Dr. James Chip Coldren discusses the need for methodological rigor in studies of policing. He highlights recent efforts like the Campbell Collaboration reviews, the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, and CrimeSolutions.gov which aim to improve research quality in policing through evaluating studies based on the Maryland Scientific Scale and prioritizing those with rigorous designs like randomized controlled experiments and comparative studies. These initiatives help identify policing practices and programs with evidence of effectively reducing crime.
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 1Jervaughn F. ReidHelm School BetseyCalderon89
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 1
Jervaughn F. Reid
Helm School of Government, Liberty University
Evidence-Based Policing
Dr. Melvin Richards
May 19, 2021
Author Note
Jervaughn F. Reid
I do not have any conflict of interest to disclose.
Any communication about this article should be articulated to
Jervaughn F. Reid
Email: [email protected]
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 2
Abstract
There have been proposals to incorporate scientific evidence into police work. This paper will look
at evidence-based security, crime prevention, and problem-oriented policing in prosperous
countries. It is believed that some aspects have hindered the advancement of such a plan. Police
officers are not aware of evidence of crime-control techniques and tend not to use traditional or law
enforcement reactions. There is a limited knowledge base on which practitioners can develop
responses to crime problems, and researchers differ about what is helpful. While attempts to
incorporate research into the police system are welcome, caution will be taken against over-trust in
what can be achieved and provide advice to all who work to strengthen the evidence-based
process.
Keywords: Evidence-Based Policing, Criminal Justice and Problematic Police Forces.
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 3
Evidence-Based Policing
The use of data to support and guide policymaking has been among the recommended
approaches for the effective attainment of evidence-based policing (Greig-Midlane, 2019;
Farrington et al., 2019). Therefore, there should be a practical approach and techniques of
collecting and interpreting data/evidence at the disposal of the policymakers. Evidence is used to
decide if an offense has been perpetrated, suggest who may have committed it, and attempt to find
a point beyond reasonable suspicion in a court of law (Tewksbury, 2009). Mazzei & Roy (2017)
assert that policing will be more effective and provide long-lasting solutions with evidence.
Traditional practices that lack adequate systematic confirmation are subject to suspicion, according
to evidence-based policing. Evidence-based policing service starts with empirical assessments of
both proven and new methods and procedures. Several police innovations have emerged to include
evidence-based policy, such as the National Intelligence Model (NIM). This paper, however,
focuses on problematic police forces (POP). This is because POP has a more extended history than
NIM. Equally, more research has been carried out on problematic police forces than National
Intelligence Models partly because problematic police forces have a higher foreign profile than
National Intelligence Model in which the National Intelligence Model will eventually overlook.
Lastly, POPs are more committed to public treatment than National Intelligence Models. The
problem-oriented approach to policing and teamwork ostensibly includes identifying, executing,
and creating information to resolve real-world neighbor ...
10.11770002716203262548 ARTICLETHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACASantosConleyha
10.1177/0002716203262548 ARTICLETHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMYREDUCING CRIME, DISORDER, AND FEAR 593May
The authors review research on police effectiveness in
reducing crime, disorder, and fear in the context of a
typology of innovation in police practices. That typology
emphasizes two dimensions: one concerning the diver-
sity of approaches, and the other, the level of focus. The
authors find that little evidence supports the standard
model of policing—low on both of these dimensions. In
contrast, research evidence does support continued
investment in police innovations that call for greater
focus and tailoring of police efforts, combined with an
expansion of the tool box of policing beyond simple law
enforcement. The strongest evidence of police effec-
tiveness in reducing crime and disorder is found in the
case of geographically focused police practices, such as
hot-spots policing. Community policing practices are
found to reduce fear of crime, but the authors do not find
consistent evidence that community policing (when it is
implemented without models of problem-oriented
policing) affects either crime or disorder. A developing
body of evidence points to the effectiveness of problem-
oriented policing in reducing crime, disorder, and fear.
More generally, the authors find that many policing
practices applied broadly throughout the United States
either have not been the subject of systematic research
or have been examined in the context of research designs
that do not allow practitioners or policy makers to draw
very strong conclusions.
Keywords: police; evaluations; crime; disorder; hot
spots; problem-oriented policing; commu-
nity policing
The past decade has been the most innovativep e r i o d i n A m e r i c a n p o l i c i n g . S u c h
approaches as community policing, problem-
oriented policing, hot-spots policing, and bro-
ken-windows policing either emerged in the
1990s or came to be widely adopted by police
agencies at that time. The changes in American
42 ANNALS, AAPSS, 593, May 2004
DOI: 10.1177/0002716203262548
What Can
Police Do to
Reduce Crime,
Disorder, and
Fear?
By
DAVID WEISBURD
and
JOHN E. ECK
David Weisburd is a professor of criminology at the
Hebrew University Law School and a professor of crimi-
nology and criminal justice at the University of Mary-
land–College Park. He is also a senior fellow at the Police
Foundation in Washington, D.C.
John E. Eck is a professor in the Division of Criminal Jus-
tice at the University of Cincinnati.
policing were dramatic. From an institution known for its conservatism and resis-
tance to change, policing suddenly stood out as a leader in criminal justice innova-
tion. This new openness to innovation and widespread experimentation in new
practices were part of a renewed confidence in American policing that could be
found among not only police professionals but also scholars and the general public.
While there is much debate over what caused the crime drop of the 19 ...
10.11770002716203262548 ARTICLETHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACABenitoSumpter862
10.1177/0002716203262548 ARTICLETHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMYREDUCING CRIME, DISORDER, AND FEAR 593May
The authors review research on police effectiveness in
reducing crime, disorder, and fear in the context of a
typology of innovation in police practices. That typology
emphasizes two dimensions: one concerning the diver-
sity of approaches, and the other, the level of focus. The
authors find that little evidence supports the standard
model of policing—low on both of these dimensions. In
contrast, research evidence does support continued
investment in police innovations that call for greater
focus and tailoring of police efforts, combined with an
expansion of the tool box of policing beyond simple law
enforcement. The strongest evidence of police effec-
tiveness in reducing crime and disorder is found in the
case of geographically focused police practices, such as
hot-spots policing. Community policing practices are
found to reduce fear of crime, but the authors do not find
consistent evidence that community policing (when it is
implemented without models of problem-oriented
policing) affects either crime or disorder. A developing
body of evidence points to the effectiveness of problem-
oriented policing in reducing crime, disorder, and fear.
More generally, the authors find that many policing
practices applied broadly throughout the United States
either have not been the subject of systematic research
or have been examined in the context of research designs
that do not allow practitioners or policy makers to draw
very strong conclusions.
Keywords: police; evaluations; crime; disorder; hot
spots; problem-oriented policing; commu-
nity policing
The past decade has been the most innovativep e r i o d i n A m e r i c a n p o l i c i n g . S u c h
approaches as community policing, problem-
oriented policing, hot-spots policing, and bro-
ken-windows policing either emerged in the
1990s or came to be widely adopted by police
agencies at that time. The changes in American
42 ANNALS, AAPSS, 593, May 2004
DOI: 10.1177/0002716203262548
What Can
Police Do to
Reduce Crime,
Disorder, and
Fear?
By
DAVID WEISBURD
and
JOHN E. ECK
David Weisburd is a professor of criminology at the
Hebrew University Law School and a professor of crimi-
nology and criminal justice at the University of Mary-
land–College Park. He is also a senior fellow at the Police
Foundation in Washington, D.C.
John E. Eck is a professor in the Division of Criminal Jus-
tice at the University of Cincinnati.
policing were dramatic. From an institution known for its conservatism and resis-
tance to change, policing suddenly stood out as a leader in criminal justice innova-
tion. This new openness to innovation and widespread experimentation in new
practices were part of a renewed confidence in American policing that could be
found among not only police professionals but also scholars and the general public.
While there is much debate over what caused the crime drop of the 19 ...
Quadratic Formula Suneil RandhawaGBA 5212Chevrolet Car.docxmakdul
Quadratic Formula
Suneil Randhawa
GBA 5212
Chevrolet Car Dealership
The quadratic formula will be very useful in my scenario at a car dealership.
The quadratic formula can be used to calculate the values of the cost in production and or distribution as well as the revenues from the car sales.
This will help the dealership to make sure they are making the correct profit and if not can see where they are lacking.
Situation
Here is one of the situations where Quadratic formula can help my dealership realize whether or not it is making profits. For example, my dealership sells each car for $30,000 per unit. The car manufactures fixed costs are $3,600,000 per year, whereas the variable costs are $7500 per car. So we are figuring out the number of cars our dealership should sell in a year to make $100 million profits at the end of the year.
Profits= Total Revenues – Total costs
Total Revenues= price of each car times the number of cars sold (x)
Total costs=fixed costs + variable costs (i.e., cost of producing each car times the number of cars produced)
100,000,000=30,000X – (3,600,000 + 7500X)
103,600,000 = 22,500x
X= 4,604.44
Implementation
This implies that for Chevrolet to make a profit of $100 million in a year, it will have to produce and sell at least 4604 cars. With this information, Chevrolet may set its monthly targets, work hard to increase its sales, as well as save them from overproduction problem.
Part 3
After brushing up on the topic of quadratic formula, I feel like I can be a more rational and responsible person.
I now see quadratic expressions as useful tools that everyone should be familiar with.
I realized that quadratic expression is very realistic in our every day life; as a result, I can apply it even in my monthly expenditures.
In a business aspect this knowledge of the use of this formula is very key to the success of all MBA graduates. You can use this information to enhance the business you will be working for exponentially.
References
Ignaciuk, P., & Bartoszewicz, A. (2012). Linear-quadratic optimal control of periodic-review perishable inventory systems. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 20(5), 1400-1407.
Koo, D. (2013). Elements of optimization: with applications in economics and business. Springer Science & Business Media.
New Perspec tives in Policing
J U N E 2 0 1 1
Police Discipline: A Case for Change
Darrel W. Stephens
Executive Session on Policing and
Public Safety
This is one in a series of papers that will be pub
lished as a result of the Executive Session on
Policing and Public Safety.
Harvard’s Executive Sessions are a convening
of individuals of independent standing who take
joint responsibility for rethinking and improving
society’s responses to an issue. Members are
selected based on their experiences, their repu
tation for thoughtfulness and their potential for
helping to disseminate the work ...
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 1Jervaughn F. ReidHelm School BetseyCalderon89
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 1
Jervaughn F. Reid
Helm School of Government, Liberty University
Evidence-Based Policing
Dr. Melvin Richards
May 19, 2021
Author Note
Jervaughn F. Reid
I do not have any conflict of interest to disclose.
Any communication about this article should be articulated to
Jervaughn F. Reid
Email: [email protected]
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 2
Abstract
There have been proposals to incorporate scientific evidence into police work. This paper will look
at evidence-based security, crime prevention, and problem-oriented policing in prosperous
countries. It is believed that some aspects have hindered the advancement of such a plan. Police
officers are not aware of evidence of crime-control techniques and tend not to use traditional or law
enforcement reactions. There is a limited knowledge base on which practitioners can develop
responses to crime problems, and researchers differ about what is helpful. While attempts to
incorporate research into the police system are welcome, caution will be taken against over-trust in
what can be achieved and provide advice to all who work to strengthen the evidence-based
process.
Keywords: Evidence-Based Policing, Criminal Justice and Problematic Police Forces.
EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 3
Evidence-Based Policing
The use of data to support and guide policymaking has been among the recommended
approaches for the effective attainment of evidence-based policing (Greig-Midlane, 2019;
Farrington et al., 2019). Therefore, there should be a practical approach and techniques of
collecting and interpreting data/evidence at the disposal of the policymakers. Evidence is used to
decide if an offense has been perpetrated, suggest who may have committed it, and attempt to find
a point beyond reasonable suspicion in a court of law (Tewksbury, 2009). Mazzei & Roy (2017)
assert that policing will be more effective and provide long-lasting solutions with evidence.
Traditional practices that lack adequate systematic confirmation are subject to suspicion, according
to evidence-based policing. Evidence-based policing service starts with empirical assessments of
both proven and new methods and procedures. Several police innovations have emerged to include
evidence-based policy, such as the National Intelligence Model (NIM). This paper, however,
focuses on problematic police forces (POP). This is because POP has a more extended history than
NIM. Equally, more research has been carried out on problematic police forces than National
Intelligence Models partly because problematic police forces have a higher foreign profile than
National Intelligence Model in which the National Intelligence Model will eventually overlook.
Lastly, POPs are more committed to public treatment than National Intelligence Models. The
problem-oriented approach to policing and teamwork ostensibly includes identifying, executing,
and creating information to resolve real-world neighbor ...
10.11770002716203262548 ARTICLETHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACASantosConleyha
10.1177/0002716203262548 ARTICLETHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMYREDUCING CRIME, DISORDER, AND FEAR 593May
The authors review research on police effectiveness in
reducing crime, disorder, and fear in the context of a
typology of innovation in police practices. That typology
emphasizes two dimensions: one concerning the diver-
sity of approaches, and the other, the level of focus. The
authors find that little evidence supports the standard
model of policing—low on both of these dimensions. In
contrast, research evidence does support continued
investment in police innovations that call for greater
focus and tailoring of police efforts, combined with an
expansion of the tool box of policing beyond simple law
enforcement. The strongest evidence of police effec-
tiveness in reducing crime and disorder is found in the
case of geographically focused police practices, such as
hot-spots policing. Community policing practices are
found to reduce fear of crime, but the authors do not find
consistent evidence that community policing (when it is
implemented without models of problem-oriented
policing) affects either crime or disorder. A developing
body of evidence points to the effectiveness of problem-
oriented policing in reducing crime, disorder, and fear.
More generally, the authors find that many policing
practices applied broadly throughout the United States
either have not been the subject of systematic research
or have been examined in the context of research designs
that do not allow practitioners or policy makers to draw
very strong conclusions.
Keywords: police; evaluations; crime; disorder; hot
spots; problem-oriented policing; commu-
nity policing
The past decade has been the most innovativep e r i o d i n A m e r i c a n p o l i c i n g . S u c h
approaches as community policing, problem-
oriented policing, hot-spots policing, and bro-
ken-windows policing either emerged in the
1990s or came to be widely adopted by police
agencies at that time. The changes in American
42 ANNALS, AAPSS, 593, May 2004
DOI: 10.1177/0002716203262548
What Can
Police Do to
Reduce Crime,
Disorder, and
Fear?
By
DAVID WEISBURD
and
JOHN E. ECK
David Weisburd is a professor of criminology at the
Hebrew University Law School and a professor of crimi-
nology and criminal justice at the University of Mary-
land–College Park. He is also a senior fellow at the Police
Foundation in Washington, D.C.
John E. Eck is a professor in the Division of Criminal Jus-
tice at the University of Cincinnati.
policing were dramatic. From an institution known for its conservatism and resis-
tance to change, policing suddenly stood out as a leader in criminal justice innova-
tion. This new openness to innovation and widespread experimentation in new
practices were part of a renewed confidence in American policing that could be
found among not only police professionals but also scholars and the general public.
While there is much debate over what caused the crime drop of the 19 ...
10.11770002716203262548 ARTICLETHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACABenitoSumpter862
10.1177/0002716203262548 ARTICLETHE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMYREDUCING CRIME, DISORDER, AND FEAR 593May
The authors review research on police effectiveness in
reducing crime, disorder, and fear in the context of a
typology of innovation in police practices. That typology
emphasizes two dimensions: one concerning the diver-
sity of approaches, and the other, the level of focus. The
authors find that little evidence supports the standard
model of policing—low on both of these dimensions. In
contrast, research evidence does support continued
investment in police innovations that call for greater
focus and tailoring of police efforts, combined with an
expansion of the tool box of policing beyond simple law
enforcement. The strongest evidence of police effec-
tiveness in reducing crime and disorder is found in the
case of geographically focused police practices, such as
hot-spots policing. Community policing practices are
found to reduce fear of crime, but the authors do not find
consistent evidence that community policing (when it is
implemented without models of problem-oriented
policing) affects either crime or disorder. A developing
body of evidence points to the effectiveness of problem-
oriented policing in reducing crime, disorder, and fear.
More generally, the authors find that many policing
practices applied broadly throughout the United States
either have not been the subject of systematic research
or have been examined in the context of research designs
that do not allow practitioners or policy makers to draw
very strong conclusions.
Keywords: police; evaluations; crime; disorder; hot
spots; problem-oriented policing; commu-
nity policing
The past decade has been the most innovativep e r i o d i n A m e r i c a n p o l i c i n g . S u c h
approaches as community policing, problem-
oriented policing, hot-spots policing, and bro-
ken-windows policing either emerged in the
1990s or came to be widely adopted by police
agencies at that time. The changes in American
42 ANNALS, AAPSS, 593, May 2004
DOI: 10.1177/0002716203262548
What Can
Police Do to
Reduce Crime,
Disorder, and
Fear?
By
DAVID WEISBURD
and
JOHN E. ECK
David Weisburd is a professor of criminology at the
Hebrew University Law School and a professor of crimi-
nology and criminal justice at the University of Mary-
land–College Park. He is also a senior fellow at the Police
Foundation in Washington, D.C.
John E. Eck is a professor in the Division of Criminal Jus-
tice at the University of Cincinnati.
policing were dramatic. From an institution known for its conservatism and resis-
tance to change, policing suddenly stood out as a leader in criminal justice innova-
tion. This new openness to innovation and widespread experimentation in new
practices were part of a renewed confidence in American policing that could be
found among not only police professionals but also scholars and the general public.
While there is much debate over what caused the crime drop of the 19 ...
Quadratic Formula Suneil RandhawaGBA 5212Chevrolet Car.docxmakdul
Quadratic Formula
Suneil Randhawa
GBA 5212
Chevrolet Car Dealership
The quadratic formula will be very useful in my scenario at a car dealership.
The quadratic formula can be used to calculate the values of the cost in production and or distribution as well as the revenues from the car sales.
This will help the dealership to make sure they are making the correct profit and if not can see where they are lacking.
Situation
Here is one of the situations where Quadratic formula can help my dealership realize whether or not it is making profits. For example, my dealership sells each car for $30,000 per unit. The car manufactures fixed costs are $3,600,000 per year, whereas the variable costs are $7500 per car. So we are figuring out the number of cars our dealership should sell in a year to make $100 million profits at the end of the year.
Profits= Total Revenues – Total costs
Total Revenues= price of each car times the number of cars sold (x)
Total costs=fixed costs + variable costs (i.e., cost of producing each car times the number of cars produced)
100,000,000=30,000X – (3,600,000 + 7500X)
103,600,000 = 22,500x
X= 4,604.44
Implementation
This implies that for Chevrolet to make a profit of $100 million in a year, it will have to produce and sell at least 4604 cars. With this information, Chevrolet may set its monthly targets, work hard to increase its sales, as well as save them from overproduction problem.
Part 3
After brushing up on the topic of quadratic formula, I feel like I can be a more rational and responsible person.
I now see quadratic expressions as useful tools that everyone should be familiar with.
I realized that quadratic expression is very realistic in our every day life; as a result, I can apply it even in my monthly expenditures.
In a business aspect this knowledge of the use of this formula is very key to the success of all MBA graduates. You can use this information to enhance the business you will be working for exponentially.
References
Ignaciuk, P., & Bartoszewicz, A. (2012). Linear-quadratic optimal control of periodic-review perishable inventory systems. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 20(5), 1400-1407.
Koo, D. (2013). Elements of optimization: with applications in economics and business. Springer Science & Business Media.
New Perspec tives in Policing
J U N E 2 0 1 1
Police Discipline: A Case for Change
Darrel W. Stephens
Executive Session on Policing and
Public Safety
This is one in a series of papers that will be pub
lished as a result of the Executive Session on
Policing and Public Safety.
Harvard’s Executive Sessions are a convening
of individuals of independent standing who take
joint responsibility for rethinking and improving
society’s responses to an issue. Members are
selected based on their experiences, their repu
tation for thoughtfulness and their potential for
helping to disseminate the work ...
2.1 The Commencement of Criminal Justice ResearchThe first.docxvickeryr87
2.1 The Commencement of Criminal Justice Research
The first efforts to produce and fund wide-scale research on criminal justice came in 1968
with the passage of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (OCCSSA). This act
established the Law Enforcement Assistance Agency (LEAA), and within it the National
Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ). LEAA, the lead agency,
provided grants to law enforcement agencies to improve public safety (most often to
purchase new equipment and personnel) while NILECJ was the research center of the LEAA.
As the criminal justice research arm of the federal government, the NILECJ (since renamed
the National Institute of Justice [NIJ]) was created to “advance scientific research,
development, and evaluation to enhance the administration of justice and public safety”
(Wellford, Chemers, & Schuck, 2010, p.14). It accomplishes this mandate by awarding
federal grants and contracts to universities, public agencies, and private institutions engaged
in research and demonstration projects that expand our knowledge of “what works” in
preventing and controlling crime, and by disseminating those findings to researchers and
practitioners. It may be surprising to learn that prior to the establishment of the NILECJ in
1968, there was no national agency encouraging, conducting, or disseminating criminal
justice research. Research was conducted by a few small, independent agencies (such as
California Institute for the Study of Crime and Delinquency, National Council on Crime and
Delinquency, and the Vera Institute), but there was no unified research agenda nor concerted
effort to organize or circulate the findings (Wellford et al., 2010).
This changed when Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of
1968 to provide federal monies to research criminal justice issues and to “provide more
accurate information on the causes of crime and the effectiveness of various means of
preventing crime” (Wellsford et al., 2010, p. 27). As a result of this funding, we expanded
our knowledge about crime control strategies and learned a great deal about policing
practices, and a few things about prison alternatives, drug treatment programs, and other
programs thought to prevent crime. Some of the well-known studies that you may be familiar
with that were funded as a result of this act include: the Kansas City Preventative Patrol
Experiment, the Newark and Flint Foot Patrol Experiments, as well as many other studies on
police response time, neighborhood watch programs, team policing strategies, crime
prevention through environmental design, fingerprinting, investigations, habitual criminals,
and plea bargaining (LEAA, 1978).
Only a few of the funded studies were methodologically rigorous by today’s standards. Still,
this was the first time that federal grant money was made available on a wide-scale for
criminal justice research, and the legislation was vitally important for the avenues of inquiry
it.
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1 Cour.docxJASS44
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define terms related to corrections.
1.1 Define all relevant vocabulary related to the correctional system within
the unit.
1.2 Define and understand professionalism in corrections.
2. Assess the purpose, implementation, and effectiveness of corrections.
2.1 Identify standards, training, and skills of correctional officers.
2.2 Identify what organizations exist that set standards in the field.
3. Trace the historical evolution of the correctional system.
3.1 Identify key people that have helped to reform the correctional system
over time.
Unit Lesson
The statistics currently indicate that crime has declined since the 1990s; however, the
number of people incarcerated or under some sort of correctional supervision has
continued to steadily increase. There are four reasons behind this phenomenon:
1. The tough on crime laws like three-strikes-laws have kept repeat offenders
incarcerated for extended lengths of time.
2. The War on Drugs has led to many arrests and convictions that have
increased incarcerated populations in every jurisdiction in the country.
3. Parole authorities now fear liability for inmates released early that re-offend.
4. Those that are out of jail and prison and on probation are more likely to violate
probation.
As the incarceration rate rises, it is important to realize that employment rates of
correctional officers and support staff will also continue to rise. In 1950 there were
approximately 27,000 people employed as correctional officers. Current statistics
indicate that number is now at 490,000 correctional officers. If you were to factor in the
increase in juvenile detention centers, probation and parole officers, administrators,
and other professionals in the correctional field, the number jumps to 748,000 people
employed in the correctional field (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015).
Corrections Place in the Criminal Justice System
Once a person is arrested, he or she is booked into jail. Law enforcement must then
present evidence to the prosecutor and the decision will be made to file formal
charges or release the person from custody. If a person is charged with a crime, he or
she must go before a judge in an initial, or first, appearance in court. At this time he or
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 1:
Corrections: An Overview
Chapter 2:
Punishments: A Brief
History
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Adjudication
2. Arraignment
3. Community
corrections
4. Corporal punishment
5. Cost-benefit analysis
6. Criminal law
7. Evidence-based
corrections
8. Hedonistic calculus
9. Institutional
corrections
10. Mores
11. Nolo contendere
12. Noninstitutional
corrections
13. Penal law
14. Sustainable justice
15. Utilitarianism
...
Assignment 1 LASA 2 Policy, Lawsuits, and the Mitigation PlanI.docxmurgatroydcrista
Assignment 1: LASA 2: Policy, Lawsuits, and the Mitigation Plan
It is important for those who have an interest in the criminal justice system or in law enforcement to learn about some of the challenges working in a litigious society can create. Criminal justice agencies have developed methods to reduce the chances of incurring lawsuits against their officers and departments. You will glean valuable insight and learn how to begin developing clear, concise, and substantive communication necessary for criminal justice and law enforcement officers.
In this LASA, you will create a
18–20 slide PowerPoint presentation
and write your script from the perspective of one of the following roles in Centervale: an internal affairs investigator, compliance officer, or similar official seeking to mitigate and improve the department by reducing the number of legal actions filed against the department. You have been asked to do this presentation in response to the following scenario:
It is common to see groups of youths hanging around various locations in Centervale. A group of mischievous juveniles hang out at a 24 hour Burger Joint on Tenth Street on a fairly regular basis and often get into Saturday night scuffles with other groups of juveniles, which require the police to respond to clear the area. The owner of the Burger Joint has become increasingly concerned about a drastic decrease in sales; however, he continued to look the other way until the scuffles escalated into full-blown fights that involved weapons, such as knives or brass knuckles.
Recently, the owner of the Burger Joint called 911 in a panic because he thought he heard gunshots fired from the parking lot area during a scuffle. Officers from the Centervale Police Department (CPD) arrived on the scene to find several youths involved in a physical fight provoked by a verbal attack, but there were no visible signs of weapons. Officer Jack Newbie just completed Taser training at the Centervale Police Academy. Officer Newbie believes carrying a "non-lethal" alternative to a firearm is beneficial for law enforcement officers.
Officer Newbie and his partner proceeded with caution when attempting to break-up the fight at the Burger Joint because reports of weapons involvement can create very dangerous situations for officers as they approach. Sam White, 15 years old, who was not actively involved in the physical aspect of the scuffle, tried to flee from the scene. Officer Newbie did not give verbal commands before firing his Taser at White as he fled. The Taser's 50,000-volt of electric shock caused White to go into cardiac arrest upon impact, but he was revived on the way to Centervale Memorial hospital. White's girlfriend, Rosey Green, a small-framed female, who was visibly showing signs of pregnancy, was distraught and angry over White's condition. Green jumped onto Officer Newbie's back, bit him on the neck and punched him in the ear. Officer Newbie's partner, Officer Joe Flash, Tased Green du.
Book Reference Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America C.docxAASTHA76
Book Reference
Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices (8th ed). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
(Courtesy mikeledray!Shutterstock.)
5 Criminallnvestigation
The Science of Sleuthing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
As a result of reading this chapter, the student will be able to:
0 Distinguish between forensic science and criminalistics
f) Understand the origins of criminalistics as well as the types of information
that physical evidence can provide
8 Compare anthropometry and dactylography
0 Explain how Bertillon, Locard, Vollmer, and others contributed to the
development of criminal investigation techniques
0 Describe the kinds of qualities that detectives and undercover officers
need to possess
125
~
0 Delineate the functions of medical examiners and coroners
G Explain the basic functions of the polygraph and its legal status in the
courts
(i) Describe how DNA analysis operates (including a new approach, using
familial DNA) as well as recent developments and some legal and policy
issues concerning its use
f) Explain the contributions of social networking sites to criminal
investigations
41!> Describe the purpose and operation of a cold case squad
4D Clarify whether or not there is a "CSI effect" relating to criminal cases
0 Relate the contributions of dogs to the investigative process
Introduction
The challenges involved with investigating crimes may well be characterized by a quote from Ludwig
Wittgenstein: "How hard I find it to see what is right in front of my eyes I" Investigating crimes has
indeed become a complicated art as well as a science, as will be seen in this chapter.
The art of sleuthing has long fascinated the American public. People appear to be completely enthralled
with anything involving forensics and criminal psychoses (e.g., CSL Dexter, Criminal Minds), as well
as the exploits of detectives as they pursue serial killers (e.g., Silence of the Lambs, Se7en) Nor is this
public interest in sleuthing a recent phenomenon: for decades, Americans have feasted on the exploits
of dozens of fictional masterminds and detectives in books and movies, such as Arthur Conan Doyle's
Sherlock Holmes, Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, and Clint Eastwood's Detective
"Dirty Harry" Callahan, to name a few.
In reality, investigative work is largely misunderstood, often boring, and overrated; it results in arrests
only a fraction of the time; and it relies strongly on the assistance of witnesses and even some luck.
Nonetheless, the related fields of forensic science and criminalistics are the most rapidly developing
areas of policing- and probably in all of criminal justice This is an exciting time to be in the investiga-
tive or forensic disciplines.
This chapter begins by defining forensic science and criminalistics and by looking at their origins;
included is a brief discussion of crime scenes. Then we review the ev ...
LEA 339 DISCUSSION 1STUDENT 1Budgeting in a Police Organiz.docxgauthierleppington
LEA 339 DISCUSSION 1:
STUDENT 1:
Budgeting in a Police Organization
Budget cuts have continued consistently for the past 8 years at the local level. They have even affected the federal level as well with all the military budget cuts going on. Within departments there are always ways to trim the budget. Some of them are not so pretty. The first plan would be to seek out all programs or divisions that are obsolete to the department and absorb them into current productive divisions. This reduces costs and waste as well as personnel. The downside is that it also reduces the need for those officers. This can put a damper on effectiveness.
A more comprehensive approach is for the chief to request unit heads to show that old and new programs or strategies effectively address a goal or objective. More effective strategic and operational planning is generated when the chief requires a
comprehensive justification for all budget requests.
(Gaines, 2012)
Budget cuts are an unfortunate beast of nature. They are not popular since something has to go. The second plan would be to limit overtime for officers on duty. By limiting overtime you reduce over spending to meet quota. Many officers love overtime but shifting duty hours can limit how much is needed to fulfill obligations. P
olice departments should closely scrutinize activities such as court appearances, shift extensions, staff size, emergency mobilizations, and special events to determine if overtime can be reduced. Police departments should examine overtime expenditures continuously to see if they are necessary or can be reduced. More efforts should be exerted to manage this widespread problem.
(Gaines, 2012)
Third to reduce the budget would be to limit buffering the budget. Any not needed items that are requested should be cut to ensure that everything falls within the lines of the budget process.
Gaines Larry K.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION. 2012. Delmar, Cengage Learning. Prior editions, published by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
STUDENT 2:
If I were a police executive facing more budget cuts and needed to make some cuts I would cut overtime. I would have to make sure supervisors are being held responsible to monitor overtime. The use of overtime can highly leveraged expenditure and cost maybe 50% more than regular staffing. A way to fix it would be to assess the overtime usage by identifying the need for staff transfers, schedule adjustments, or increased staffing levels. If a person needs overtime then it needs to be approved. Monitoring sick leave is another budget cut. It’s like overtime, people using sick leave should be monitored. For example, the person who uses sick leave has to have someone replace them and that person will end up with overtime. Another cut could be the equipment that is being spent on “luxuries” equipment. For example, cellular phones or leather chairs.
Lowering the budget by repairing and renovating instead of replacing items. For example, the maintenance d.
FIVE TESTS FOR A THEORY OF THE CRIME DROP Louise Grove
Five tests for a theory of the crime drop
Professor Graham Farrell
Abstract
A range of explanations have been proposed for the major crime declines experienced in many industrialised countries. They include: lead poisoning; abortion legalisation; drug markets; demographics; policing numbers and strategies; imprisonment; strong economies; the death penalty; gun control; gun concealment; immigration; consumer confidence; the civilising process, and; crime opportunities and security. This paper proposes five tests that it is necessary if not sufficient for a hypothesis to pass to be considered viable. It finds that fourteen of the fifteen hypotheses fail two or more tests. Crime opportunity theory generally, and a security hypothesis specific to car theft, offer a greater theoretical flexibility in relation to the tests, and pave the way for further research on this issue.
This paper is the result of a two-day summit held at the University of Wisconsin in August 2014, where campus officials from around the U.S. came together to discuss unresolved issues around Title IX and other related legislation including the Clery Act and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).
\\jciprod01\productn\H\HLP\10-1\HLP101.txt unknown Seq: 1 9-FEB-16 10:16
The Uses and Abuses of Police Discretion:
Toward Harm Reduction Policing
Katherine Beckett*
INTRODUCTION
Although discretion is an unavoidable and ubiquitous feature of police
work, it is also the subject of significant controversy and debate. In this
essay, I first provide a brief overview of the history and evolution of police
discretion from the 1960s to today and explain how its exercise has been
impacted in recent decades by the war on drugs and the adoption of “broken
windows policing.” These policy initiatives encouraged a more muscular po-
lice response to low-level offending and had important consequences, in-
cluding the flooding of U.S. prisons and jails and the disproportionate
incarceration of people of color. Although many of those targeted in the
campaigns against drugs and disorder do not pose a significant threat to pub-
lic safety, many do contend with multiple challenges such as homelessness,
addiction, and mental illness, and, as a result, cycle repeatedly into and out
of jail. Incarceration, including short-term jail spells, often has deleterious
and destabilizing effects, which increase the likelihood that arrest and incar-
ceration will continue to occur with some regularity.
In the second half of this essay, I argue that since police discretion
cannot be eradicated, and the destructive nature of mass incarceration is in-
creasingly well-understood, municipalities would be well-advised to imple-
ment alternatives to the war on drugs and broken windows policing. Ideally,
these alternative approaches would encourage the police to respond to “dis-
orderly” behaviors that do not pose a significant public safety problem in
ways that reduce the harm that results from low-level crimes and from crimi-
nal justice involvement itself. To illustrate what such a policy framework
might look like, I describe Seattle’s Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion
(LEAD) Program, which relies on police discretion to channel people sus-
pected of minor forms of criminal wrongdoing out of the criminal justice
system and toward services with the aim of reducing human suffering at
both the individual and community levels. I conclude that programs like
LEAD that use harm reduction principles to guide the exercise of police
discretion enable municipalities to respond to low-level crimes in a way that
alleviates rather than exacerbates individual and community suffering asso-
ciated with those behaviors.
* Katherine Beckett is a Professor in the Law, Societies and Justice Program and Professor
and Clarence and Elissa M. (“Lee”) Schrag Endowed Faculty Fellow in the Department of
Sociology at the University of Washington.
\\jciprod01\productn\H\HLP\10-1\HLP101.txt unknown Seq: 2 9-FEB-16 10:16
78 Harvard Law & Policy Review [Vol. 10
I. POLICE DISCRETION: AN OVERVIEW
The inevitability of police discretion was “discovered” by social scien-
tists in the 1960s. Prior to th ...
Overview and analysis on the economics model of crime by Becker (1968). Including a case study on the Three Strikes Law in California, USA, using differences in differences methodology
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1 Cour.docxikirkton
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define terms related to corrections.
1.1 Define terms related to sentencing and diversion.
2. Assess the purpose, implementations, and effectiveness of corrections.
2.1 Identify the seven goals of criminal sentencing.
2.2 Examine the concept of diversion.
2.3 Analyze the concept of probation and the job of the probation officer.
8. Appraise the legal rights of inmates and the use of capital punishment.
8.1 Discuss various landmark cases referenced in the book and how they
apply to the current correctional system.
8.2 Match various landmark cases to their outcomes.
Unit Lesson
The general public has an expectation that those people that cannot conform to the
basic rules and law of society be punished for their lack of regard for the law. The
concept of punishment versus reform is one that has been constantly debated for
hundreds of years. In this unit, we discuss the goals of sentencing as they relate to
punishment.
There are seven goals of punishment that you need to understand in this unit. They
are as follows:
revenge,
retribution,
just deserts,
deterrence,
incapacitation,
rehabilitation or reformation, and
restoration.
There are also five sentencing options available to the offender:
fines and other monetary sanctions,
probation,
intermediate sanctions,
incarceration, and
death penalty.
One question we need to ask ourselves is, “do the five sentencing options fit into the
seven goals of punishment?” The death penalty does provide revenge, but does it
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 3:
Sentencing: To Punish or
to Reform?
Chapter 4:
Diversion and Probation:
How Most Offenders are
Punished
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Absconding
2. Conditional diversion
3. Correctional
econometrics
4. Determinate
sentencing
5. Diversion
6. Equity
7. Just deserts
8. Mandatory
sentencing
9. Restorative justice
10. Revocation hearing
11. Social debt
12. Unconditional
diversion
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Sentencing, Diversion, and Sanctions
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 2
provide deterrence? Most would say that it does not provide any deterrence at all.
People are still committing crimes that justify the use of the death penalty in every
state in the country. When we look further into criminal activity like sex crimes, or more
specifically Internet sting operations where law enforcement makes contact with
individuals seeking to engage in sexual acts with minors, we see that the threat of
incarceration and years of probation have no effect on the goals of deterrence or
reform. The shame associated with being displayed on the television show “To Catch
a Predator” would seem to provide some sort ...
2.1 The Commencement of Criminal Justice ResearchThe first.docxvickeryr87
2.1 The Commencement of Criminal Justice Research
The first efforts to produce and fund wide-scale research on criminal justice came in 1968
with the passage of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (OCCSSA). This act
established the Law Enforcement Assistance Agency (LEAA), and within it the National
Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ). LEAA, the lead agency,
provided grants to law enforcement agencies to improve public safety (most often to
purchase new equipment and personnel) while NILECJ was the research center of the LEAA.
As the criminal justice research arm of the federal government, the NILECJ (since renamed
the National Institute of Justice [NIJ]) was created to “advance scientific research,
development, and evaluation to enhance the administration of justice and public safety”
(Wellford, Chemers, & Schuck, 2010, p.14). It accomplishes this mandate by awarding
federal grants and contracts to universities, public agencies, and private institutions engaged
in research and demonstration projects that expand our knowledge of “what works” in
preventing and controlling crime, and by disseminating those findings to researchers and
practitioners. It may be surprising to learn that prior to the establishment of the NILECJ in
1968, there was no national agency encouraging, conducting, or disseminating criminal
justice research. Research was conducted by a few small, independent agencies (such as
California Institute for the Study of Crime and Delinquency, National Council on Crime and
Delinquency, and the Vera Institute), but there was no unified research agenda nor concerted
effort to organize or circulate the findings (Wellford et al., 2010).
This changed when Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of
1968 to provide federal monies to research criminal justice issues and to “provide more
accurate information on the causes of crime and the effectiveness of various means of
preventing crime” (Wellsford et al., 2010, p. 27). As a result of this funding, we expanded
our knowledge about crime control strategies and learned a great deal about policing
practices, and a few things about prison alternatives, drug treatment programs, and other
programs thought to prevent crime. Some of the well-known studies that you may be familiar
with that were funded as a result of this act include: the Kansas City Preventative Patrol
Experiment, the Newark and Flint Foot Patrol Experiments, as well as many other studies on
police response time, neighborhood watch programs, team policing strategies, crime
prevention through environmental design, fingerprinting, investigations, habitual criminals,
and plea bargaining (LEAA, 1978).
Only a few of the funded studies were methodologically rigorous by today’s standards. Still,
this was the first time that federal grant money was made available on a wide-scale for
criminal justice research, and the legislation was vitally important for the avenues of inquiry
it.
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1 Cour.docxJASS44
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define terms related to corrections.
1.1 Define all relevant vocabulary related to the correctional system within
the unit.
1.2 Define and understand professionalism in corrections.
2. Assess the purpose, implementation, and effectiveness of corrections.
2.1 Identify standards, training, and skills of correctional officers.
2.2 Identify what organizations exist that set standards in the field.
3. Trace the historical evolution of the correctional system.
3.1 Identify key people that have helped to reform the correctional system
over time.
Unit Lesson
The statistics currently indicate that crime has declined since the 1990s; however, the
number of people incarcerated or under some sort of correctional supervision has
continued to steadily increase. There are four reasons behind this phenomenon:
1. The tough on crime laws like three-strikes-laws have kept repeat offenders
incarcerated for extended lengths of time.
2. The War on Drugs has led to many arrests and convictions that have
increased incarcerated populations in every jurisdiction in the country.
3. Parole authorities now fear liability for inmates released early that re-offend.
4. Those that are out of jail and prison and on probation are more likely to violate
probation.
As the incarceration rate rises, it is important to realize that employment rates of
correctional officers and support staff will also continue to rise. In 1950 there were
approximately 27,000 people employed as correctional officers. Current statistics
indicate that number is now at 490,000 correctional officers. If you were to factor in the
increase in juvenile detention centers, probation and parole officers, administrators,
and other professionals in the correctional field, the number jumps to 748,000 people
employed in the correctional field (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015).
Corrections Place in the Criminal Justice System
Once a person is arrested, he or she is booked into jail. Law enforcement must then
present evidence to the prosecutor and the decision will be made to file formal
charges or release the person from custody. If a person is charged with a crime, he or
she must go before a judge in an initial, or first, appearance in court. At this time he or
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 1:
Corrections: An Overview
Chapter 2:
Punishments: A Brief
History
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Adjudication
2. Arraignment
3. Community
corrections
4. Corporal punishment
5. Cost-benefit analysis
6. Criminal law
7. Evidence-based
corrections
8. Hedonistic calculus
9. Institutional
corrections
10. Mores
11. Nolo contendere
12. Noninstitutional
corrections
13. Penal law
14. Sustainable justice
15. Utilitarianism
...
Assignment 1 LASA 2 Policy, Lawsuits, and the Mitigation PlanI.docxmurgatroydcrista
Assignment 1: LASA 2: Policy, Lawsuits, and the Mitigation Plan
It is important for those who have an interest in the criminal justice system or in law enforcement to learn about some of the challenges working in a litigious society can create. Criminal justice agencies have developed methods to reduce the chances of incurring lawsuits against their officers and departments. You will glean valuable insight and learn how to begin developing clear, concise, and substantive communication necessary for criminal justice and law enforcement officers.
In this LASA, you will create a
18–20 slide PowerPoint presentation
and write your script from the perspective of one of the following roles in Centervale: an internal affairs investigator, compliance officer, or similar official seeking to mitigate and improve the department by reducing the number of legal actions filed against the department. You have been asked to do this presentation in response to the following scenario:
It is common to see groups of youths hanging around various locations in Centervale. A group of mischievous juveniles hang out at a 24 hour Burger Joint on Tenth Street on a fairly regular basis and often get into Saturday night scuffles with other groups of juveniles, which require the police to respond to clear the area. The owner of the Burger Joint has become increasingly concerned about a drastic decrease in sales; however, he continued to look the other way until the scuffles escalated into full-blown fights that involved weapons, such as knives or brass knuckles.
Recently, the owner of the Burger Joint called 911 in a panic because he thought he heard gunshots fired from the parking lot area during a scuffle. Officers from the Centervale Police Department (CPD) arrived on the scene to find several youths involved in a physical fight provoked by a verbal attack, but there were no visible signs of weapons. Officer Jack Newbie just completed Taser training at the Centervale Police Academy. Officer Newbie believes carrying a "non-lethal" alternative to a firearm is beneficial for law enforcement officers.
Officer Newbie and his partner proceeded with caution when attempting to break-up the fight at the Burger Joint because reports of weapons involvement can create very dangerous situations for officers as they approach. Sam White, 15 years old, who was not actively involved in the physical aspect of the scuffle, tried to flee from the scene. Officer Newbie did not give verbal commands before firing his Taser at White as he fled. The Taser's 50,000-volt of electric shock caused White to go into cardiac arrest upon impact, but he was revived on the way to Centervale Memorial hospital. White's girlfriend, Rosey Green, a small-framed female, who was visibly showing signs of pregnancy, was distraught and angry over White's condition. Green jumped onto Officer Newbie's back, bit him on the neck and punched him in the ear. Officer Newbie's partner, Officer Joe Flash, Tased Green du.
Book Reference Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America C.docxAASTHA76
Book Reference
Peak, K. J. (2015). Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices (8th ed). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
(Courtesy mikeledray!Shutterstock.)
5 Criminallnvestigation
The Science of Sleuthing
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
As a result of reading this chapter, the student will be able to:
0 Distinguish between forensic science and criminalistics
f) Understand the origins of criminalistics as well as the types of information
that physical evidence can provide
8 Compare anthropometry and dactylography
0 Explain how Bertillon, Locard, Vollmer, and others contributed to the
development of criminal investigation techniques
0 Describe the kinds of qualities that detectives and undercover officers
need to possess
125
~
0 Delineate the functions of medical examiners and coroners
G Explain the basic functions of the polygraph and its legal status in the
courts
(i) Describe how DNA analysis operates (including a new approach, using
familial DNA) as well as recent developments and some legal and policy
issues concerning its use
f) Explain the contributions of social networking sites to criminal
investigations
41!> Describe the purpose and operation of a cold case squad
4D Clarify whether or not there is a "CSI effect" relating to criminal cases
0 Relate the contributions of dogs to the investigative process
Introduction
The challenges involved with investigating crimes may well be characterized by a quote from Ludwig
Wittgenstein: "How hard I find it to see what is right in front of my eyes I" Investigating crimes has
indeed become a complicated art as well as a science, as will be seen in this chapter.
The art of sleuthing has long fascinated the American public. People appear to be completely enthralled
with anything involving forensics and criminal psychoses (e.g., CSL Dexter, Criminal Minds), as well
as the exploits of detectives as they pursue serial killers (e.g., Silence of the Lambs, Se7en) Nor is this
public interest in sleuthing a recent phenomenon: for decades, Americans have feasted on the exploits
of dozens of fictional masterminds and detectives in books and movies, such as Arthur Conan Doyle's
Sherlock Holmes, Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, and Clint Eastwood's Detective
"Dirty Harry" Callahan, to name a few.
In reality, investigative work is largely misunderstood, often boring, and overrated; it results in arrests
only a fraction of the time; and it relies strongly on the assistance of witnesses and even some luck.
Nonetheless, the related fields of forensic science and criminalistics are the most rapidly developing
areas of policing- and probably in all of criminal justice This is an exciting time to be in the investiga-
tive or forensic disciplines.
This chapter begins by defining forensic science and criminalistics and by looking at their origins;
included is a brief discussion of crime scenes. Then we review the ev ...
LEA 339 DISCUSSION 1STUDENT 1Budgeting in a Police Organiz.docxgauthierleppington
LEA 339 DISCUSSION 1:
STUDENT 1:
Budgeting in a Police Organization
Budget cuts have continued consistently for the past 8 years at the local level. They have even affected the federal level as well with all the military budget cuts going on. Within departments there are always ways to trim the budget. Some of them are not so pretty. The first plan would be to seek out all programs or divisions that are obsolete to the department and absorb them into current productive divisions. This reduces costs and waste as well as personnel. The downside is that it also reduces the need for those officers. This can put a damper on effectiveness.
A more comprehensive approach is for the chief to request unit heads to show that old and new programs or strategies effectively address a goal or objective. More effective strategic and operational planning is generated when the chief requires a
comprehensive justification for all budget requests.
(Gaines, 2012)
Budget cuts are an unfortunate beast of nature. They are not popular since something has to go. The second plan would be to limit overtime for officers on duty. By limiting overtime you reduce over spending to meet quota. Many officers love overtime but shifting duty hours can limit how much is needed to fulfill obligations. P
olice departments should closely scrutinize activities such as court appearances, shift extensions, staff size, emergency mobilizations, and special events to determine if overtime can be reduced. Police departments should examine overtime expenditures continuously to see if they are necessary or can be reduced. More efforts should be exerted to manage this widespread problem.
(Gaines, 2012)
Third to reduce the budget would be to limit buffering the budget. Any not needed items that are requested should be cut to ensure that everything falls within the lines of the budget process.
Gaines Larry K.
POLICE ADMINISTRATION. 2012. Delmar, Cengage Learning. Prior editions, published by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
STUDENT 2:
If I were a police executive facing more budget cuts and needed to make some cuts I would cut overtime. I would have to make sure supervisors are being held responsible to monitor overtime. The use of overtime can highly leveraged expenditure and cost maybe 50% more than regular staffing. A way to fix it would be to assess the overtime usage by identifying the need for staff transfers, schedule adjustments, or increased staffing levels. If a person needs overtime then it needs to be approved. Monitoring sick leave is another budget cut. It’s like overtime, people using sick leave should be monitored. For example, the person who uses sick leave has to have someone replace them and that person will end up with overtime. Another cut could be the equipment that is being spent on “luxuries” equipment. For example, cellular phones or leather chairs.
Lowering the budget by repairing and renovating instead of replacing items. For example, the maintenance d.
FIVE TESTS FOR A THEORY OF THE CRIME DROP Louise Grove
Five tests for a theory of the crime drop
Professor Graham Farrell
Abstract
A range of explanations have been proposed for the major crime declines experienced in many industrialised countries. They include: lead poisoning; abortion legalisation; drug markets; demographics; policing numbers and strategies; imprisonment; strong economies; the death penalty; gun control; gun concealment; immigration; consumer confidence; the civilising process, and; crime opportunities and security. This paper proposes five tests that it is necessary if not sufficient for a hypothesis to pass to be considered viable. It finds that fourteen of the fifteen hypotheses fail two or more tests. Crime opportunity theory generally, and a security hypothesis specific to car theft, offer a greater theoretical flexibility in relation to the tests, and pave the way for further research on this issue.
This paper is the result of a two-day summit held at the University of Wisconsin in August 2014, where campus officials from around the U.S. came together to discuss unresolved issues around Title IX and other related legislation including the Clery Act and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).
\\jciprod01\productn\H\HLP\10-1\HLP101.txt unknown Seq: 1 9-FEB-16 10:16
The Uses and Abuses of Police Discretion:
Toward Harm Reduction Policing
Katherine Beckett*
INTRODUCTION
Although discretion is an unavoidable and ubiquitous feature of police
work, it is also the subject of significant controversy and debate. In this
essay, I first provide a brief overview of the history and evolution of police
discretion from the 1960s to today and explain how its exercise has been
impacted in recent decades by the war on drugs and the adoption of “broken
windows policing.” These policy initiatives encouraged a more muscular po-
lice response to low-level offending and had important consequences, in-
cluding the flooding of U.S. prisons and jails and the disproportionate
incarceration of people of color. Although many of those targeted in the
campaigns against drugs and disorder do not pose a significant threat to pub-
lic safety, many do contend with multiple challenges such as homelessness,
addiction, and mental illness, and, as a result, cycle repeatedly into and out
of jail. Incarceration, including short-term jail spells, often has deleterious
and destabilizing effects, which increase the likelihood that arrest and incar-
ceration will continue to occur with some regularity.
In the second half of this essay, I argue that since police discretion
cannot be eradicated, and the destructive nature of mass incarceration is in-
creasingly well-understood, municipalities would be well-advised to imple-
ment alternatives to the war on drugs and broken windows policing. Ideally,
these alternative approaches would encourage the police to respond to “dis-
orderly” behaviors that do not pose a significant public safety problem in
ways that reduce the harm that results from low-level crimes and from crimi-
nal justice involvement itself. To illustrate what such a policy framework
might look like, I describe Seattle’s Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion
(LEAD) Program, which relies on police discretion to channel people sus-
pected of minor forms of criminal wrongdoing out of the criminal justice
system and toward services with the aim of reducing human suffering at
both the individual and community levels. I conclude that programs like
LEAD that use harm reduction principles to guide the exercise of police
discretion enable municipalities to respond to low-level crimes in a way that
alleviates rather than exacerbates individual and community suffering asso-
ciated with those behaviors.
* Katherine Beckett is a Professor in the Law, Societies and Justice Program and Professor
and Clarence and Elissa M. (“Lee”) Schrag Endowed Faculty Fellow in the Department of
Sociology at the University of Washington.
\\jciprod01\productn\H\HLP\10-1\HLP101.txt unknown Seq: 2 9-FEB-16 10:16
78 Harvard Law & Policy Review [Vol. 10
I. POLICE DISCRETION: AN OVERVIEW
The inevitability of police discretion was “discovered” by social scien-
tists in the 1960s. Prior to th ...
Overview and analysis on the economics model of crime by Becker (1968). Including a case study on the Three Strikes Law in California, USA, using differences in differences methodology
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1 Cour.docxikirkton
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Define terms related to corrections.
1.1 Define terms related to sentencing and diversion.
2. Assess the purpose, implementations, and effectiveness of corrections.
2.1 Identify the seven goals of criminal sentencing.
2.2 Examine the concept of diversion.
2.3 Analyze the concept of probation and the job of the probation officer.
8. Appraise the legal rights of inmates and the use of capital punishment.
8.1 Discuss various landmark cases referenced in the book and how they
apply to the current correctional system.
8.2 Match various landmark cases to their outcomes.
Unit Lesson
The general public has an expectation that those people that cannot conform to the
basic rules and law of society be punished for their lack of regard for the law. The
concept of punishment versus reform is one that has been constantly debated for
hundreds of years. In this unit, we discuss the goals of sentencing as they relate to
punishment.
There are seven goals of punishment that you need to understand in this unit. They
are as follows:
revenge,
retribution,
just deserts,
deterrence,
incapacitation,
rehabilitation or reformation, and
restoration.
There are also five sentencing options available to the offender:
fines and other monetary sanctions,
probation,
intermediate sanctions,
incarceration, and
death penalty.
One question we need to ask ourselves is, “do the five sentencing options fit into the
seven goals of punishment?” The death penalty does provide revenge, but does it
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 3:
Sentencing: To Punish or
to Reform?
Chapter 4:
Diversion and Probation:
How Most Offenders are
Punished
Learning Activities
(Non-Graded)
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Absconding
2. Conditional diversion
3. Correctional
econometrics
4. Determinate
sentencing
5. Diversion
6. Equity
7. Just deserts
8. Mandatory
sentencing
9. Restorative justice
10. Revocation hearing
11. Social debt
12. Unconditional
diversion
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Sentencing, Diversion, and Sanctions
BCJ 2002, Theory and Practices of Corrections 2
provide deterrence? Most would say that it does not provide any deterrence at all.
People are still committing crimes that justify the use of the death penalty in every
state in the country. When we look further into criminal activity like sex crimes, or more
specifically Internet sting operations where law enforcement makes contact with
individuals seeking to engage in sexual acts with minors, we see that the threat of
incarceration and years of probation have no effect on the goals of deterrence or
reform. The shame associated with being displayed on the television show “To Catch
a Predator” would seem to provide some sort ...
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read the following transcript in which dr. james chip coldren disc
1. Read the following transcript in which Dr. James Chip Coldren
discusses the need for methodological rigor in studies of
policing, highlighting "Smart Policing."
Summary: Dr. James Chip Coldren discusses the need for
methodological rigor in studies of policing, highlighting "Smart
Policing."
·
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, PHD: Hi. My name is Dr. James
Chip Coldren. [Dr. James Chip Coldren, PhD, Managing
Director for Justice Programs, Center for Naval Analyses
(CNA)] I'm the managing director of Justice programs at the
CNA Institute for Public Research. For today's case study, we're
going to look at research in policing, and look at several
different ways that are being attempted to advance the science
of police research. So I'll talk a little bit about the state of the
art in police research.
· 00:38
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: I'll provide some
recent examples of attempts to improve the quality of research
in policing. Then, we'll spend just a little bit of time talking
about the ongoing needs and challenges in policing
research. [The Maryland Scientific Scale] Now, before we start
to talk about the state-of-the-art in policing research, we need
to talk about the Maryland Scientific Scale. This is a scale that
was developed by Larry Sherman, [Larry Sherman] and his
colleagues at University of Pennsylvania in the late 1990s to
assess
· 01:11
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: the methodological
rigor [methodological rigor] of research designs. The scale goes
from one to five, with a score of one indicating a low rigor
descriptive study, and a score of five indicating the most
2. rigorous study that you can attempt, which is a randomized
controlled experiment. [randomized controlled
experiment] Typically, in the world of criminal justice and
social science research, a score of a three or higher on the
Maryland Scientific Scale
· 01:40
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: will indicate a
rigorous methodology with a comparative design. So for
example, if your study scores at level three, that means that
your study involves a comparison between two or more
comparable units of analysis, such as groups of individuals or
police beats or neighborhoods; one group experiencing the
program or intervention, and another group not experiencing. So
it's a comparative design. A score of level four includes a
comparison between multiple units within and without the
program or intervention, controlling for other factors
· 02:17
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: or using
comparison units that evidence only minor differences. And a
level five, as I indicated before, is a randomized controlled
experiment, where you have treatment and control units that are
and are not receiving the program or intervention. Now, let me
go back to level four for a second. Typically, when a study
scores for on the Maryland Scientific Scale, that means that
there's a comparative design with matched units. They're not
randomly assigned, but let's say, for example,
· 02:47
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: that you pick a
number of neighborhoods to implement a new policing
program. To introduce the comparison, you would find another
set of neighborhoods that are very similar and characteristics to
the neighborhoods that you assigned the treatment or the
intervention to. So that's typically called a match design, or a
quasi-experimental design. [Need for Methodological
Rigor] Several years ago, the perception
· 03:19
3. DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: developed that
there was a need for more methodological rigor in policing
studies. This is partly the result of research that was
conducted by David Weisburd and his colleagues [David
Weisburd, et al.] at George Mason University, which was
published in 2010. David Weisburd and his colleagues examined
over 5,000 research reports on the effectiveness of problem-
oriented policing. These were reports that were published in
journals, or they were reports that were issued by government
agencies. But that they identified over 5,000 reports. And they
examined each of those reports
· 03:53
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: for the type of
research methodology and the level of rigor in the research
methodology. What they found is that of those over 5,000
reports, there were only 11 studies with a methodological
rigor of a level three or higher on the Maryland Scientific
Scale. So only a very small percentage of those 5,000
studies actually had a comparative design that allowed you to
assess the impact on the problem that was being worked on with
a comparative design to a neighborhood or a police beat that
· 04:31
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: was comparable to
the place that got the intervention in the first place. So as a
result of this and some of the work that had been done, there
was clearly a perceived need to shore up the research
methodology in research on police effectiveness. [Recent
Advancements] OK. So let's talk about some recent
advancements that have made and some recent attempts at
improving the rigor of research in policing.
· 05:01
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: I'm going to talk
about the Campbell Collaboration systematic reviews of
policing research. I'm going to talk about the Center for
Evidence-Based Crime Policy at George Mason University. I'll
talk a little bit about the National Institute of Justice
4. crimesolutions.gov initiative, and I'll talk about the Bureau of
Justice Assistance Smart Policing Initiative. These are all recent
attempts in the last five to seven years to improve the
methodological rigor of research and policing. [Campbell
Collaboration] The Campbell Collaboration is an international
research network that produces systematic reviews of the effects
· 05:43
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: of social
interventions in crime and justice, education, international
development, and social welfare. So typically, what the
Campbell Collaboration will do is identify a topic something
around policing, and identify as many research reports and
studies as possible to include in their review, look at the
methodological rigor of those studies, and then come up with a
meta-analysis, or an overall assessment of the effectiveness of
that particular approach to policing.
· 06:12
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: Since 2007, the
Campbell Collaboration has conducted 10 reviews of law
enforcement and policing. And several are underway right
now. In 2013, they published a systematic review of
research that has been conducted on police legitimacy. For this
review, they identified over 900 studies on police legitimacy in
the United States, 30 of which had sufficient methodological
rigor to include in their analysis. So here we are again,
identifying a great number of studies of a police topic-- in this
case, police
· 06:48
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: legitimacy-- with
only 30 out of 900 having strong methodological designs. And
in those 30, none of those reached the level five, which is the
experimental design. In 2012, they published a report on a
systematic review of "Hot Spots" policing. ["Hot Spots"
Policing (2012)] This is a very popular approach to policing
these days. It's called place-based policing. Policing that
identifies the small geographic areas that account for a high
5. percentage of criminal activity.
· 07:18
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: And so police
agencies and communities focus their resources on those hot
spots. So they identified actually 19 rigorous studies of hot
spots policing, 10 of which involved randomized
experiments. So here, we have an example where there's more
randomized experiments than we normally find in policing
research. Also in 2012, they published a systematic review of
studies on focused deterrence. [focused deterrence (2012)]
· 07:46
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: Focused deterrence
is an approach that looks at people, rather than
places. Typically, in a focused deterrence approach, you will
identify a number of individuals who are what you would think
of as prolific offenders. The small group of people that are
committing the most violence or the most trouble in certain
neighborhoods or communities. And you focus your efforts on
those people, not necessarily on hot spots or places. And those
efforts typically involve two things: a strong message delivered
by law enforcement and community representatives that explain
to the individuals identified that they are known chronic and
prolific offenders, that the police and probation and corrections
· 08:29
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: and the prosecutors
now have them on a list and are watching them carefully. If they
continue to persist in violent criminal activity, they'll feel the
full force of the law, maybe federal law, and maybe federal
imprisonment. But at the same time, they offer this group of
offenders legitimate opportunities to engage in training and
services and to pursue pro-social legitimate lifestyles. So the
focus is on the offenders, the deterrence is the community
message that's given to them to explain to them why they're
being watched,
· 09:02
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: what will happen if
6. they're caught, and what opportunities they have to change their
behavior. It's a very popular approach in criminal justice these
days. The Campbell Collaboration found 10 rigorous studies of
focused deterrence, but no experiments. So they ended up
determining that focused deterrence was a promising approach
to reducing crime, because in almost each of those 10
studies, they found a reduction in crime and a reduction
· 09:32
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: in criminal
behavior as a result of the focused deterrence strategy. But
since none of those was a level five, a randomized controlled
experiment, they wouldn't go to the level to say that it was a
proven practice. They called it a promising practice. So these
are examples of what the Campbell Collaboration does to
review and assess the methodological rigor of
police research. [Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy] The
Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy at George Mason
· 10:04
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: University conducts
reviews of policing studies along three dimensions. What's the
extent of the proactivity of the policing intervention being
applied versus being reactive, what type of focus does a study
have. Does it have a focus for example, on certain individuals
or certain communities? Or is there a broader focus across
entire neighborhoods or police jurisdictions. And what exactly
is the scope or target of the intervention? Are they trying to
change the behavior of individuals?
· 10:34
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: Are they focusing
on groups or neighborhoods? Or again, police beats or
something like that. So they look at these three dimensions of
police intervention and police approaches. And they look at the
research findings. And they're coming up with some
findings regarding what types of combinations of these
dimensions seem to produce the most effect in terms of positive
benefits. So what they have found generally across a number of
7. studies that they've looked at, is that when police interventions
are highly focused and highly proactive,
· 11:12
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: either on groups,
microplaces or neighborhoods-- not necessarily on individuals--
they tend to have more success. They also found mixed results
when there is a reactive focus on individuals. Sometimes, the
reactive focus on individuals produces a positive effect and a
reduction in crime. Sometimes, it doesn't produce any
effect. And sometimes actually, in a few cases they identified, it
does more harm than good. The individuals that are focused on
in this reactive manner
· 11:43
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: end up committing
more criminal behavior, rather than less compared to a
comparison group of individuals. So this graphic that I'm going
to show you will give you a depiction of how these studies are
reviewed. On the upper left hand side of this matrix, you'll see a
grouping of figures. Each of these figures represents one study
that was reviewed. If it's a dark black circle, that means the
study found a positive effect. If it's a white circle, it means
there was no effect. And if it's a red triangle, it means that there
was a negative effect,
· 12:18
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: that the
intervention applied produced more crime rather than less
crime. And since this cluster of studies is in the upper left hand
corner of this matrix, it means that the interventions were
focused, they were not general, and that they were focused on
individuals, not on groups or neighborhoods or jurisdictions, or
even at the state level. Now, if you look to the right of this
matrix a little bit, you'll see several columns of clusters of these
figures towards the back of the matrix and towards the top. So
since they're towards the top,
· 12:49
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: that means these are
8. studies that were highly focused on groups. And since they're
towards the back of the matrix, it means that they were more
proactive than reactive. And what you see here is a
preponderance of black circles, which indicates that most of the
studies indicated that these policing interventions had a positive
effect. They produced reductions in crime and reductions in fear
of crime, or positive social benefits. So what the Center for
Evidence-Based Crime Policy it's telling us is that if you have a
police intervention that's highly proactive, that's more focused
than general, and that works with groups or microplaces or
neighborhoods,
· 13:33
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: you're much more
likely to have a positive effect than otherwise. This is very
important and very good news. And it's leading the policing
field in to certain types of interventions that we might not have
otherwise focused on. And again, in order to be included in this
matrix, you have to have a study that's got a methodological
rigor on the scientific scale of a three or above, or your study
will not be included. So the existence of the matrix and the
work
· 14:02
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: of the Center for
Evidence-Based Crime Policy is promoting rigor and policing
science. [Crime
Solution
s] This is a US Department of Justice sponsored
program through the National Institute of Justice that again,
reviews programs and practices, looks at methodological
rigor, looks at findings. And based on certain rigid standards,
9. upon review, a program or a practice might be placed
· 14:37
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: on the
crimesolutions.gov website as a proven or a promising
practice. So there are two types of review that the
crimesolutions.gov initiative engages in. There's what's called a
program review, which is a review of an individual
program. For example, the Shawnee, Kansas police
department implemented a program called data-driven
approaches to crime and traffic safety. That's one instance of
one program that was evaluated by crimesolutions.gov.
· 15:04
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: There's also what's
called a practice review, which is a review of a group of similar
programs. So if there were a number of jurisdictions that had
tried the DDACTS approach, the data-driven approach, then
crimesolutions.gov would have gone through a practice review,
rather than a program review. They're actually very similar, but
one looks at individual programs, the other looks at groups of
programs as a practice review. Like the other initiatives I
mentioned, in order to be included in a review by
crimesolutions.gov,
· 15:36
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: you have to have a
rigorously designed study that's at a level III or above on a
10. scientific scale. There have to be crime-related outcomes
measured as part of the study. The report has to be published in
a peer-reviewed journal or in a government report of some
type. And it must have been done after the year 1980. So as of
July 2016, the crimesolutions.gov program
· 16:03
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: had reviewed 72
law enforcement programs. 17 of those 72 were found to be
effective, or 24%. If a program is found to be effective in
crimesolutions.gov, it means that there is very strong evidence
to indicate that they achieved their intended outcomes
when implemented with fidelity. And by strong evidence, they
mean a randomized controlled design, or quasi-experimental
design which is a level IV or a level V on that scientific
scale. 46 of the programs were found to be promising, which is
64%. When they say promising, they mean
· 16:36
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: there is some
evidence to indicate that the programs achieved their intended
outcomes. But it's not supported by the most rigorous
research. So what crimesolutions.gov is saying is that this looks
promising, but we're not ready to say it's a proven
practice. Interestingly, 9 of the 72 programs were found to have
no effect, or 12%. This means that there is strong evidence
indicating that they had no effects or had harmful effects when
11. implemented with fidelity. [Smart Policing Initiative] Smart
policing was established by the Bureau of Justice Assistance in
2009. [Bureau of Justice Assistance] Under this initiative, the
federal government gives grants to police agencies to develop
and test
· 17:21
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: innovative and
cost-efficient approaches to crime control and prevention. Two
key factors influence the development of smart policing. The
first was the economic downturn in 2008. During this time, the
cost of policing were rising dramatically and local government
budgets were shrinking. So the police had to find a way to do
more with less, and the federal government was interested in
finding ways to help them through the testing of new innovative
strategies through research. The other influence on smart
policing
· 17:54
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: goes back to what I
mentioned about the work of David Weisburd and his colleagues
before. The Bureau of Justice Assistance knew that policing
research was not being conducted with strong methodological
rigor. So they included in the smart policing initiative a
mandate that the police agencies receiving federal funding for
their innovative practices, test them through research
partnerships and strong methodological designs.
12. · 18:20
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: Since 2009, the
federal government has provided funding to over 45 police
agencies. [Examples] So the Los Angeles Police
Department instituted a program called LASAR, which stands
for the Los Angeles Strategic Extraction and Restoration
Program. Los Angeles used pretty advanced analytics and the
decentralization of field intelligence analysts, meaning they
took intelligence analysts out of headquarters and put them in
the local district offices
· 18:53
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: to work directly
with detectives and police officers working on violent crime
problems. And they used a problem-oriented policing
approach. And using a quasi-experimental research design, they
found statistically significant reductions in homicide and
violent crime. And these have been sustained over some
time. Since the introduction of smart policing in Los
Angeles, they have expanded it to five additional
police districts from the original one that it was tested out
in. And recently, Charlie Beck, the chief of police in Los
Angeles,
· 19:25
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: publicly announced
that he's going department-wide with smart policing and the
13. LASAR program. Shawnee, Kansas, as I mentioned
earlier, implemented a test of the data-driven approaches to
crime and traffic safety. This is a unique approach to crime
analysis, where you identify places where crime and traffic
safety problems co-exist. And through a focused presence of
police, traffic police, and other police, pretty much the police
presence
· 19:58
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: and the focus on
these particular problems drives crime and traffic safety
problems down. So they implemented DDACTS in a test
jurisdiction. They compared it to a comparison jurisdiction. So
this is again, a quasi-experimental design as a result of the
implementation of DDACTS in Shawnee, Kansas. They saw
over 80% reductions in targeted street crimes, and a 24%
reduction in crashes.
· 20:26
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: In Kansas City,
Missouri, they institute a focused deterrence approach called the
no violence alliance, or NOVA. This was the identification of
over 120 chronic gang members who were involved in
homicides and violent crime over several years, and addressing
them with that focused deterrence approach. The strong
surveillance, the strong message from law enforcement that
their behavior will no longer be tolerated. And if they continue
14. their criminal behavior, they'll be subject to the full extent of
the law. And if they want to, they can take
· 20:57
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: advantage of pro-
social and social treatment opportunities to change their
lifestyle. Kansas City NOVA was evaluated with a quasi-
experimental design, and an interesting application of social
network analysis to the study of gangs. Social network analysis
is actually a mathematical procedure through which you can
identify groups and individuals in groups, measure the strength
of their associations, the frequency of their contacts, and
identify who the central people are in these groups and these
networks, so you can focus your efforts on those individuals
who
· 21:32
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: are the most
influential and those groups and those networks. Kansas City
NOVA also experienced statistically significant reductions in
violent crime as a result of their focused deterrence
approach. Boston, Massachusetts undertook a very
interesting detailed analysis of violent crime in micro-hot spots
in Boston. A micro-hot spot is basically a street segment or a
street intersection. It's a very small geographical space. And
through their analysis, they identified a small percentage of
micro-hot spots in Boston that we're accounting for 40% to 50%
15. of the violent crime in that city,
· 22:13
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: and had
consistently accounted for that level of crime in those small
spots for well over 25 or 30 years. So the violence problem in
Boston was entrenched in a number of very small places that
were accounting for a great percentage of violent crime in the
city. They identified those spots, they developed "Safe Street
Teams" that were enforcement-oriented but with community and
problem-oriented policing approaches. They worked those
areas. And again, through a quasi-experimental research design
where they matched hot spots that did not
· 22:46
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: get this Safe Street
Team's intervention to the ones that did. And they found strong
statistical reductions in violent street crimes. Interestingly in
the case of Boston, they didn't see reductions in homicide. So
this is a good example of what happens in smart policing. The
police executives and the police analysts and the researchers
follow the data. They were pleased with the reduction in violent
street crimes, but they were not pleased with the lack of
reduction in homicides. So since then, the Boston Police
Department has undertaken a thorough re-examination and
reorganization of its homicide unit,
· 23:25
16. DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: and is currently
working on increasing the clearances of homicide cases. The
results are not out from that research yet, but all indications are
pointing to again, very positive results from this. [Challenges to
Rigorous Research in Policing] So I'm going to step back a bit
now and just talk a little bit about challenges to this need for
rigorous research and policing. We've seen several examples
and several initiatives that have worked very hard to increase
· 23:57
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: the level of
methodological rigor in policing science and policing
research. The truth is, this is a very challenging endeavor for
several reasons. It is difficult to integrate rigorous research--
research in which the scientist is primarily in control of the
study-- into real life policing in the field, in police
organizations and communities. The conduct of rigorous
research like randomized experiments or quasi-experimental
designs actually
· 24:30
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: requires that the
police somehow adjust their operations to meet the needs of the
researcher. That's difficult to do in real life. As you can
imagine, there are ethical concerns about subjecting individuals
and communities to randomized conditions. This happens in
several ways. Some people, when a police department starts to
17. focus on certain individuals and certain communities, even if
the data show that those communities and those individuals are
accounting for the greatest percentage of crime, it feels like
unfair targeting.
· 25:01
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: It feels like a
biased approach to policing, and people get concerned about
that. On the other hand, people also get concerned when they
see some communities receiving the benefits of these new
interventions, and other communities not receiving them. And
so they get concerned about the fact that some people are
getting new police resources and some are not. So these
concerns happen on both sides of the coin. Some are concerned
about the way policing is being done, some are concerned that
the police are not spreading their resources evenly across the
community. These concerns come up even though people
generally
· 25:37
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: understand that
randomized experiments are the best way to find out what
works. Even with that understanding, there are these ethical
concerns. In my experience, I think it's also true that research
capacities are not evenly distributed across communities and
across police departments. So for the Bostons and the Chicagos,
and the New Yorks, and the Miamis and the Los Angeles' of our
18. country, it's not hard to find a local university with a strong
cadre of very experienced sociologists and criminologists who
are
· 26:10
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: interested and
capable of doing the type of research that needs to be done. And
that have sufficient analytical information systems and data
capacities within their own departments. When you get down to
mid-size and small-size agencies which account for more than
60% or 70% of the police departments in this country, their data
analytics and their information systems and their access to
researchers who are experienced in doing this kind of work is
not always what it needs to be.
· 26:39
DR. JAMES CHIP COLDREN, [continued]: Even though we
want to increase these capacities, we want more rigorous
research. There are challenges to doing this across the board in
small and medium-sized communities. And it's also true …
Fashion Merchandising and Design
FMD 456 Historic Perspectives of Dress
MUSEUM REPORT
19. Visit an online museum whose collection includes paintings or
sculpture that show clear examples
of historic costume and dress from one of the following museum
websites.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Getty
The Louvre
The Prado
REQUIREMENTS:
1. Artifacts or exhibition must be representative of historic
fashion of the Western world (that
is, European or American) from before 2000.
2. Minimum length: four full double-spaced pages, with one
inch margins and 12-point font.
3. The body of the report should discuss the garments,
accessories, hairstyles—all pertinent details
represented in the artifact(s).
5. Analyze three different pieces thoroughly. In the case of
20. works of art, list the title of the work,
the artist and the year. You may select items from a single time
period or several different periods.
6. Use and explain appropriate costume terminology.
7. Discuss why this piece is indicative of its time period. You
may want to consider the social,
political, economic, geographic and religious forces at play.
Compare the museum's examples
with your source materials and cite those sources using
approved APA citation style.
8. Provide an APA bibliography at the end of the paper and
APA references in the text. For
reference styles try the Owl Website.
9. Remember, this is a research paper. Effective use of outside
sources is required. Neither your
class lecture notes nor term handouts are acceptable as sources;
21. however, you may use one edition
of the course text. Should you choose to do so, a minimum of
five additional costume-related
sources is required. (To clarify: The use of the course text is not
required; however, should you
choose to use it, your bibliography must total six sources.)
7. Assignments must be submitted via the Drop Box on
BeachBoard by the due date at 11:59 PM.
Late papers are not accepted.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa
_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
https://www.museodelprado.es/en
https://www.louvre.fr/en
https://www.getty.edu/museum/
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works/