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Receptors are proteins that receive chemical signals and induce cellular responses. There are several types of receptors including ion channel receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and intracellular receptors. Ion channel receptors bind messengers and undergo a conformational change that opens or closes an ion channel, altering ion flow across the cell membrane. G-protein coupled receptors interact with G-proteins to activate intracellular signaling pathways. Kinase-linked receptors have an enzymatic domain that is activated upon messenger binding to induce phosphorylation events in the cell. Intracellular receptors bind steroid hormones that enter the cell and regulate gene expression.
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Receptors Types and details
Receptors are globular proteins located in the cell membrane that receive messages from chemical messengers. When a messenger binds to a receptor's binding site, it causes a conformational change in the receptor through induced fit. This change initiates a signal transduction cascade inside the cell, leading to a cellular response without the messenger entering the cell. The main types of receptors are ion channel receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and intracellular receptors. Each triggers distinct downstream signaling pathways through opening ion channels, activating G-proteins, phosphorylating proteins, or regulating gene expression respectively.
Hormone mechanism of action
Hormones act through two main mechanisms: binding to intracellular receptors or cell surface receptors linked to intracellular messengers. Steroid hormones like estrogen bind to nuclear receptors to influence gene expression, while tropic hormones activate cell membrane receptors coupled to messengers like cAMP or IP3/DAG. These messengers then activate intracellular kinase pathways to induce cellular responses.
Cell surface and intrcellular receptors
Cell surface and intracellular receptors play important roles in signal transduction. There are two main types of receptors - internal receptors located in the cytoplasm that directly influence gene expression, and cell surface receptors that span the plasma membrane and convert extracellular signals into intracellular signals. Cell surface receptors include enzyme-linked receptors with intracellular enzyme domains, ion channel-linked receptors that open channels for ion flow, and G-protein-linked receptors that activate intracellular G-proteins to transmit signals. Defects in cell surface receptors can cause diseases.
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Cell signalling allows cells to communicate with each other and respond to changes in their environment. There are three main stages of cell signalling: reception, transduction, and response. During reception, a signalling molecule binds to a receptor on the cell surface. Transduction involves a cascade of molecular changes that amplify the signal and propagate it inside the cell. This ultimately leads to the cellular response. Key aspects of signal transduction include the use of second messengers, protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, cross-talk between pathways, and signal amplification to ensure even small extracellular signals elicit a strong intracellular response.
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The signal transduction pathway uses a network of interactions within cells, among cells, and throughout plant.
The external signals that affect plant growth and development include many aspects of the plant’s physical, chemical, and biological environments. Some external signals come from other plants.
Many signals interact cooperatively and synergistically with each other to produce the final response. Signal combinations that induce such complex plant responses include red and blue light, gravity and light, growth regulators and mineral nutrients .
For example the overall regulation of seed germination involves control by both external factors and internal signals.
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This document provides an overview of cell signalling. It discusses how cells communicate using chemical signals or ligands that are secreted from sending cells and bind to receptors on receiving cells. This triggers intracellular signalling pathways that result in changes within the target cell. The document outlines different types of cell signalling including autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and juxtacrine signalling. It also describes the key components of cell signalling pathways, including the synthesis and release of signalling molecules, transport to target cells, receptor detection and binding, signal transduction through the cell, and ultimately a cellular response. Common intracellular signalling pathways like MAPK pathways are discussed as examples.
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Receptors are globular proteins located in the cell membrane that receive messages from chemical messengers. When a messenger binds to a receptor's binding site, it causes a conformational change in the receptor through induced fit. This change initiates a signal transduction cascade inside the cell, leading to a cellular response without the messenger entering the cell. The main types of receptors are ion channel receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked receptors, and intracellular receptors. Each triggers distinct downstream signaling pathways through opening ion channels, activating G-proteins, phosphorylating proteins, or regulating gene expression respectively.
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Hormones act through two main mechanisms: binding to intracellular receptors or cell surface receptors linked to intracellular messengers. Steroid hormones like estrogen bind to nuclear receptors to influence gene expression, while tropic hormones activate cell membrane receptors coupled to messengers like cAMP or IP3/DAG. These messengers then activate intracellular kinase pathways to induce cellular responses.
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Cell surface and intracellular receptors play important roles in signal transduction. There are two main types of receptors - internal receptors located in the cytoplasm that directly influence gene expression, and cell surface receptors that span the plasma membrane and convert extracellular signals into intracellular signals. Cell surface receptors include enzyme-linked receptors with intracellular enzyme domains, ion channel-linked receptors that open channels for ion flow, and G-protein-linked receptors that activate intracellular G-proteins to transmit signals. Defects in cell surface receptors can cause diseases.
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The signal transduction pathway uses a network of interactions within cells, among cells, and throughout plant.
The external signals that affect plant growth and development include many aspects of the plant’s physical, chemical, and biological environments. Some external signals come from other plants.
Many signals interact cooperatively and synergistically with each other to produce the final response. Signal combinations that induce such complex plant responses include red and blue light, gravity and light, growth regulators and mineral nutrients .
For example the overall regulation of seed germination involves control by both external factors and internal signals.
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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receptors-.pdf
- 1. RECEPTORS TYPES, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- 3. • A (globular) protein that receives chemical signal • Plasma membrane or Nucleus • Bound by a ligand • Specific cellular-biochemical pathway • Cellular or tissue response INTRODUCTION
- 4. THE ROLE OF THE RECEPTOR •Binding site •Intermolecular bonds •Induced fit of the receptor protein •Change in receptor shape •Domino effect •Chemical signal being •Chemical messenger departs unchanged
- 5. THE BINDING SITE Cell Membrane Cell Receptor Messenger message Induced fit Cell Receptor Messenger Message Cell Messenger Receptor
- 6. THE BINDING • Binding site is nearly complementary to the messenger • Binding alters the shape of the receptor (induced fit) • Altered receptor shape leads to further effects - signal transduction
- 7. BINDING ENERGY Intermolecular bonds are not optimum length for maximum binding strength After –Intermolecular bond lengths optimised Phe Ser O H Asp CO2 Induced Fit Phe Ser O H Asp CO2
- 8. INDUCED FIT • Binding interactions must be strong enough to hold the messenger sufficiently long for signal transduction to take place • Interactions must be weak enough to allow the messenger to depart • Implies a fine balance • Designing molecules with stronger binding interactions results in drugs that block the binding site - antagonists
- 9. MAIN TYPES OF RECEPTORS • Ion channel receptors • G-protein-coupled receptors • Kinase-linked receptors • Intracellular receptors
- 10. ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS • Receptor protein is part of an ion channel protein complex • Receptor binds a messenger leading to an induced fit • Ion channel is opened or closed • Ion channels are specific for specific ions (Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, K+) • Ions flow across cell membrane down concentration gradient • Polarises or depolarises nerve membranes • Activates or deactivates enzyme catalysed reactions within cell
- 12. ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS • Transmembrane Proteins • TM2 of each protein subunit ‘lines’ the central pore TM4 TM4 TM4 TM3 TM3 TM3 TM3 TM3 TM2 TM2 TM2 TM2 TM2 TM1 TM1 TM1 TM1 TM1 TM4 TM4
- 13. GATING • Chemical messenger binds to receptor binding site • Induced fit results in further conformational changes • TM2 segments rotate to open central pore Closed Transverse view TM2 TM2 TM2 TM2 TM2 Cell membrane TM2 TM2 Open Transverse view TM2 TM2 TM2 TM2 TM2
- 14. GATING • Fast response measured in milli-seconds • Ideal for transmission between nerves • Binding of messenger leads directly to ion flows across cell membrane • Ion flow = secondary effect (signal transduction) • Ion concentration within cell alters • Leads to variation in cell chemistry
- 18. LIGAND BINDING SITE A. Monoamines: pocket in TM helices B. Peptide hormones: top of TM helices + extracellular loops + N-terminal chain C. Hormones: extracellular loops + N-terminal chain D. Glutamate: N-terminal chain
- 19. TYROSINE KINASE - LINKED RECEPTORS • Bifunctional receptor / enzyme • Activated by hormones • Overexpression (Cancer)
- 20. TYROSINE KINASE - LINKED RECEPTORS • Protein serves dual role - receptor plus enzyme • Receptor binds messenger leading to an induced fit • Protein changes shape and opens active site • Reaction catalyzed within cell • Overexpression related to several cancers
- 21. TYROSINE KINASE - LINKED RECEPTORS
- 22. TYROSINE KINASE - LINKED RECEPTORS
- 23. EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR)
- 24. EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR) • Active site on one half of dimer catalyzes phosphorylation of Tyr residues on other half • Dimerization of receptor is crucial • Phosphorylated regions act as binding sites for further enzymes • Results in activation of signaling proteins and enzymes • Message carried into cell
- 25. INSULIN RECEPTOR (TETRAMERIC COMPLEX)
- 27. INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS • Chemical messengers must cross cell membrane • Chemical messengers must be hydrophobic • Example-steroids and • Steroid receptors
- 30. THANK YOU