Receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Spike (S) protein: This group contains the receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike
(S) protein from highly pathogenic human virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The CoV S protein is an
envelope glycoprotein that plays the most important role in viral attachment, fusion, and entry
into host cells, and serves as a major target for the development of neutralizing antibodies,
inhibitors of viral entry, and vaccines. It is synthesized as a precursor protein that is cleaved into
an N-terminal S1 subunit (~700 amino acids) and a C-terminal S2 subunit (~600 amino acids)
that mediates attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. Three S1/S2 heterodimers
assemble to form a trimer spike protruding from the viral envelope. The S1 subunit contains a
receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the S2 subunit contains a hydrophobic fusion peptide and
two heptad repeat regions. S1 contains two structurally independent domains, the N-terminal
domain (NTD) and the C-terminal domain (C-domain). Depending on the virus, either the NTD
or the C-domain can serve as the receptor-binding domain (RBD). While RBD of mouse
hepatitis virus (MHV) is located at the NTD, most of other CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2 use
the C-domain to bind their receptors. Recent studies found that the receptor-binding domain
(RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds strongly to human and bat angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 RBD exhibited significantly higher
binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor than SARS-CoV RBD. Due to the key role of the S protein
RBD in viral attachment, it is the major target for antibody-mediated neutralization. This model
corresponds to the S1 subunit C-domain that serves as the RBD for SARS-CoV-2 and most
CoVs.
QS:
Refer back to your notes and reread the details on the RBD. Given that this small domain is the
part that directly interacts with the receptor on the host cells, do you think that SARS-CoV-1 and
SARS-CoV-2 bind the receptors similarly? Why or why not? [1 mark].
9- The key determinant of SARS coronavirus host specificity is the -S.pdfagdaimonds35
9. The key determinant of SARS coronavirus host specificity is the
-Spike protein
-envelope protein
-nucleocapsid protein
-membrane protein
10. The polybasic cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
-binds with the envelope domain.
-causes the viral protease to degrade furin.
-increases amino acid sequence identity with receptor domain.
-enables cleavage by the host cell protease furin
11. One clinical feature of COVID-19 is
-large percentage of critical cases.
-the small percentage of asymptomatic/ mild cases.
-O the large percentage of severe cases.
- the large percentage of asymptomatic/ mild cases.
12. The neutralizing monoclonal antibodies currently used for therapy in COVID-19
-bind to the RBD of the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit interaction with ACE2.
-bind to the RBD of the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 and enhance interaction with
-bind to the RBD of the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit interaction with DC
-bind to the RBD of the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 and enhance interaction with
13. The SARS-CoV-2
-is poorly neutralized by vaccines; the booster vaccine dose decreases immunity.
-is strongly neutralized by vaccines; the booster vaccine dose enhances immunity.
-is poorly neutralized by vaccines; the booster vaccine dose has no effect.
-is poorly neutralized by vaccines; the booster vaccine dose increases immunity..
9- The key determinant of SARS coronavirus host specificity is the -S.pdfagdaimonds35
9. The key determinant of SARS coronavirus host specificity is the
-Spike protein
-envelope protein
-nucleocapsid protein
-membrane protein
10. The polybasic cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
-binds with the envelope domain.
-causes the viral protease to degrade furin.
-increases amino acid sequence identity with receptor domain.
-enables cleavage by the host cell protease furin
11. One clinical feature of COVID-19 is
-large percentage of critical cases.
-the small percentage of asymptomatic/ mild cases.
-O the large percentage of severe cases.
- the large percentage of asymptomatic/ mild cases.
12. The neutralizing monoclonal antibodies currently used for therapy in COVID-19
-bind to the RBD of the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit interaction with ACE2.
-bind to the RBD of the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 and enhance interaction with
-bind to the RBD of the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit interaction with DC
-bind to the RBD of the S protein in SARS-CoV-2 and enhance interaction with
13. The SARS-CoV-2
-is poorly neutralized by vaccines; the booster vaccine dose decreases immunity.
-is strongly neutralized by vaccines; the booster vaccine dose enhances immunity.
-is poorly neutralized by vaccines; the booster vaccine dose has no effect.
-is poorly neutralized by vaccines; the booster vaccine dose increases immunity..
The aim of this bulletin is to delineate the essential information about medicine and human disease. In the first volume of this bulletin, we have discussed aware that India is facing an extraordinary challenge to protect its citizens from the rapidly spreading COVID-19 pandemic all around the globe. It is a time of demand to do efforts against this pandemic, demands the contribution of youth to act against the spread of COVID-19 across India. The technical education community in the country is well-capable of serving the humanity by utilizing the knowledge and resources.
We have a great responsibility of not only making the people aware of precautionary measures but also to provide a solution or helping hand to strengthen the Government, peoples and School Children in combating the COVID-19.
I hope this manageable Bulletin would serve to provide unique information for COVID 19 prevention, progression and control. My sincere thanks are due to my colleagues for their valuable comments and suggestions.
Dr. A. K. Gupta
The coronavirus spike is believed to be a member of the class I viral membrane fusion proteins that also include those from influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Ebola virus.
Among these proteins, the hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) of the influenza virus is arguably the best studied.
The COVID-19 pandemic is driving the need for rapid development of effective vaccines and therapies. Developing an effective vaccine requires an understanding of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. An assay to measure circulating antibodies, specifically neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that disrupt receptor-binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding to prevent SARS-COV-2 cell entry is an important research tool.
ImmunoRank is a high-throughput surrogate assay that semi-quantitative detects and ranks circulating SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies of all Ig classes (total antibody) in human plasma or serum. Highly correlated to FRNT or PRNT live virus tests, but is less laborious, takes only 80 minutes to complete, and does not require a BSL3 laboratory.
Role of ACE-2 Receptors in Multi-Systemic Manifestations of COVID-19semualkaira
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) virus, which was first discovered in late 2019, is currently wreaking havoc around the world. The most common symptom of this illness is a type of extreme acute respiratory distress
syndrome. Aside from the pulmonary manifestations, the virus is
known to affect several other organs.
Role of ACE-2 Receptors in Multi-Systemic Manifestations of COVID-19semualkaira
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) virus, which was first discovered in late 2019, is currently wreaking havoc around the world. The most common symptom of this illness is a type of extreme acute respiratory distress
syndrome. Aside from the pulmonary manifestations, the virus is
known to affect several other organs.
The severity and emergency of SARS-CoV-2 infection spurs an urgent need for antiviral drug and vaccine discovery. Creative Biolabs has spent considerable efforts to provide scientific support and comprehensive services to promote the success of this combat.
Equipped with cutting-edge techniques and vast experience, Creative Biolabs is keeping up with current research hotspots and integrating all resources to guarantee high-quality services (including but not limiting to): Antiviral Drug Discovery, Vaccine Discovery, Evaluation Platforms, In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Immunoassays.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. As a leading service provider in the field of biological research and drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides fast & elaborate therapeutic antibody discovery, drug candidates screening and vaccine development services to help combat this outbreak.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
Like MERS and SARS, SARS-CoV-2 can cause asymptomatic infections or severe acute respiratory diseases, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
Creative Biolabs is a global leader in vaccine development. Our dedicated scientists have extensive experience in the development of new vaccines and can provide our clients with comprehensive vaccine development services to prevent infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/
Covid 19- immunopathogenesis, clinical signs and treatment by Timothy AdegbileTimothy Adegbile
Covid 19- immunopathogenesis, clinical signs and treatment. What we know so far about covid-19 and medications. LNMU. A concise approach to learning about COVID-19.
Creative Biolabs has extensive experience in coronavirus research. Provide comprehensive high-quality coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, etc.) related services and products.
This slide provides a brief introduction to SARS-CoV-2. If you need more knowledge, products and services related to SARS-CoV-2, please follow us.
Required information -The following information applies to the questio (254).pdfMax3zSLangdonj
Required information [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.] Trey
Monson starts a merchandising business on December 1 and enters into the following three
inventory purchases. Monson uses a perpetual inventory system. Also, on December 15 ,
Monson sells 15 units for $24 each. Determine the costs assigned to ending inventory when costs
are assigned based on the LIFO method..
Required information -The following emormation appoies to the questian.pdfMax3zSLangdonj
Required information [The following emormation appoies to the questians displayed bolowk]
The equity sections for Atticus Group at the beginning of the year (Jonuary 1) and end of the
yoar (December 3i) follow. The followerg irnesactions and events effected its equity during the
year Jiakry 3 berlaced a su.4e per share cash dividend, date of record lawary 10. Harch a8
Burcheded treabury stock for cash. 4eril 5 theclared a so.Ae per viare cail dividend, dote of
record Merl1 19. July 5 teclared a 50.40 per share cash dividend, dote of record july 10 . lely 11
Declated a 2 is stock alvidend whan the stock's market value was $12 per share. kipent is
thelated the stock dividend that was declared on July 31. october 5 laiclared a so, 4e per share
cash olvidend, date of record octiter ie. 4. What is the per share cost of the treosury stock
purchosed? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.).
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The aim of this bulletin is to delineate the essential information about medicine and human disease. In the first volume of this bulletin, we have discussed aware that India is facing an extraordinary challenge to protect its citizens from the rapidly spreading COVID-19 pandemic all around the globe. It is a time of demand to do efforts against this pandemic, demands the contribution of youth to act against the spread of COVID-19 across India. The technical education community in the country is well-capable of serving the humanity by utilizing the knowledge and resources.
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I hope this manageable Bulletin would serve to provide unique information for COVID 19 prevention, progression and control. My sincere thanks are due to my colleagues for their valuable comments and suggestions.
Dr. A. K. Gupta
The coronavirus spike is believed to be a member of the class I viral membrane fusion proteins that also include those from influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Ebola virus.
Among these proteins, the hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) of the influenza virus is arguably the best studied.
The COVID-19 pandemic is driving the need for rapid development of effective vaccines and therapies. Developing an effective vaccine requires an understanding of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2. An assay to measure circulating antibodies, specifically neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that disrupt receptor-binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding to prevent SARS-COV-2 cell entry is an important research tool.
ImmunoRank is a high-throughput surrogate assay that semi-quantitative detects and ranks circulating SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies of all Ig classes (total antibody) in human plasma or serum. Highly correlated to FRNT or PRNT live virus tests, but is less laborious, takes only 80 minutes to complete, and does not require a BSL3 laboratory.
Role of ACE-2 Receptors in Multi-Systemic Manifestations of COVID-19semualkaira
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) virus, which was first discovered in late 2019, is currently wreaking havoc around the world. The most common symptom of this illness is a type of extreme acute respiratory distress
syndrome. Aside from the pulmonary manifestations, the virus is
known to affect several other organs.
Role of ACE-2 Receptors in Multi-Systemic Manifestations of COVID-19semualkaira
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) virus, which was first discovered in late 2019, is currently wreaking havoc around the world. The most common symptom of this illness is a type of extreme acute respiratory distress
syndrome. Aside from the pulmonary manifestations, the virus is
known to affect several other organs.
The severity and emergency of SARS-CoV-2 infection spurs an urgent need for antiviral drug and vaccine discovery. Creative Biolabs has spent considerable efforts to provide scientific support and comprehensive services to promote the success of this combat.
Equipped with cutting-edge techniques and vast experience, Creative Biolabs is keeping up with current research hotspots and integrating all resources to guarantee high-quality services (including but not limiting to): Antiviral Drug Discovery, Vaccine Discovery, Evaluation Platforms, In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Immunoassays.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has raised global concerns. It is identified as the cause of pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since the early outbreak in Wuhan, China, it has subsequently spread to all provinces of China and many other countries. The urgent epidemic situation has spurred the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. As a leading service provider in the field of biological research and drug discovery, Creative Biolabs provides fast & elaborate therapeutic antibody discovery, drug candidates screening and vaccine development services to help combat this outbreak.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
Like MERS and SARS, SARS-CoV-2 can cause asymptomatic infections or severe acute respiratory diseases, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/novel-coronavirus-sars-cov2.htm
Creative Biolabs is a global leader in vaccine development. Our dedicated scientists have extensive experience in the development of new vaccines and can provide our clients with comprehensive vaccine development services to prevent infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/
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students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of severe acute respiratory.pdf
1. Receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Spike (S) protein: This group contains the receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike
(S) protein from highly pathogenic human virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The CoV S protein is an
envelope glycoprotein that plays the most important role in viral attachment, fusion, and entry
into host cells, and serves as a major target for the development of neutralizing antibodies,
inhibitors of viral entry, and vaccines. It is synthesized as a precursor protein that is cleaved into
an N-terminal S1 subunit (~700 amino acids) and a C-terminal S2 subunit (~600 amino acids)
that mediates attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. Three S1/S2 heterodimers
assemble to form a trimer spike protruding from the viral envelope. The S1 subunit contains a
receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the S2 subunit contains a hydrophobic fusion peptide and
two heptad repeat regions. S1 contains two structurally independent domains, the N-terminal
domain (NTD) and the C-terminal domain (C-domain). Depending on the virus, either the NTD
or the C-domain can serve as the receptor-binding domain (RBD). While RBD of mouse
hepatitis virus (MHV) is located at the NTD, most of other CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2 use
the C-domain to bind their receptors. Recent studies found that the receptor-binding domain
(RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds strongly to human and bat angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 RBD exhibited significantly higher
binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor than SARS-CoV RBD. Due to the key role of the S protein
RBD in viral attachment, it is the major target for antibody-mediated neutralization. This model
corresponds to the S1 subunit C-domain that serves as the RBD for SARS-CoV-2 and most
CoVs.
QS:
Refer back to your notes and reread the details on the RBD. Given that this small domain is the
part that directly interacts with the receptor on the host cells, do you think that SARS-CoV-1 and
SARS-CoV-2 bind the receptors similarly? Why or why not? [1 mark]
![Receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Spike (S) protein: This group contains the receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike
(S) protein from highly pathogenic human virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The CoV S protein is an
envelope glycoprotein that plays the most important role in viral attachment, fusion, and entry
into host cells, and serves as a major target for the development of neutralizing antibodies,
inhibitors of viral entry, and vaccines. It is synthesized as a precursor protein that is cleaved into
an N-terminal S1 subunit (~700 amino acids) and a C-terminal S2 subunit (~600 amino acids)
that mediates attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. Three S1/S2 heterodimers
assemble to form a trimer spike protruding from the viral envelope. The S1 subunit contains a
receptor-binding domain (RBD), while the S2 subunit contains a hydrophobic fusion peptide and
two heptad repeat regions. S1 contains two structurally independent domains, the N-terminal
domain (NTD) and the C-terminal domain (C-domain). Depending on the virus, either the NTD
or the C-domain can serve as the receptor-binding domain (RBD). While RBD of mouse
hepatitis virus (MHV) is located at the NTD, most of other CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2 use
the C-domain to bind their receptors. Recent studies found that the receptor-binding domain
(RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds strongly to human and bat angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 RBD exhibited significantly higher
binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor than SARS-CoV RBD. Due to the key role of the S protein
RBD in viral attachment, it is the major target for antibody-mediated neutralization. This model
corresponds to the S1 subunit C-domain that serves as the RBD for SARS-CoV-2 and most
CoVs.
QS:
Refer back to your notes and reread the details on the RBD. Given that this small domain is the
part that directly interacts with the receptor on the host cells, do you think that SARS-CoV-1 and
SARS-CoV-2 bind the receptors similarly? Why or why not? [1 mark]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/receptor-bindingdomainofthes1subunitofsevereacuterespiratory-230312000620-43bddf80/85/Receptor-binding-domain-of-the-S1-subunit-of-severe-acute-respiratory-pdf-1-320.jpg)
