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Recognizing Special Needs at Home and in School.pptx
- 1. Recognizing Special Needs atHome and in School PRESENTED BY: RICHARD C. SO, OTRP
- 2. Objectives of thediscussion 1. To provide teachers as to what to look out for to know if a child is at risk for having a developmental disability. 2. To provide a discussion as to the common developmental disabilities that can be seen at home, in school, and in the community.
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- 4. Motor Overly soft orstiff muscles The mother experienced stress or disease during pregnancy The child showed minimal or no movement upon delivery Noticeable delays in motor skills compared to peers
- 5. Sensory Does not noticeif he hits a person or object, lacks a sense of danger Crying or covering of ears when he hears noise Speech delays Child does not look/follow moving objects Child does not turn towards the source of sound
- 6. Social-Emotional No eye contact, looksas if he is in his own world Does not interact with kids his age Shows separation and stranger anxiety all the time Delays in play and social interaction Lines up objects/toys in front of him Looks intently at spinning objects Does not eat well or is a very picky eater
- 9. Classroom/School Red-Flags Does notinteract with other kids Tends to hurt other kids or is aggressive Shows aversion or difficulty in coloring and writing Does not respond to the teacher as an authority figure Hyperactive, roams around the classroom, fidgety Spaced out or stares intently at a particular part of the classroom Reading and other academic difficulties Easily injured or avoids playground/PE activities
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- 12. Down Syndrome o Asyndrome that resulted from a genetic anomaly o A child with Down Syndrome may have accompanying medical conditions, in the heart, vision, gastro-intestinal o Most commonly accompanied cognitive difficulties o 1 in 800 births o It is said that the reason why the child may have Down Syndrome is maternal age
- 13. Down Syndrome Physical Characteristics Floppymuscles Flat face with small nose Upward slant of the eyes Epicanthal folds Small, differently-shaped ears
- 14. Down Syndrome Physical Characteristics Big,broad tongue Space between the big toe and 2nd toe Clinodactyly Simian Crease
- 15. Other problems ofchildren with DS Hypotonicity Joint hypermobility Gross motor delays Mental retardation Learning disabilities Social skills difficulties ADL difficulties Feeding difficulties
- 16. Treatment goals Minimize milestonedelays Encourage oro-motor function Increase strength and stability Joint and energy conservation Obesity prevention
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- 18. • Inattention, hyperactivity,impulsivity • 6% of school-aged children in the world has ADHD • Males:Females – 4:1 • Most commonly seen during the pre- school or elementary school ages • Most often than not, ADHD is a lifetime disorder ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
- 19. ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Classictype Inattentive type Overfocused type Temporal lobe type Ring of fire type Limbic type Anxious type
- 20. Classic Type ◦ Fidgetingin his seat ◦ Roams around the classroom like a supervisor ◦ Runs and climbs around anywhere ◦ Very talkative ◦ Always on the go and full of energy ◦ Butts into conversations ◦ Difficulty waiting for his turn ◦ Disorganized ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
- 21. Inattentive Type ◦ Shortfocus, doesn’t pay attention, easily distracted from what he was doing ◦ Difficulty finishing his work ◦ Difficulty in planning and organizing ◦ Loses things and is forgetful ◦ Spaced out ◦ Makes careless mistakes because he was not paying attention ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
- 22. Overfocused ADHD ◦ Involvesobsessive thinking and compulsive behaviors, causing fixations on one task ◦ Habit tracking helps manage by setting attention- shifting goals ◦ Gets stuck in loops of negative thoughts or behaviors, inflexibility ◦ Frequent oppositional or argumentative behavior ◦ May or may not be hyperactive ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
- 23. Temporal Lobe ADHD ◦Inattentive,easily distracted ◦Disorganized, irritable, short fuse, dark thoughts, mood instability ◦May struggle with learning disability ◦May or may not be hyperactive ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
- 24. Ring of FireType ◦All symptoms of ADHD are present ◦Low ability to finish all his work ◦Is a bully and almost always angry ◦Aggressive and talks back to parents ◦Low grades in school ◦May or may not have hyperactivity ◦Irritable, overly sensitive, cyclic moodiness, oppositional ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
- 25. Limbic ADHD ◦Inattentive, distracted,disorganized ◦Chronic low-grade sadness or negativity ◦Low energy, tends to be more isolated socially and frequent feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness ◦May or may not be hyperactive ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
- 26. Anxious ADHD ◦Inattentive, easilydistracted, disorganized ◦Anxious, tense, nervous ◦Predicts the worst, gets anxious with timed tests, social anxiety, and often has physical stress symptoms such as headache and gastrointestinal symptoms ◦May or may not be hyperactive ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
- 27. Is it ADHDor normal childhood activity ◦ DSM = presence of 6 or more symptoms for each type of ADHD ◦ Symptoms should be persistent for more than 6 months ◦ Symptoms should be present before the child is 12 years old ◦ Symptoms should be present in 2 or more aspects (house, school, community, etc.) ◦ Symptoms interfere with the child’s social, academic and occupational functions ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
- 28. What can wedo to help a child with ADHD? ◦ According to research, a child with ADHD benefits more from multi-modal intervention ◦ THERE IS NO QUICK FIX ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Skills Training Groups Pharmacology School Accommodations Individual & Parent Therapy
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- 30. ASD is aneuro-developmental disorder characterized by: ◦ Difficulty in socialization ◦ Difficulty in talking and other forms of communication ◦ Repetitive or stereotyped behavior patterns AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)
- 31. Most common symptomsof children with ASD ◦ Difficulty socializing ◦ Does not look when being spoken to ◦ Absent or fleeting eye contact ◦ As if he has his own world ◦ Difficulty understanding social cues ◦ Repetitive, stereotyped movements and behaviors ◦ Splinter skills ◦ Lining up of toys ◦ Intent gazing on spinning objects or blinking lights AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD)
- 32. How is ASDdiagnosed? ◦ No babbling or pointing at the age of 1 y/o ◦ Absent single-word phrases at 16 months ◦ Absent 2-word phrases by 2 y/o ◦ No or limited response to name calling ◦ Difficulties in language and social skills AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD)
- 33. How is ASDdiagnosed? ◦ Lining up of toys ◦ Difficulty socializing with other kids his age ◦ Pre-occupied with a single object or toy ◦ Routine inflexibility ◦ Side-gazing AUTISM/AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD)
- 34. Level 1 ASD •Currently the lowest classification. Typically, those diagnosed of Level 1 will require some support, especially in areas of social interaction and executive function Level 2 ASD • In the mid-range, these individuals require more support and have struggles that are obvious to others. These may be, but are not limited to poor verbal communication, restricted interests, and frequent, repetitive behaviors. Level 3 ASD • On the most severe end of the autism spectrum. These individuals will require substantial support. Characteristics of levels 1 and 2 will still be present but are far more severe and are often accompanied by other complications. There will be a limited ability to communicate and interact socially with others. AUTISM/AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD) The Levels of Autism Spectrum Disorder according to the DSM-V
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- 37. •Heterogenous group of disorderwith persistent movement and posture difficulties caused by non- progressive lesions to the immature brain •It is a NON-SPECIFIC term Cerebral Palsy
- 38. • Difficulty movingbecause of stiffness (increased muscle tone) or Spasticity • Cannot move on his own because of low muscle tone or Hypotonicy • Has difficulty moving due to uncoordinated or too much muscle movement/activity or Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
- 39. •Hemiplegia Types of CerebralPalsy Based on Topography Only half of the body is spastic UE > LE spasticity Right > Left Uses only one hand to do things Most of kids with hemiplegic CP can walk
- 40. •Diplegia Types of CerebralPalsy Based on Topography 2 LE > 2 UE Foot is usually internally rotated and assumes a tip-toed position Can use hands but is usually clumsy Most of the time due to prematurity Cognitive skills are intact
- 41. •Paraplegia Types of CerebralPalsy Based on Topography Both LE are spastic Has difficulty assuming upright position (sitting, standing, and walking) Both UE are fully functional Cognitive skills are intact
- 42. •Quadriplegia Types of CerebralPalsy Based on Topography All extremities are grossly affected; very spastic and assumes hyperextended position Most commonly caused by birth complications Most commonly suffers from aspiration pneumonia Cognitive and visual problems are present Seizure disorders are commonly present
- 43. Clinical Classifications • Hypertonic withpoor posture control Spastic • Muscles are soft, cannot move Hypotonic • Abnormal involuntary movement Dyskinetic • Wide-based walking pattern Ataxic • Combined spasticity and dyskinetic Mixed type
- 44. Causes of CerebralPalsy Time (% of cases) Causes Prenatal (44%) First trimester • Teratogenic – Alcohol, cigarettes, recreational drugs, over the counter drugs • Genetic syndromes • Brain malformations
- 45. Causes of CerebralPalsy Time (% of cases) Causes Prenatal (44%) Second trimester • Infections of the uterus • Problems in fetal/placental functioning, coagulation, and thrombosis • STORCH – Syphilis, Toxopolasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex
- 46. Perinatal Causes ofCP Prematurity • <37 weeks • Most common cause of cognitive problems • Child assumes hyperextended position Hypoxia or lack of oxygen in the womb • Placental complications • Cord prolapse or coiled cord syndrome • Prolonged labor >24 hours • Perinatal stroke Other causes • Periventricular Leukomalacia • Trauma • Low birth weight <1500gm
- 47. Postnatal Causes ofCP Head trauma Infection/meningitis Interruption of blood supply to the brain
- 48. Other Concerns toNote Teeth are brittle Speech delays Vision problems Seizures Cognitive delays Sensory processing problems Behavior concerns
- 49. What can wedo? Exercises and stretching (either to decrease spasticity or improve muscle tone) Medical management (Botox injection, surgery) to spastic muscles or dorsal rhizotomy Splints and other support and positioning devices
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- 54. •A type ofdisability wherein the child experiences difficulties in learning to read, write, and count (3Rs) •A child with LD experiences difficulty in learning concepts within the regular classroom setting LEARNING DISABILITY (LD)
- 55. Dyscalculia - May havedifficulty understanding numbers and other concepts of mathematics - May have difficulty understanding symbols relating to mathematics, memorize and sequence numbers, read and tell the time, and counting or making sets LEARNING DISABILITY (LD)
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- 57. Dysgraphia - A childwith dysgraphia may show illegible handwriting, poor letter and word alignment and spacing - May also show letter reversals during writing activity - Difficulties may also be apparent in spelling words - May also show difficulties in written composition LEARNING DISABILITY (LD)
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- 59. Dyslexia -The child mayhave difficulty in reading, decoding, comprehension, recall, writing, and spelling words -Language-based learning disability LEARNING DISABILITY (LD)
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- 61. Why is earlydetection and intervention important? The connections in the child’s brain is most adaptable in the first 3 years of life (neuroplasticity) Changes the child’s developmental path and improve child, family, and community outcomes Families become more equipped to better meet their child’s needs from an early age
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- 63. A CHILD withNeurodevelopmental delay will only SUCCEED if there is COLLABORATIVE TEAM EFFORT. The child School Home Community Therapy and other support services
- 64. ADAPTIVE SKILL AREAS(Smith, 2007) • Life skills • Occupational skills • Self-help & Safety Practical • Regular academic tract • Functional academic tract Conceptua l • Interpersonal skills • Following rules and law • Responsibility • Self-esteem • Avoiding abuse Social
- 65. If development isto be continuous and sure, a carefully conceived, progressive, and integrated program that promotes MASTERY of COMPETENCIES must be in effect. - Jangra, 2005 PRACTICE! PRACTICE! PRACTICE!
- 66. Intervention for Childrenwith Developmental Delays •Intervention for children with developmental delays usually revolve around the following areas: Sensory Integration and Processing Behavior Modification Techniques Fine Motor Development and Intervention Cognitive and Academic Skills Intervention Social Skills Training Development of occupational performance (play, work/leisure, ADL) Parent and caregiver empowerment Advocacy
Editor's Notes
- #44 Fetal alcohol syndrome - Problems may include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems, and problems with hearing or seeing Untreated thyroid diseases in pregnancy may lead to premature birth, preeclampsia (a severe increase in blood pressure), miscarriage, and low birth weight among other problems History of 2 or more fetal deaths If a developing fetus is infected by a TORCH agent, the outcome of the pregnancy may be miscarriage, stillbirth, delayed fetal growth and maturation (intrauterine growth retardation), or early delivery. In addition, newborns infected by any one of the TORCH agents may develop a spectrum of similar symptoms and findings. These may include listlessness (lethargy), fever, difficulties feeding, enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatomegaly), and decreased levels of the oxygen-carrying pigment (hemoglobin) in the blood (anemia). Toxoplasmosis is usually spread by eating poorly cooked food that contains cysts, exposure to infected cat feces, and from a mother to a child during pregnancy if the mother becomes infected. Prevention is by properly preparing and cooking food. It is also recommended that pregnant women not clean cat litter boxes Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The primary route of transmission is throughsexual contact; it may also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis. Common symptoms that develop over the first couple of years of life include enlargement of the liver and spleen (70%), rash (70%), fever (40%), neurosyphilis (20%), and lung inflammation (20%). Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles,[1] is an infection caused by the rubella virus. The syndrome (CRS) follows intrauterine infection by the rubella virus and comprises cardiac, cerebral, ophthalmic and auditory defects.[17] It may also cause prematurity, low birth weight, and neonatal thrombocytopenia, anemia and hepatitis. The risk of major defects or organogenesis is highest for infection in the first trimester. If the baby survives the infection, it can be born with severe heart disorders (Patent ductus arteriosus being the most common), blindness, deafness, or other life-threatening organ disorders. The skin manifestations are called "blueberry muffin lesions" Cytomegalovirus (from the Greek cyto-, "cell", and megalo-, "large") Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals Diseases associated with HHV-5 include mononucleosis, and pneumonias Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpesvirus family,Herpesviridae, that infect humans. Symptoms of herpes simplex virus infection include watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, lips or genitals Fetal wastage - Loss of an embryo or fetus through spontaneous abortion or stillbirth; usually expressed as a rate per 1000 pregnancies with respect to a particular cause, such as maternalinfection or drug addiction. Placental abnormalities – abnormal shape, implantation, abnormal coverings – associated with hemorrhage, preterm delivery, fetal malformations Severe proteinuria – preeclampsia 3rd trimester bleeding – may indicate placenta issues, miscarriage, vasa previa - the developing baby's blood vessels in the umbilical cord or placenta cross the opening to the birth canal. Vasa previa can be very dangerous to the baby because the blood vessels can tear open, causing the baby to bleed severely and lose oxygen. Breech presentation Twin or multiple pregnancies
- #45 Fetal alcohol syndrome - Problems may include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems, and problems with hearing or seeing Untreated thyroid diseases in pregnancy may lead to premature birth, preeclampsia (a severe increase in blood pressure), miscarriage, and low birth weight among other problems History of 2 or more fetal deaths If a developing fetus is infected by a TORCH agent, the outcome of the pregnancy may be miscarriage, stillbirth, delayed fetal growth and maturation (intrauterine growth retardation), or early delivery. In addition, newborns infected by any one of the TORCH agents may develop a spectrum of similar symptoms and findings. These may include listlessness (lethargy), fever, difficulties feeding, enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatomegaly), and decreased levels of the oxygen-carrying pigment (hemoglobin) in the blood (anemia). Toxoplasmosis is usually spread by eating poorly cooked food that contains cysts, exposure to infected cat feces, and from a mother to a child during pregnancy if the mother becomes infected. Prevention is by properly preparing and cooking food. It is also recommended that pregnant women not clean cat litter boxes Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The primary route of transmission is throughsexual contact; it may also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis. Common symptoms that develop over the first couple of years of life include enlargement of the liver and spleen (70%), rash (70%), fever (40%), neurosyphilis (20%), and lung inflammation (20%). Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles,[1] is an infection caused by the rubella virus. The syndrome (CRS) follows intrauterine infection by the rubella virus and comprises cardiac, cerebral, ophthalmic and auditory defects.[17] It may also cause prematurity, low birth weight, and neonatal thrombocytopenia, anemia and hepatitis. The risk of major defects or organogenesis is highest for infection in the first trimester. If the baby survives the infection, it can be born with severe heart disorders (Patent ductus arteriosus being the most common), blindness, deafness, or other life-threatening organ disorders. The skin manifestations are called "blueberry muffin lesions" Cytomegalovirus (from the Greek cyto-, "cell", and megalo-, "large") Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals Diseases associated with HHV-5 include mononucleosis, and pneumonias Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpesvirus family,Herpesviridae, that infect humans. Symptoms of herpes simplex virus infection include watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, lips or genitals Fetal wastage - Loss of an embryo or fetus through spontaneous abortion or stillbirth; usually expressed as a rate per 1000 pregnancies with respect to a particular cause, such as maternalinfection or drug addiction. Placental abnormalities – abnormal shape, implantation, abnormal coverings – associated with hemorrhage, preterm delivery, fetal malformations Severe proteinuria – preeclampsia 3rd trimester bleeding – may indicate placenta issues, miscarriage, vasa previa - the developing baby's blood vessels in the umbilical cord or placenta cross the opening to the birth canal. Vasa previa can be very dangerous to the baby because the blood vessels can tear open, causing the baby to bleed severely and lose oxygen. Breech presentation Twin or multiple pregnancies