain contains several competencies made up of standards. The document provides an overview of the competencies and standards within each domain. It describes next steps, which include further revisions based on feedback, before releasing a final version. Attendees are encouraged to provide comments to help improve the competencies.
Teaching and learning of 21st century competencies in schoolsMario Chavez
The document discusses emerging 21st century competencies such as being a confident person, self-directed learner, and active contributor. It then introduces the Programme for Active Learning (PAL) being implemented in schools. PAL is an experiential program that incorporates creative learning, values education, social-emotional learning, and enjoyment through modules in areas like sports/outdoor education and performing/visual arts. The program is targeted at Primary 1 to 6 students with sessions running 2 hours a week.
Effective Instructional Techniques and Effective Teachingrjhayvcapatoy
This document discusses the key domains of effective teaching: subject matter expertise, classroom management expertise, instructional expertise, communication expertise, diagnostic expertise, and relational expertise. Each domain contains several strands that effective teachers demonstrate. For example, subject matter expertise involves having thorough knowledge of content, being up-to-date in one's field, understanding relationships between concepts, and providing practical examples. Overall, the document outlines the teaching skills and competencies that facilitate students' learning and intellectual growth.
The document discusses competencies, including understanding competencies, why competencies are important, and developing a competency model. It defines competencies as underlying characteristics that are causally related to superior job performance. Developing a competency model involves identifying the competencies required for effective performance, defining behaviors associated with each competency, and applying the model to human resource systems like staffing, learning, performance management and rewarding. Linking competencies to these systems can help align them with business strategy and goals.
The NCBTS outlines 7 domains of effective teaching in the Philippines which include creating a positive learning environment, considering learner diversity, effective curriculum implementation, aligning assessment to standards, community linkages, and personal and professional growth. An ideal teacher serves as a role model, treats students with respect, engages students in varied activities to high standards, and links with communities to help achieve curricular goals through continuous learning and development.
Principles of Teaching:Different Methods and Approachesjustindoliente
The document discusses different approaches and methods for teaching. It defines key concepts like teaching approach, strategy, method, and technique. It also provides examples of different teaching approaches that range from teacher-centered to learner-centered. Direct instruction/lecture and demonstration are two methods discussed in more detail. For direct instruction, steps include demonstrating skills or concepts and providing guided and independent practice. Formative assessment is used during the process. Demonstration involves a teacher or student showing a process while others observe, and guidelines are provided for effective demonstrations.
Predators around the world are facing extinction rates hundreds to thousands of times higher since human introduction. The removal of top predators from ecosystems has disrupted the regulatory balance and decreased biodiversity. Without predators controlling prey populations, prey species multiply rapidly which overtaxes resources and decreases diversity within the prey community through the "Paine effect." Trophic cascades occur when changes in one part of the food chain impact other levels, and they demonstrate the importance of predators in maintaining ecosystem integrity.
Predator Control for Sustainable & Organic Livestock ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses methods for identifying and controlling livestock predators sustainably. It focuses on coyotes and dogs, which cause over 75% of livestock losses. Identification methods include examining attack patterns and carcass remains. Control methods include fencing, guard animals, and working with agencies. The goal is reducing predation through preventative management rather than full elimination of predators.
Predator Control for Sustainable & Organic Livestock ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses methods for controlling livestock predators sustainably and organically. It focuses on identifying predator attacks and managing predators through fencing, secure areas, and guard animals. Coyotes and dogs account for over 75% of livestock losses to predators. The document provides tips for differentiating between coyote and dog attacks and examines various fencing and non-lethal techniques for reducing predation.
Predator Control for Sustainable & Organic Livestock ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses predator control methods for sustainable livestock production. It focuses on identifying predator attacks and controlling coyotes and dogs, which account for over 75% of livestock losses. The document recommends using an integrated approach, including fencing, guard animals, and management practices, to minimize losses in a sustainable manner. Once predators have killed livestock, quick action is important to prevent further attacks.
This document discusses predator management policies and the impacts of different predators on mule deer populations in Utah. It finds that coyotes have the largest impact on fawn survival, accounting for 48% of fawn mortality based on recent studies. Black bears and cougars have smaller impacts, primarily preying on fawns, while adult doe mortality is currently around 14%. The state has an aggressive predator control program focused on coyotes and cougars that aims to increase deer populations when they fall below objectives and predation is identified as a limiting factor.
This document presents information on human-wildlife conflicts from a presentation by Saisikan Patra. It defines human-wildlife conflict as the negative interaction between wild animals and people that impacts both. Such conflicts occur when human and wildlife territories overlap, reducing resources for both. Examples of conflicts provided include crop damage, livestock deaths, and human injuries or deaths from various wildlife species around the world. Causes of conflicts include habitat loss and decline of wildlife prey. Solutions proposed focus on improving wildlife habitats, changing agricultural practices, and increasing awareness of human-wildlife coexistence.
This Thematic Paper is part of a Toolkit for Project Design (Livestock Thematic Papers: Tools for Project Design) which reflects IFAD’s commitment to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might have higher incomes, and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets.
The paper indents to be a practical tool for development practitioners, project designers and policymakers to define appropriate livestock development interventions. It also provides recommendations on critical issues for rural development and also possible responses and actions to encourage the socio-economic empowerment of poor livestock keepers.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Large carnivore populations are declining due to conflict with humans over livestock predation and attacks. Successful management of this human-wildlife conflict requires several key elements: promoting sustainable livestock husbandry practices to reduce predation; educating stakeholders to foster coexistence; and implementing compensation programs to incentivize tolerance of some losses. Wildlife management strategies like translocation or lethal removal also impact conflict levels, so population and ecological factors must be addressed. Overall, any management approach requires balancing social, economic and environmental considerations for long-term viability.
Yes, this article is clearly bad news for the Javan rhino. The key details:
- The last known Javan rhino in Vietnam has been found dead, with its horn removed.
- Surveys in 2009 and 2010 did not find any Javan rhino dung samples, confirming the species has gone extinct in Vietnam.
- Poaching is cited as the likely cause of death for this last rhino.
- The extinction of the Javan rhino in Vietnam represents a significant loss, as the national park was its only known habitat in the country.
- With no remaining wild population in Vietnam, and with poaching threatening other rare species, the extinction is a warning about illegal wildlife trade
1) The document outlines an action plan for Asian elephant conservation that aims to protect viable elephant populations and their habitats while minimizing human-elephant conflicts.
2) It recommends maintaining elephant populations above minimum viable levels of 100-1000 individuals to ensure long-term survival, and protecting habitat areas large enough to support these populations.
3) The plan proposes a "landscape approach" involving a network of protected areas and corridors connected by managed elephant ranges to allow for elephant movements and support population connectivity.
Eagles play an important role in controlling pest populations like dassies and hares that compete with livestock for food. While eagles may occasionally prey on young livestock, they typically eat small mammals, reptiles, and carrion. The document provides tips for farmers to avoid conflicts with eagles, such as not overstocking livestock and keeping newborn animals away from eagle nesting sites. It also explains how farmers can help eagles by protecting nesting sites and using poison responsibly to control pests.
One health approach to trichinellosis risk in borderland highlanders of north...ILRI
Poster prepared by Chalisa Kallayanamitra, Chalermpol Samranpong, Bruce A. Wilcox, Parichat Saenna, Veerasak Punyapornwithaya, Khwanchai Kreausukon, Pisit Leeahtam and Manoj Potapohn for the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012
Internal parasites can be a major problem for livestock producers. With parasites developing resistance to dewormers, integrated parasite management is important. Management of nutrition, pasture, and strategic deworming can help control parasites without relying on chemicals. The whole farm system affects parasites - nutrition improves animal health; pasture management reduces contamination; and soil organisms like dung beetles and earthworms kill parasite eggs and larvae. While complete elimination is impossible, reducing parasite loads benefits animal health and productivity.
Black vultures are a native raptor species in North America whose population is currently stable and growing. While not endangered, they are considered a pest species due to the property damage they can cause by roosting on roofs and perching in urban areas. Current management efforts in New Jersey focus on non-lethal deterrents like hanging effigies to scare vultures away from rooftops. A proposed management plan would decrease the population growth rate below stable levels by reducing survival of subadults and adults for 5 years, then pausing to allow the population to recover before closely monitoring it going forward. Success would be measured by decreased nuisance reports, property damage costs, and vulture-caused
The document defines nuisance wildlife as invasive animals that can displace native species or animals that conflict with humans and cause property damage or disease. It lists specific mammal, bird, and fish species considered nuisance in Virginia, including coyotes, nutria, European starlings, and feral hogs. These nuisance species are adaptable, not dependent on specific foods, and generally pose low risks to human health and safety. Their status can change based on how tolerant humans are as populations grow. Coyotes in Virginia are considered a nuisance species with a growing population.
Conservation and use of wildlife: the bushmeat crisisRobert Nasi
This document summarizes a presentation on the bushmeat crisis in Central Africa. It notes that the annual bushmeat harvest in Central Africa may exceed 2 million tonnes, equivalent to over 1.3 billion chickens or 2.5 million cows. Wildlife provides important ecological, economic and cultural benefits but is threatened by unsustainable hunting for local consumption and commercial trade. Factors driving overexploitation include poverty, population growth, commercialization of the wildlife trade, and habitat loss. Lessons indicate there are no simple solutions and that livelihood issues must be addressed alongside biological concerns. Successful management approaches have included game ranching, community-based programs, and new monitoring methods using technology and participatory research.
The document discusses several strategies for conserving big cat species, including lions, tigers, leopards, and cheetahs. It recommends protecting habitats, identifying priority populations for conservation efforts, connecting reserves through land-use planning, increasing anti-poaching enforcement, and creating more reserves. Threats to big cats include loss of habitat, poaching for traditional medicine, hunting, and lack of legal protections. Several organizations work to rescue and rehabilitate big cats in Africa through research, education, and secure protected areas.
The Red-cockaded Woodpecker was downlisted from Vulnerable to Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List due to successful conservation efforts such as habitat management and nest provisioning. It inhabits fire-maintained pine forests and nests in cavities of old-growth trees over 100 years old, laying eggs from late April to early June.
The Red-cockaded Woodpecker was downlisted from Vulnerable to Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List due to successful conservation efforts such as habitat management and nest provisioning. It inhabits fire-maintained pine forests and nests in cavities of old-growth trees over 100 years old, laying eggs from late April to early June.
Similar to Recreational hunting NSW: Claims vs Facts (20)
This document examines how the Westfield Group, a large shopping mall company, avoids paying its fair share of property taxes in the United States through aggressive tax appeals. It analyzes Westfield's properties in 10 states and finds that while the appraised values assigned by local tax authorities total $10.5 billion, Westfield reports much higher shareholder values of $17.4 billion. On average, Westfield pays tax on just 60% of the shareholder value. This tax avoidance results in $116 million in lost tax revenue annually that could fund over 1,500 additional teachers. The document provides several state-by-state examples of large discrepancies between appraised and reported values for Westfield properties.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
According to a poll, the majority of people in NSW believe that the electricity network should remain publicly owned and operated by the government. Over 80% of people believe prices will increase if privatized and that foreign ownership of critical infrastructure like the electricity network should be prohibited. Most think the government does a better job running the electricity network than private companies would.
The CPSU is seeking to negotiate a new collective agreement with TAFE NSW to replace the existing one. Key claims include:
1) Renaming all staff as "TAFE Professional Staff" to better reflect their professional roles and status.
2) Maintaining all existing employment conditions unless improved, and ensuring clear and unambiguous agreement terms.
3) Increasing job security through prioritizing permanent employment, converting temporary and casual roles where possible.
4) Appropriate pay increases and allowances to reward staff for their work.
5) Strong consultation rights and protections against forced redundancies and other measures to enhance staff dignity and career progression.
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Recreational hunting NSW: Claims vs Facts
1. Recreational hunting NSW: claims v facts fact sheet
RELEASED AUGUST 2012 I PAGE 1
I The difficulty of achieving population
nvasive animals, particularly foxes, cats, rabbits and only three months old, and can more than triple their
rats, have caused most of Australia’s animal population in a year. More than 90% may have to be
extinctions and imperil many more species. Hard- reduction killed annually to reduce populations. For sambar that
hoofed feral herbivores like goats and deer damage Most young animals do not survive, for there are not figure is 40% and for cats close to 60%.
wildlife habitats and threaten many rare plants. enough resources for all that are born. Of feral pigs
studied in Kosciuszko National Park, about 15%
How to control feral animals effectively and humanely survived one year.4 Just 1-10% of rabbits usually
to protect native species and ecosystems is one of survive their first year5 and only 20% of foxes may do
the greatest challenges of conservation management. so.6 The rest (the 'doomed surplus') are killed by Table 1. Estimated proportions that need to be
There is a role for volunteer shooters but only where it starvation, predators or disease. killed annually to achieve population reduction
contributes to beneficial outcomes for the environment
(or agriculture). So, a hunter who kills a fox is unlikely to have any Maximum
Threshold to
impact on a fox population, either because the fox annual rate
halt max.
Requirements of feral animal control would died anyway or because its death allows Invasive animal of
population
another fox to survive due to reduced competition for population
“There are three essential requirements for a pest growth
food and territories. Most foxes killed by recreational growth
control technique – necessity, effectiveness and hunters are the less wary juveniles, with low prospects Brown rat (Rattus
humaneness.” 471% 95%
norvegicus)8
7
of survival.
1
Trudy Sharp & Glen Saunders, NSW Government Unless hunters kill more feral animals than can be Black rat (Rattus rattus)9 357% 91%
Government protocols for feral animal control replaced each year, they do not reduce their House mouse (Mus
341% 97%
programs require that they be carefully planned and populations. This fact is well recognised by feral domesticus)10
coordinated to meet defined objectives of desired animal experts, who have learned from past failures Rabbit (Oryctolagus
206% 87%
environmental or economic outcomes.2 They should about the high levels of control need to achieve cuniculus)11
adhere to standard operating procedures, using population reductions. Fox (Vulpes vulpes)12 105% 65%
effective and humane methods. If shooting is used, it The thresholds for population reduction vary between Cat (Felis catus) 13 99% 57%
should be carried out by skilled operators. Programs species, regions and seasons, but the figures in Table
should be monitored to assess whether objectives are Hog deer (Axis porcinus)14 85% 53%
1 give some idea of how difficult it is to achieve, 15
met. Effective programs should reduce “the need to particularly of the most fecund species such as Chital (Axis axis) 76% 49%
cull large numbers of animals on a regular basis”.3 rabbits. It means that large numbers of feral animals Rusa deer (Cervus
70% 46%
Ad hoc recreational hunting such as that practiced in can be killed for no environmental (or agricultural) timorensis)16
NSW state forests breaches feral animal control benefit. Pig (Sus scrofa)
17
69-78% ~70%
protocols in virtually every way. There are no defined Compare the southern right whale (Eubalaena Sambar (Cervus unicolor) 18
55% 40%
objectives, no assessment of whether ground australis) with the black rat (Rattus rattus). The whales 19
shooting is an effective and appropriate method for Goat (Capra hircus ) 53% 35%
don’t reproduce until they’re nine years old and under 20
the purpose, no integration with other programs, no ideal conditions can increase their population by just
Fallow deer (Dama dama) 45% 34%
quality control, no monitoring. 7% a year. Killing more than 6% a year would cause
extinction. Black rats start reproducing when they’re
This fact sheet is endorsed by the Public Service Association of
NSW and the Protected Area Workers Association of NSW.
2. Recreational hunting NSW: claims v facts fact sheet
RELEASED AUGUST 2012 I PAGE 2
Such figures explain why feral animal control generally Ground shooting females. The NSW Game Council’s licensing system
can’t be achieved by ad hoc hunting. They explain deliberately spreads hunters out over NSW forests (at
One reason that hunting is ineffective is that ground
why a 2002-03 hunting bounty on foxes in Victoria did most 1 hunter/400 ha) limiting their capacity to exert
shooting, particularly by day, is generally not efficient,
not work despite an apparently huge tally of 170,000 pressure in any one area.
except in small areas and when used in conjunction
dead foxes. A review by government biologists found
with other methods. Hunters also have highly variable
that the bounty would have reduced fox abundance in
skill levels (no skills tests are conducted for licensing). When recreational hunting can be
less than 4% of the state, that there was a mismatch
between hunting effort and where fox control was The goals of recreational hunting and feral animal effective
most needed, and that numbers would quickly control are different. Hunters are often motivated to Skilled recreational shooters can contribute to feral
bounce back or climb even higher as a consequence maintain feral animal populations for future hunting, animal control in the following circumstances:
of hunting.21 (The area of NSW state forests open to and leave the young and females. “Hunters have a when they participate in professional control
recreational hunting is about 10% of the area of very proud history of maintaining sustainable programs – skilled recreational shooters have
Victoria, but the numbers of foxes killed in 2010-11 by populations of game species that they wish to utilize,” been used to supplement aerial shooting and
recreational hunters in the forests was less than 1% of says the Sporting Shooters Association.23 baiting in Operation Bounceback in South
the level achieved under the failed Victorian bounty.) Australia, for example; or
Hunter often prefer to kill large trophy males (with
The fox bounty joined the long list of failed bounty
antlers), which does not assist with population control
attempts in Australia, which have typically reduced when they exert sufficient sustained pressure over
in polygamous species such as deer, pigs and goats
targeted animal numbers by only 2-10 per cent, far small accessible areas, such as may occur on
because the remaining males can inseminate all the
too little to reduce populations.22 farms.
Table 2. Efficacy of ground shooting (by skilled shooters) for feral animal control
Numbers killed by Estimated
Feral
Assessment of efficacy of ground shooting in government documents recreational hunters in Australian
animal
state forests, 2010-11 population
“not an effective means of reducing rabbit populations”; “may have limited use in controlling light … infestations, but … ineffective in Many million (10
Rabbits24 6621
significantly reducing populations or even maintaining them at low levels”. billion in 1926)25
Foxes26 “ineffective in significantly reducing fox populations, particularly over the longer-term” 1325 7 million 27
28 “except in exceptional circumstances...not considered to be an effective technique for control”; “can be counterproductive to other
Pigs 2296 4-24 million29
techniques in that it can disperse pigs or make them more wary”
Goats 30 “only suitable for smaller scale operations” or “if used in conjunction with other control methods such as mustering or trapping” 2647 3 million31
“considered to be the most effective technique currently available” [however, aerial shooting can achieve much greater effectiveness];
Deer32 “To keep stress to a minimum, shooting operations should occur on moonless nights with the aid of spotlights”; “Silenced rifles may also 512
reduce animal disturbance and facilitate accurate shooting.”
“not effective”; “not appropriate for reducing populations over extensive areas”; “suited to control of small populations or problem
Dogs 33 72
individuals”
34
Cats “limited effectiveness”; “best suited to smaller isolated areas such as islands”. 167 18 million35
3. Recreational hunting NSW: claims v facts fact sheet
RELEASED AUGUST 2012 I PAGE 3
Table 3. Game Council performance statistics, NSW state forests, 2007-201136
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Feral animals killed (rabbits, foxes, goats, pigs, dogs, hares, deer) 7761 11,197 15,232 14,161
Rabbits killed (% of total animals killed) 4076 (53%) 5453 (49%) 8335 (55%) 6621 (47%)
Area state forest for hunting (ha) 1.8 million 2.2 million 2.2 million 2.2 million
Feral animals killed / area 1 per ~230 ha 1 per 196 ha 1 per 144 ha 1 per 155 ha
Hunting days in state forests (assuming each Game Council ‘permission’ is for 1 day) 8600 12,733 20,761 21,354
Feral animal killed / hunting day 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7
State government funding of Game Council $3.52 million $2.88 million $2.53 million $2.56 million
Government funding / feral animal killed $453 $257 $166 $180
shooting can be humane when it is carried out by
Outcomes in NSW State forests Skill and animal welfare “experienced, skilled shooters”. For deer, it is
The NSW Game Council claims that recreational Some recreational hunters are highly skilled but many recommended that hunters “be able to consistently
hunters are providing a cost-effective conservation are not, and there are no shooting competency tests shoot a group of not less than 3 shots within a 10cm
service across close to 2 million hectares of state to acquire a Game Council licence (just a written target at 100 metres”. The Game Council relies on a
forest. They base their claim on the biologically bogus exam). It is apparent from the overall performance – mandatory code of practice as the basis for claims
premise that whenever hunters kill a feral animal they an average 0.7 feral animals killed per hunting day in that licenced hunters hunt humanely but a code does
reduce the population and thereby reduce 2010-11 (mostly rabbits) – that many hunters are not not make hunters skilled.
environmental harm. They conduct no monitoring to skilled. A New Zealand assessment found that fewer Also according to the NSW government codes of
substantiate claimed environmental benefits, simply than 5 per cent of recreational hunters shot more than practice, humaneness requires that shooting of feral
referring to numbers of feral animals killed. But it is half the deer killed.37 Even the former chairman of the animals “should only be used in a strategic manner as
clear from the small numbers killed (compared to likely Game Council, Robert Borsak, wasn’t impressed by part of a co-ordinated program designed to achieve
populations) that they cannot achieve the claimed hunter performance, commenting on a blog site:38 sustained effective control.” Because recreational
benefits (see Table 3). hunting in state forests does not achieve effective feral
“From the Hunt Returns that are coming in (there is
Recreational hunters (12,000 were licensed to shoot in no reason to believe that they are not fair dinkum), animal control, it breaches welfare standards by
state forests in 2010-11) have killed no more than for the 4 months to end October, 12,824 animals promoting killing that provides no benefit other than
15,000 feral animals a year across close to 2 million have been sighted & 2,035 (16%) of all kinds, have recreational pleasure for hunters.
hectares of state forest. About half the animals killed been killed. Not a great success rate.”
have been rabbits, for which shooting is ineffectual,
The lack of skill has major animal welfare (and human The ‘free service’ that costs taxpayers
and the overall average has been one feral animal
killed per 150 hectares of state forest per year.
safety) implications. According to NSW government a fortune
codes of practice for humane control of feral animals,
4. Recreational hunting NSW: claims v facts fact sheet
RELEASED AUGUST 2012 I PAGE 4
The Game Council claims that hunters offer a free or one-third of Game Council revenue 8 years after Hunters have exacerbated feral animal problems by
cost-effective hunting service for the benefit of the establishing the licensing system. undermining feral animal control and through the
public. If it is not effective, recreational hunting cannot actions of maverick hunters in spreading feral animals.
be cost-effective, even if it was done for free. It is far Summary: Why recreational hunting is The Invasive Species Council is particularly concerned
from free: $14.5 million of public funding has been by the growing influence of the hunting lobby over
granted to the Game Council from 2003 to 2011 (see generally not effective feral animal policy.
Table 4). The cost to the public has been an average Feral animals are typically highly fecund and many
Deer are probably Australia’s worst emerging feral
$264 per animal killed on public lands from 2007-11.39 populations are saturated with a large ‘doomed
animal threat,42 set to rival “feral pigs and feral goats in
surplus’ (who would normally die due to lack of
distribution, abundance and impacts in the near
resources), which enables them to quickly replace
future.”43 Populations are expanding and spreading
Table 4. NSW Game Council funding, 2003-1140 animals killed by hunters.
into new areas.44 Herbivory and degradation by feral
NSW Government License fee Ground shooting (even using skilled shooters) is deer are listed as a key threatening process in NSW.
Year not an effective means of primary control for most Yet deer are largely protected for hunters in NSW (and
funding revenue
feral animals and according to government Victoria and Tasmania). Unlike other feral animals
2003-04 $750,000 - standards should only be used as part of co- recognised as threats to biodiversity and agriculture,
2004-05 - $426,000 ordinated programs, usually as a supplement to there are restrictions on deer control on private land.
2005-06 $2,000,000 $379,000 other methods. Other than landholders, their household and
employees, anyone shooting deer has to be licensed
2006-07 $250,000 $467,000 Hunting in NSW state forests is ad hoc with no
by the Game Council and cannot shoot deer at night
specific environmental goals, planning or
2007-08 $3,517,000 $546,000 or with spotlights, which is more effective than day
monitoring. The licensing system deliberately
2008-09 $2,884,000 $730,000 shooting.
spreads hunters out (at most 1 hunter/400 ha).
2009-10 $2,527,000 $920,000 The hunting lobby periodically denies that deer cause
Hunters often prefer to kill large trophy males,
environmental problems and has opposed
2010-11 $2,556,000 $974,000 which makes little contribution to control because
declarations of feral deer as pests or threats. In
Total $14,484,000 $4,442,000 in polygamous species such as deer, pigs and
Victoria, the Australian Deer Association took the
goats the remaining males can inseminate all the
government to court to try to stop the declaration of
females.
sambar as a threatening process. In NSW, the Game
If spent on professional feral animal control programs, Hunters are often motivated to maintain feral Council has declared its opposition to any pest
the $15 million spent on the Game Council could have animal populations for future hunting, leaving declaration for deer.45
achieved substantial outcomes for conservation. The young and females.
$2.5 million granted last year could have paid for Much of the deer problem Australia faces is due to
effective fox control over a much larger area than the Hunters have highly variable skill levels (no skills hunters shifting them into new areas. A survey in 2000
state forests.41 tests are conducted for licensing) – in 2010-11, found that 58% of populations had probably
each hunting day in state forests resulted on established due to illegal translocation.46 Feral deer
Originally, it was intended the Game Council would average in 0.7 feral animals killed. were observed in 30 new locations in NSW between
become self-funding, but there seems no prospect of 2002 and 2004.47
this, as licence fees from hunters account for less than
Potential adverse outcomes
5. Recreational hunting NSW: claims v facts fact sheet
RELEASED AUGUST 2012 I PAGE 5
Hunters have also illegally shifted pigs into new areas, settlement (dwarf emu species on Kangaroo Island
as substantiated by genetic evidence.48 The national and King Island) and numerous extinctions following
threat abatement plan for feral pigs notes that the introduction of foxes and rabbits for hunting. It
“continued release of feral pigs for hunting, either in might be fair to say that hunters are ‘first in
new areas or in areas that they do not currently extinctions’ in Australia.
occupy is a major threat to effective management of
The main hunting lobbies have demonstrated an anti-
feral pigs and their damage.”49 It also notes concerns
conservation agenda by opposing national park
that the dogs may take non-target wildlife “as it is not
declarations and proposing to release new exotic
possible for hunters to continuously control their dogs
animals. The Game and Feral Animal Control Act
during hunting forays”.50 Escaped hunting dogs are a
Amendment Bill 2009, introduced by the Shooters
major environmental and agricultural problem.
Party but rejected by the NSW Government, would
Recreational hunting can make professional control have made it legal to release exotic game bird species
more difficult and expensive by altering the behaviour that have been assessed by the Australian Vertebrate
of targeted animals.51 Animals subject to shooting Pests Committee as posing a serious or extreme pest
disturbance are likely to become more wary – pigs threat to Australia.
and some deer species, for example, forage more at
night than during the day – and may inhabit more
secure areas within their range or move elsewhere.52
First in conservation?
The Game Council has run advertisements with the
tagline ‘Hunters – First in Conservation’. This can be
taken to mean that hunters are either the foremost
conservationists or that they were the earliest
conservationists. The conservation record of early
white hunters includes the first, and possibly the
Endnotes
second, extinction in Australia after European
6. Recreational hunting NSW: claims v facts fact sheet
RELEASED AUGUST 2012 I PAGE 6
1 12 24
NSW Government codes of practice, eg. Sharp T, Saunders Hone 1999. See Note 10. Commonwealth of Australia. 2007. Background document for
G. 2007. Model code of practice for the humane control of wild 13 the threat abatement plan for competition and land degradation
Hone et al. 2010. See Note 8.
dogs. NSW Department of Primary Industries. by feral rabbits. Canberra: Department of Environment and
www.invasiveanimals.com/downloads/ COP_for_wild_dogs.pdf 14 Water Resources.
Hone et al. 2010. See Note 8.
2 www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/tap-
See various standard operating procedures at 15
Hone et al. 2010. See Note 8. drafts.html.
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/vertebrate- 16
Hone et al. 2010. See Note 8. 25
pests/codes/humane-pest-animal-control. http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-
17
Saunders G. 1993. Observations on the effectiveness of weeds/pest-animals/lc0298-rabbits-and-their-impact
Norris A, Low T, Gordon I, Saunders G, Lapidge S, Lapidge K,
26
Peacock T, Pech RP. 2005. Review of the management of feral shooting feral pigs from helicopters. Wildlife Research 20: 771- Sharp T, Saunders G. 2007. Model code of practice for the
animals and their impact on biodiversity in the rangelands. A 76. humane control of foxes. NSW Department of Primary
resource to aid NRM planning. Canberra: Pest Animal Control Industries. http://www.invasiveanimals.com/downloads
Choquenot D. 1998. Testing the relative influence of intrinsic
CRC. /COP_for_foxes.pdf.
and extrinsic variation in food availability on feral pig populations
3 27
NSW Government codes of practice, see Note 1. in Australia’s rangelands. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:887- Commonwealth of Australia. 2007. Background document for
4
907. the threat abatement plan for predation by the European red
Saunders G. 1993. The demography of feral pigs (Sus scrofa)
Giles JR. 2001. The dynamics of feral pig populations in fox. Canberra: Department of the Environment and Water
in Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales. Wildlife
Australia: implications for management. Feral Pigs: Pest Status Resources.
Research 20: 559-69.
and Prospects for Control. Proceedings of a Feral Pig www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/tap-
5
Sharp T, Saunders G. Model Code of Practice for the Humane Workshop James Cook University, Cairns March 1999. C drafts.html.
Control of Rabbits. NSW Government. Johnson, 28
Commonwealth of Australia. 2005. Threat abatement plan for
6
Queensland Government. 2010. European red fox Vulpes Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology predation, habitat degradation, competition and disease
vulpes. Fact sheet. Department of Employment, Economic and Management: 39-42. transmission by feral pigs. Canberra: Department of the
Development and Innovation. Environment and Heritage.
18
7
Hone et al. 2010. See Note 8. www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/tap-
Fairbridge D, Marks C. 2005. Evaluation of the 2002/03 19 approved.html.
Victorian Fox Bounty Trial. Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Parkes JP, Henzell R and Pickles G (1996). Managing
29
Department of Primary Industries, Frankston. vertebrate pests: feral goats. Bureau of Resource Sciences., Commonwealth of Australia. 2005. Threat abatement plan for
Canberra. predation, habitat degradation, competition and disease
Saunders G, McLeod L. 2007. Improving fox management 20 transmission by feral pigs. Canberra: Department of the
strategies in Australia. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra. Hone et al. 2010. See Note 8.
Environment and Heritage.
21
8
Hone J, Duncan R, Forsyth D. 2010. Estimates of maximum Fairbridge D, Marks C. 2005. Evaluation of the 2002/03 www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/tap-
annual population growth rates (rm) of mammals and their Victorian Fox Bounty Trial. Frankston: Vertebrate Pest Research approved.html.
application in wildlife management. Journal of Applied Ecology Unit, Department of Primary Industries. 30
Sharp T, Saunders G. 2007. Model code of practice for the
2010, 47, 507-514. 22
humane control of feral goats. NSW Department of Primary
Hassall and Associates. 1998. Economic evaluation of the
9
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