The document summarizes a lecture on basic concepts of fire protection and building services management. It discusses fire as a process of combustion, requiring fuel, heat and oxygen. It outlines planning for fire protection through avoiding ignition, stopping spread if ignited, and suppressing fires. If a fire spreads, safe refuge and escape are needed. The lecture also covers fire resistance of materials, detection and alarm systems, smoke venting, and risk assessment. Fire behavior is modeled based on combustion equations.
This document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing various phosphors for thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry. It discusses the precipitation synthesis of CaSO4:Dy, which is a sensitive TL phosphor for low-dose measurements. It also describes synthesizing LiF:MCP and LiCaAlF6:Eu phosphors via different methods and analyzes their dosimetric properties like TL glow curves, dose response linearity, and sensitivity dependence on factors like dopant concentration and annealing temperature. The LiF:MCP and LiCaAlF6:Eu samples developed showed comparable TL intensity to commercial phosphors. In conclusion, CaSO4, LiF, and LiCaAlF
Synthesis of Nio Nanoparticles by Diffusion Flame ReactorIJERA Editor
Nanoparticles of NiO are synthesized by diffusion flame reactor using Nickel nitrate hexahydrate [Ni(NO3)2.6H2O] as a precursor, dissolved in acetone. LPG and Oxygen is used as Fuel and oxidant in these experiments. Flowrate of 0.2slpm (Standard Liter per minute) of LPG, 0.7slpm of Oxygen and 10slpm of Nitrogen as career gas is used in flame reactor. The morphology and crystalline phase of the synthesized nickel oxide nanocrystals have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transition electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average particle diameter of the NiO particle is 40-50nm.
1) The document summarizes research on measuring the optical and chemical properties of black carbon particles in Toronto. Samples were collected over 3 weeks in June 2013 using various instruments including a photoacoustic soot spectrometer and aerosol mass spectrometer.
2) The research found evidence of brown carbon absorption enhancing black carbon absorption at 405nm but not 781nm. Dividing the sampling period into subsets showed the enhancement was strongest when influenced by wildfires.
3) The findings indicate optical lensing is not enhancing black carbon absorption in Toronto as much as models predict. Care is needed in accounting for black carbon mixing state in climate models.
Recent advances in photocatalytic reactors were summarized in 3 sentences or less:
The document reviewed various photocatalytic reactor designs used to degrade organic pollutants like pesticides and dyes, as well as microorganisms, using different catalysts like TiO2 and light sources like sunlight and UV lamps. Reactors included batch, continuous flow, and thin film designs. Degradation rates of over 90% were typically achieved for various contaminants like monocrotophos, acetamiprid, thiabendazole, methyl orange, and rhodamine B.
This document summarizes research on using nanostructured electromaterials for energy applications. It discusses using precision assembly of nano- and micro-dimensional components into macroscopic structures to improve device performance. Specific examples discussed include using porphyrins, conducting polymers, and graphene in dye-sensitized solar cells, hydrogen production, and nanostructure fabrication. The goal is to create the next generation of electrochemical devices through 3D assembly of electromaterials at the nano- and micro-scale.
This document provides a summary of the educational and professional experience of Debdeep Maity. It outlines his educational background which includes a PhD from CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute focused on calixarene molecular sensors. It also details his postdoctoral research at NISER, Bhubaneswar and Ruder Boskovic Institute, Croatia focused on water soluble organic receptors and hybrid soft materials. For experience, it lists an industrial position at Innocule Additive & Materials developing polymers and a postdoctoral position at NISER focused on water soluble organic receptors. It provides an overview of his research interests which include synthesis of calixarene derivatives for selective ion detection and synthesis of functional
The document summarizes a lecture on basic concepts of fire protection and building services management. It discusses fire as a process of combustion, requiring fuel, heat and oxygen. It outlines planning for fire protection through avoiding ignition, stopping spread if ignited, and suppressing fires. If a fire spreads, safe refuge and escape are needed. The lecture also covers fire resistance of materials, detection and alarm systems, smoke venting, and risk assessment. Fire behavior is modeled based on combustion equations.
This document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing various phosphors for thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry. It discusses the precipitation synthesis of CaSO4:Dy, which is a sensitive TL phosphor for low-dose measurements. It also describes synthesizing LiF:MCP and LiCaAlF6:Eu phosphors via different methods and analyzes their dosimetric properties like TL glow curves, dose response linearity, and sensitivity dependence on factors like dopant concentration and annealing temperature. The LiF:MCP and LiCaAlF6:Eu samples developed showed comparable TL intensity to commercial phosphors. In conclusion, CaSO4, LiF, and LiCaAlF
Synthesis of Nio Nanoparticles by Diffusion Flame ReactorIJERA Editor
Nanoparticles of NiO are synthesized by diffusion flame reactor using Nickel nitrate hexahydrate [Ni(NO3)2.6H2O] as a precursor, dissolved in acetone. LPG and Oxygen is used as Fuel and oxidant in these experiments. Flowrate of 0.2slpm (Standard Liter per minute) of LPG, 0.7slpm of Oxygen and 10slpm of Nitrogen as career gas is used in flame reactor. The morphology and crystalline phase of the synthesized nickel oxide nanocrystals have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transition electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average particle diameter of the NiO particle is 40-50nm.
1) The document summarizes research on measuring the optical and chemical properties of black carbon particles in Toronto. Samples were collected over 3 weeks in June 2013 using various instruments including a photoacoustic soot spectrometer and aerosol mass spectrometer.
2) The research found evidence of brown carbon absorption enhancing black carbon absorption at 405nm but not 781nm. Dividing the sampling period into subsets showed the enhancement was strongest when influenced by wildfires.
3) The findings indicate optical lensing is not enhancing black carbon absorption in Toronto as much as models predict. Care is needed in accounting for black carbon mixing state in climate models.
Recent advances in photocatalytic reactors were summarized in 3 sentences or less:
The document reviewed various photocatalytic reactor designs used to degrade organic pollutants like pesticides and dyes, as well as microorganisms, using different catalysts like TiO2 and light sources like sunlight and UV lamps. Reactors included batch, continuous flow, and thin film designs. Degradation rates of over 90% were typically achieved for various contaminants like monocrotophos, acetamiprid, thiabendazole, methyl orange, and rhodamine B.
This document summarizes research on using nanostructured electromaterials for energy applications. It discusses using precision assembly of nano- and micro-dimensional components into macroscopic structures to improve device performance. Specific examples discussed include using porphyrins, conducting polymers, and graphene in dye-sensitized solar cells, hydrogen production, and nanostructure fabrication. The goal is to create the next generation of electrochemical devices through 3D assembly of electromaterials at the nano- and micro-scale.
This document provides a summary of the educational and professional experience of Debdeep Maity. It outlines his educational background which includes a PhD from CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute focused on calixarene molecular sensors. It also details his postdoctoral research at NISER, Bhubaneswar and Ruder Boskovic Institute, Croatia focused on water soluble organic receptors and hybrid soft materials. For experience, it lists an industrial position at Innocule Additive & Materials developing polymers and a postdoctoral position at NISER focused on water soluble organic receptors. It provides an overview of his research interests which include synthesis of calixarene derivatives for selective ion detection and synthesis of functional
Geothermal energy has several advantages over coal facilities including producing significantly less pollution in the form of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions. It is also a renewable source of energy that regenerates on shorter timescales than fossil fuels. Additionally, geothermal energy conserves fossil fuels and does not require large amounts of space. However, it has disadvantages such as being limited to specific locations near geothermal reservoirs and not being movable once facilities are built.
A novel Ru/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite catalyzed photoreduction of CO2 to metha...Pawan Kumar
A novel in situ synthesized Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite is developed for the photoreduction of
CO2 into methanol under visible light irradiation. The prepared composite was characterized by means of
SEM, TEM, XRD, DT–TGA, XPS, UV–Vis and FT-IR techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized
hybrid catalyst was tested for the photoreduction of CO2 under visible light using triethylamine
as a sacrificial donor. The methanol yield for the Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite was found to be
1876 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.024 mol Einstein−1) that was much higher in comparison with the in situ synthesized
TiO2, 828 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.010 mol Einstein−1) and the homogeneous Ru(bpy)3Cl2
complex, 385 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.005 mol Einstein−1).
Role of point defects on the reactivity of reconstructed anatase titanium dio...yang wang
The document reports on a study of the reconstructed anatase titanium dioxide (001) surface using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques combined with first-principles calculations. Two types of intrinsic point defects were identified on the surface: dark spots on the as-grown (oxidized) surface and bright spots appearing on the reduced surface after argon sputtering and annealing. Only the bright spots, which correspond to Ti3+ defect sites, demonstrated considerable chemical activity for adsorbing water and oxygen molecules. The findings suggest that the reactivity of the anatase TiO2(001) surface depends on its reduction status, with the Ti3+ defect sites acting as active sites on the reduced surface.
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of alkali titanateSoumya Ranjan Sahoo
The document describes the preparation and photocatalytic activity of alkali titanate nano materials. Specifically, it discusses how lithium titanate, sodium titanate, and potassium titanate nano crystals were successfully synthesized using a novel hydrothermal process. Characterization of the materials found they had different morphologies - lithium titanate formed snowflake structures while sodium and potassium titanate formed nanorods. Testing showed the materials had higher photocatalytic activity for degrading chloroform under UV light than a commercial titanium dioxide photocatalyst. The addition of nickel oxide as a cocatalyst further improved the photocatalytic activity, with potassium titanate showing the highest activity.
This document summarizes a study of peroxy radical (RO2) chemistry and hydroxyl radical (OH) production during the nighttime reaction of isoprene with nitrate radicals (NO3). Key findings include:
1) Nitrate yields from the reaction were high (around 80%), consistent with other studies.
2) Significant OH formation was observed, proposed to come from RO2 + HO2 reactions (yield 38-58%) and secondary oxidation of nitrooxyhydroperoxides (yield 35%).
3) Branching ratios were determined for RO2 reaction channels forming carbonyls/alcohols (59-77%), propagating radicals (18-38%), and organic peroxides (3
The empirical formula of benzene is CH. Its molecular weight is 78.1 amu.
To determine the molecular formula, we divide the molecular weight by the empirical formula weight:
Molecular weight = 78.1 amu
Empirical formula weight = 13.02 amu
78.1 amu / 13.02 amu = 6
Therefore, the molecular formula of benzene is C6H6.
This document summarizes an experiment on photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to fuel using a novel iodine-doped titanium dioxide (I-TiO2) based catalyst. X-ray diffraction characterization showed the I-TiO2 sample contained 75% anatase and 25% rutile phases when calcinated at 400°C, and 50% anatase and 50% rutile phases at 500°C. Diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy was used to analyze the catalyst surface when exposed to a 5:1 molar ratio of H2O/CO2 for 1 hour under UV-vis light. The results showed a decrease in CO2 and formation of intermediate products in the OH and carbonate regions,
Review on recent progress in nitrogen doped graphene synthesis, characterizat...suresh899
This document reviews recent progress in nitrogen-doped graphene, including various synthesis methods and characterization techniques. Some key points:
1. Nitrogen doping introduces pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic nitrogen configurations in graphene which alter its electronic properties.
2. Synthesis methods include CVD, segregation growth, solvothermal, arc discharge, and post-treatment methods like thermal, plasma, and N2H4 treatments.
3. CVD is a common method using metal catalysts and carbon/nitrogen precursors. Other methods include solvothermal reactions and arc discharge of graphite sources.
SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES AND APPLICATION IN MALACHITE GREEN DYE COLO...vinubhanu
This document summarizes the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles and their application in removing malachite green dye from water via adsorption. It discusses synthesizing nickel nanoparticles using a chemical reduction method, characterizing the nanoparticles using various techniques, and applying the nanoparticles to remove malachite green dye from water. Key findings include the nickel nanoparticles having spherical shapes ranging from 50-114 nm in size and being able to remove up to 92.8% of malachite green dye from water. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model.
Nipigon Secondary Wastewater Treatment Report, March 2013.
The report was prepared by Town of Nipigon Engineer Geoff Aitken in March, 2013 and summarizes operations of the Nipigon secondary wastewater treatment plant.
This presentation reviews:
1) history to develop molecular catalysts that can convert N2 to NH3
2) recent progress to develop productive catalytic systems.
分子触媒による窒素変換
触媒的に窒素固定する金属錯体についてのレビューです。歴史的に重要な発見からはじまり、最新の触媒システムまでを俯瞰します。
The document provides an overview of photocatalysis and photocatalytic materials. It discusses the definition and mechanism of photocatalysis using titanium dioxide as an example. It then summarizes the properties and applications of specific photocatalytic materials KRONOClean 7050 and KRONOClean 7000. The document also reviews measurement methods, standards, and organizations involved in photocatalysis research and development.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
In the present work, Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using improved modified Hummer’s method. Reduced
Graphene oxide (rGO) is synthesized by cow urine extract using sonication and refluxing process. Tin Oxide quantum dots were
synthesized using wet chemical method. RGO/SnO2 based pellets were prepared using hydraulic press. These pellets were
characterized for glucose. Structural and optical characterization of GO, rGO and SnO2 quantum dots was performed using XRD,
UV-visible and FTIR. The sensors show good response towards glucose.
The document describes a study of acid-base reactions on alumina-supported niobia catalysts. Catalysts containing 8-28% niobia supported on gamma-alumina were prepared by impregnation. The catalysts were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, CO2 adsorption, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The density and strength of Lewis acid and basic sites decreased with increasing niobia content, while the density of Brønsted acid sites increased. The catalysts were tested in isopropanol dehydration, 1-butene isomerization, and cumene dealkylation reactions. Reaction performance varied with different reactions responding differently to niobia addition depending on the changes in surface acid-base properties.
Optimizing the Parameters for Photolysis of Naphthyl Benzoate and Naphthyl Pi...Andrew Diorio
This document summarizes experiments optimizing the photolysis of naphthyl esters to study the cage effect of solvents. Experiment 1 determined extinction coefficients for 2-naphthyl benzoate and 2-naphthyl pivalate in hexanes using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Experiment 2 analyzed product distributions from photolyzing 2-naphthyl pivalate in hexanes using gas chromatography. Experiment 3 similarly analyzed products from photolyzing 2-naphthyl benzoate, finding 1 minute of UV irradiation yielded 65.1% conversion. Future work will apply these methods to study cage effects of naphthyl esters in ionic liquids using a new gas chromatograph.
A review on recent progress in nitrogen doped graphene synthesis, characteriz...Science Padayatchi
1) Nitrogen doping is an effective way to modify the properties of graphene. There are three common types of nitrogen dopants: pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N.
2) Many methods have been used to synthesize nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene), including CVD, segregation growth, solvothermal synthesis, and arc discharge. Post-treatment methods include thermal treatment, plasma treatment, and treatment with N2H4.
3) The nitrogen content and dopant configuration in N-graphene can be controlled by parameters like precursor composition, catalyst material, and growth temperature. N-graphene has potential applications in areas like electrocatalysis
Sound Generation nd Propagation with Lattice Boltzmann MethodSalih Kocak
The document discusses using the lattice Boltzmann method to simulate sound generation and propagation. It describes how the method approximates the continuous Boltzmann equation with lattice nodes and velocity vectors. It also outlines how properties of air must be used in the simulations and discusses validating the simulations through analytical solutions, laboratory testing, and comparing LB simulations to measured sound pressure levels and diffraction patterns.
Geothermal energy has several advantages over coal facilities including producing significantly less pollution in the form of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions. It is also a renewable source of energy that regenerates on shorter timescales than fossil fuels. Additionally, geothermal energy conserves fossil fuels and does not require large amounts of space. However, it has disadvantages such as being limited to specific locations near geothermal reservoirs and not being movable once facilities are built.
A novel Ru/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite catalyzed photoreduction of CO2 to metha...Pawan Kumar
A novel in situ synthesized Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite is developed for the photoreduction of
CO2 into methanol under visible light irradiation. The prepared composite was characterized by means of
SEM, TEM, XRD, DT–TGA, XPS, UV–Vis and FT-IR techniques. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized
hybrid catalyst was tested for the photoreduction of CO2 under visible light using triethylamine
as a sacrificial donor. The methanol yield for the Ru(bpy)3/TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite was found to be
1876 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.024 mol Einstein−1) that was much higher in comparison with the in situ synthesized
TiO2, 828 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.010 mol Einstein−1) and the homogeneous Ru(bpy)3Cl2
complex, 385 μmol g−1 cat (MeOH 0.005 mol Einstein−1).
Role of point defects on the reactivity of reconstructed anatase titanium dio...yang wang
The document reports on a study of the reconstructed anatase titanium dioxide (001) surface using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques combined with first-principles calculations. Two types of intrinsic point defects were identified on the surface: dark spots on the as-grown (oxidized) surface and bright spots appearing on the reduced surface after argon sputtering and annealing. Only the bright spots, which correspond to Ti3+ defect sites, demonstrated considerable chemical activity for adsorbing water and oxygen molecules. The findings suggest that the reactivity of the anatase TiO2(001) surface depends on its reduction status, with the Ti3+ defect sites acting as active sites on the reduced surface.
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of alkali titanateSoumya Ranjan Sahoo
The document describes the preparation and photocatalytic activity of alkali titanate nano materials. Specifically, it discusses how lithium titanate, sodium titanate, and potassium titanate nano crystals were successfully synthesized using a novel hydrothermal process. Characterization of the materials found they had different morphologies - lithium titanate formed snowflake structures while sodium and potassium titanate formed nanorods. Testing showed the materials had higher photocatalytic activity for degrading chloroform under UV light than a commercial titanium dioxide photocatalyst. The addition of nickel oxide as a cocatalyst further improved the photocatalytic activity, with potassium titanate showing the highest activity.
This document summarizes a study of peroxy radical (RO2) chemistry and hydroxyl radical (OH) production during the nighttime reaction of isoprene with nitrate radicals (NO3). Key findings include:
1) Nitrate yields from the reaction were high (around 80%), consistent with other studies.
2) Significant OH formation was observed, proposed to come from RO2 + HO2 reactions (yield 38-58%) and secondary oxidation of nitrooxyhydroperoxides (yield 35%).
3) Branching ratios were determined for RO2 reaction channels forming carbonyls/alcohols (59-77%), propagating radicals (18-38%), and organic peroxides (3
The empirical formula of benzene is CH. Its molecular weight is 78.1 amu.
To determine the molecular formula, we divide the molecular weight by the empirical formula weight:
Molecular weight = 78.1 amu
Empirical formula weight = 13.02 amu
78.1 amu / 13.02 amu = 6
Therefore, the molecular formula of benzene is C6H6.
This document summarizes an experiment on photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to fuel using a novel iodine-doped titanium dioxide (I-TiO2) based catalyst. X-ray diffraction characterization showed the I-TiO2 sample contained 75% anatase and 25% rutile phases when calcinated at 400°C, and 50% anatase and 50% rutile phases at 500°C. Diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy was used to analyze the catalyst surface when exposed to a 5:1 molar ratio of H2O/CO2 for 1 hour under UV-vis light. The results showed a decrease in CO2 and formation of intermediate products in the OH and carbonate regions,
Review on recent progress in nitrogen doped graphene synthesis, characterizat...suresh899
This document reviews recent progress in nitrogen-doped graphene, including various synthesis methods and characterization techniques. Some key points:
1. Nitrogen doping introduces pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic nitrogen configurations in graphene which alter its electronic properties.
2. Synthesis methods include CVD, segregation growth, solvothermal, arc discharge, and post-treatment methods like thermal, plasma, and N2H4 treatments.
3. CVD is a common method using metal catalysts and carbon/nitrogen precursors. Other methods include solvothermal reactions and arc discharge of graphite sources.
SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES AND APPLICATION IN MALACHITE GREEN DYE COLO...vinubhanu
This document summarizes the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles and their application in removing malachite green dye from water via adsorption. It discusses synthesizing nickel nanoparticles using a chemical reduction method, characterizing the nanoparticles using various techniques, and applying the nanoparticles to remove malachite green dye from water. Key findings include the nickel nanoparticles having spherical shapes ranging from 50-114 nm in size and being able to remove up to 92.8% of malachite green dye from water. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model.
Nipigon Secondary Wastewater Treatment Report, March 2013.
The report was prepared by Town of Nipigon Engineer Geoff Aitken in March, 2013 and summarizes operations of the Nipigon secondary wastewater treatment plant.
This presentation reviews:
1) history to develop molecular catalysts that can convert N2 to NH3
2) recent progress to develop productive catalytic systems.
分子触媒による窒素変換
触媒的に窒素固定する金属錯体についてのレビューです。歴史的に重要な発見からはじまり、最新の触媒システムまでを俯瞰します。
The document provides an overview of photocatalysis and photocatalytic materials. It discusses the definition and mechanism of photocatalysis using titanium dioxide as an example. It then summarizes the properties and applications of specific photocatalytic materials KRONOClean 7050 and KRONOClean 7000. The document also reviews measurement methods, standards, and organizations involved in photocatalysis research and development.
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
This document presents a study on using xanthogenated-modified chitosan microbeads (XMCM) to remove methylene blue dye from wastewater. The study characterized XMCM using FTIR, pH, and pHzpc analysis. Batch experiments examined the effect of adsorbent dosage and initial pH on dye removal efficiency. Equilibrium isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of XMCM for methylene blue was determined to be 21.62 mg/g. The study demonstrated the potential of XMCM for wastewater treatment applications.
In the present work, Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using improved modified Hummer’s method. Reduced
Graphene oxide (rGO) is synthesized by cow urine extract using sonication and refluxing process. Tin Oxide quantum dots were
synthesized using wet chemical method. RGO/SnO2 based pellets were prepared using hydraulic press. These pellets were
characterized for glucose. Structural and optical characterization of GO, rGO and SnO2 quantum dots was performed using XRD,
UV-visible and FTIR. The sensors show good response towards glucose.
The document describes a study of acid-base reactions on alumina-supported niobia catalysts. Catalysts containing 8-28% niobia supported on gamma-alumina were prepared by impregnation. The catalysts were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, CO2 adsorption, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The density and strength of Lewis acid and basic sites decreased with increasing niobia content, while the density of Brønsted acid sites increased. The catalysts were tested in isopropanol dehydration, 1-butene isomerization, and cumene dealkylation reactions. Reaction performance varied with different reactions responding differently to niobia addition depending on the changes in surface acid-base properties.
Optimizing the Parameters for Photolysis of Naphthyl Benzoate and Naphthyl Pi...Andrew Diorio
This document summarizes experiments optimizing the photolysis of naphthyl esters to study the cage effect of solvents. Experiment 1 determined extinction coefficients for 2-naphthyl benzoate and 2-naphthyl pivalate in hexanes using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Experiment 2 analyzed product distributions from photolyzing 2-naphthyl pivalate in hexanes using gas chromatography. Experiment 3 similarly analyzed products from photolyzing 2-naphthyl benzoate, finding 1 minute of UV irradiation yielded 65.1% conversion. Future work will apply these methods to study cage effects of naphthyl esters in ionic liquids using a new gas chromatograph.
A review on recent progress in nitrogen doped graphene synthesis, characteriz...Science Padayatchi
1) Nitrogen doping is an effective way to modify the properties of graphene. There are three common types of nitrogen dopants: pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N.
2) Many methods have been used to synthesize nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene), including CVD, segregation growth, solvothermal synthesis, and arc discharge. Post-treatment methods include thermal treatment, plasma treatment, and treatment with N2H4.
3) The nitrogen content and dopant configuration in N-graphene can be controlled by parameters like precursor composition, catalyst material, and growth temperature. N-graphene has potential applications in areas like electrocatalysis
Sound Generation nd Propagation with Lattice Boltzmann MethodSalih Kocak
The document discusses using the lattice Boltzmann method to simulate sound generation and propagation. It describes how the method approximates the continuous Boltzmann equation with lattice nodes and velocity vectors. It also outlines how properties of air must be used in the simulations and discusses validating the simulations through analytical solutions, laboratory testing, and comparing LB simulations to measured sound pressure levels and diffraction patterns.
The document discusses the lattice Boltzmann method, which is a computational technique for modeling fluid flow problems. It represents fluid as particles that move and collide on a lattice. The particle distribution functions evolve according to simple rules, but their averages reproduce the Navier-Stokes equations. The method handles complex boundaries naturally and bridges microscopic and macroscopic behavior. It offers advantages over conventional schemes by being based on kinetic models and having linear convection and connections to microscopic physics. Examples of applications include cavity flows, flow past cylinders, and multiphase flows.
Simulation of Electron Beam Melting With the Lattice Boltzmann Method Rishi Dua
This document discusses using the lattice Boltzmann method to simulate electron beam melting in additive manufacturing. It begins with an introduction to electron beam melting and the lattice Boltzmann method. It then derives the lattice Boltzmann method from the Boltzmann equation and discretizes it. The document outlines the algorithm, including the streaming and collision steps. It discusses how the electron beam and liquid-void interface are modeled using this method. Finally, it briefly mentions using high performance computing for electron beam melting simulations.
Collision theory and transition state theory explain how chemical reactions occur and why reaction rates differ. Collision theory, proposed independently by Max Trautz and William Lewis in 1916-1918, qualitatively explains chemical reactions. Transition state theory, developed by Henry Eyring in 1935, describes an activated complex or transition state that forms between reactants and products. For a reaction to occur, the transition state must have sufficient concentration and break apart to form products rather than reforming reactants.
Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide and the collision must provide enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. Reactions with a lower activation energy are more likely to occur. Increasing concentration, temperature, or surface area increases the rate of reaction by providing more opportunities for collisions that can surpass the activation energy. Catalysts also increase reaction rate by lowering the activation energy required.
Rate of reaction is defined as the change in quantity of reactants or products per unit time. The average rate is calculated over an interval of time, while the instantaneous rate is the actual rate at a given time. Several factors affect the rate of reaction, including the total surface area and concentration of reactants, temperature, use of catalysts, and pressure for gaseous reactants. According to collision theory, the rate of reaction depends on the frequency and effectiveness of collisions between reactant particles, which must achieve the minimum activation energy and correct orientation.
The document discusses collision theory and factors that affect chemical reaction rates, stating that reaction rates increase with higher temperatures, larger surface areas, higher concentrations of reactants, and the presence of catalysts as these factors all lead to more frequent collisions between reactant molecules that have sufficient kinetic energy to reach the transition state.
Chemical reactions occur when new substances are formed from the collision of particles with sufficient energy and alignment. The rate of chemical reactions can be affected by several factors, including surface area, concentration, temperature, and catalysts. Increasing the surface area, concentration, or temperature of reactants increases the number of collisions and reaction rate. In industry, increasing the reaction rate is often advantageous to make products more efficiently.
The document discusses key concepts related to chemical reaction rates including:
- Collision theory which states that molecules must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation for a reaction to occur. This is known as an effective collision.
- Factors that affect reaction rates such as temperature, concentration, surface area, and the use of catalysts. Increased factors lead to more collisions and faster reactions.
- Activation energy which is the minimum energy needed for molecules to react. Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy.
- Energy level diagrams which show reactants at a higher energy level than products for exothermic reactions, and lower for endothermic reactions.
The information in this slide is very useful for me to do the assignment regarding the simulation in which we have to report together with the presentation...
This document summarizes a study on the synthesis of BiOF/TiO2 heterostructures and their enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. BiOF/TiO2 composites with varying molar ratios were synthesized via solid-state sintering. Characterization showed the formation of BiOF and TiO2 pure phases without impurities. The BiOF/TiO2 (1:3) ratio showed the highest photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B degradation under visible light, about 7 times more than pure BiOF and 5 times more than pure TiO2. The proposed mechanism is that TiO2 absorbs visible light due to reduced bandgap from oxygen vacancies, while BiOF promotes charge separation at the heterostructure
The document summarizes research on modifying the bandgap of n-TiO2 through carbon doping to enable its use in photoelectrochemical water splitting using visible light. Carbon-modified n-TiO2 (CM-n-TiO2) films were synthesized using spray pyrolysis. Increased carbon doping was achieved by calcining in inert atmosphere. CM-n-TiO2 exhibited photoresponse in the visible spectrum due to carbon doping reducing the bandgap and introducing an intragap band. This modified the band structure of n-TiO2 to extend utilization of solar energy into the visible region.
The document presents a numerical investigation of spherical diffusion flames. It summarizes past work on spherical diffusion flames and outlines the objectives of studying soot formation in ethylene flames and weak hydrogen micro-flames. For ethylene flames, the investigation finds that soot formation requires a local C/O ratio of at least 0.51 and temperature of around 1400K. For hydrogen micro-flames, it characterizes flames near the quenching limit and finds flame structure is similar to microgravity flames.
nano catalysis as a prospectus of green chemistry Ankit Grover
Nanocatalysis and green chemistry prospects.
Nanocatalysts have higher activity, selectivity, and efficiency than traditional catalysts due to their high surface area to volume ratio. They can be designed for sustainability by having properties like recyclability, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Examples discussed include gold nanoparticle catalysts for oxidation reactions and magnetically separable nanoparticle catalysts. Nanocatalyst applications highlighted are water splitting for hydrogen production and storage, and fuel cells.
This document investigates the ability of hexadecyltrimethylammonium cation pillared bentonite (HDTMA-bentonite) to remove thorium from aqueous solutions. The HDTMA-bentonite was characterized using various techniques and its ability to adsorb thorium was tested under different conditions such as solution pH, contact time, initial thorium concentration, and temperature. The results showed that HDTMA-bentonite has a higher adsorption capacity for thorium than unmodified bentonite. The maximum adsorption occurred at pH 3.5 and 60 minutes contact time. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the process was exothermic and spontaneous. H
The document discusses barium perovskites as potential humidity sensing materials. Three key points:
1) Samples of BaMO3 (M=Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn) were prepared via wet chemical synthesis or solid state reaction and tested for their electrical response to humidity.
2) All samples showed an increase in capacitance and conductivity with increasing humidity, indicating interaction between water vapor and the crystal surfaces. Sensitivity was highest at low frequencies and decreased with increasing humidity.
3) Time response to humidity changes was typically 10-100 seconds for intermediate humidity levels. Response time was influenced by the amount of mesopores in the material, with shorter response times associated with less mesoporous
High-performance CO2 sorbents from algae - presentation by Magdalena Titirici in the Biomass CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
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The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into light hydrocarbons using sunlight and water is a challenging reaction involving eight electron transfer steps; nevertheless, it has great potential to address the problem of rising anthropogenic carbon emissions and enable the use of fossil fuels in a sustainable way. Several decades after its first use, TiO2 remains one of the best performing and most durable photocatalysts for CO2 reduction albeit with a poor visible light absorption capacity. We have used flame annealing to improve the response of TiO2 to visible photons and engineered a nanotubular morphology with square-shaped cross-sections in flame-annealed nanotubes. An enhanced CH4 yield was achieved in the photoreduction of CO2 using flame annealed TiO2 nanotubes, and isotope labeled experiments confirmed the reaction products to originate from the CO2 reactant. Flame-annealed TiO2 nanotubes formed in aqueous electrolyte (FANT-aq) yielded 156.5 μmol gcatalyst–1.hr–1 of CH4, which is in the top tier of reported performance values achieved using TiO2 as a stand-alone photocatalyst. This performance resulted because appreciable amounts of CH4 were generated under visible light illumination as well. TiO2 nanotubes exhibited CO2 photoreduction activity up to a wavelength of 620 nm with visible light driven photocatalytic activity peaking at 450 nm for flame annealed TiO2 nanotubes. Isotope labelling studies, using GC–MS and gas-phase FTIR, indicated photoreduction of 13CO2 to 13CH4. The detection of 13CO in the product mixture, and the absence of HCHO and HCOOH provides strong support for the photoreduction proceeding along a carbene pathway. The enhanced CO2 photoreduction performance of FANT-aq is attributed to increased visible light absorption, square morphology, and the presence of rutile as the only crystalline phase with (110) as the dominant plane.
High rate CO2 photoreduction using flame annealed TiO2 nanotubesPawan Kumar
The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into light hydrocarbons using sunlight and water is a challenging reaction involving eight electron transfer steps; nevertheless, it has great potential to address the problem of rising anthropogenic carbon emissions and enable the use of fossil fuels in a sustainable way. Several decades after its first use, TiO2 remains one of the best performing and most durable photocatalysts for CO2 reduction albeit with a poor visible light absorption capacity. We have used flame annealing to improve the response of TiO2 to visible photons and engineered a nanotubular morphology with square-shaped cross-sections in flame-annealed nanotubes. An enhanced CH4 yield was achieved in the photoreduction of CO2 using flame annealed TiO2 nanotubes, and isotope labeled experiments confirmed the reaction products to originate from the CO2 reactant. Flame-annealed TiO2 nanotubes
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This document discusses greenhouse gas emissions from soils and the implications of climate change. It summarizes the processes that generate and consume carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane in soils. It examines the potential impacts of climate change on each greenhouse gas and possible mitigation options. The document outlines that climate change may increase soil carbon dioxide emissions through higher temperatures and altered rainfall patterns, and that nitrous oxide emissions are strongly influenced by temperature and water availability. Future research is needed to better understand these relationships and identify mitigation strategies.
CO2 is a major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using solar energy provides a promising way to reduce CO2 levels while also producing useful fuels and chemicals. TiO2 is commonly used as a photocatalyst but has limitations due to its large band gap. The document discusses using hybrid photocatalysts composed of TiO2 and other semiconductors or conjugated polymers to overcome these limitations and more efficiently reduce CO2 into fuels like methane and hydrogen using visible light. Experimental results showed that these hybrid photocatalysts significantly increased the rates of CO2 reduction compared to TiO2 alone.
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Degussa P25, a mixture of anatase and rutile crystal structures, is the most commonly used precursor to form the photoactive layer in solar cells; however, the photocatalytic activity of rutile is inferior to brookite. This presentation discusses the enhancement in photocatalytic activity of an antase brookite mixture.
Similar to Radiative lattice Boltzmann method applied to combustion simulation and reduced chemical kinetics (20)
Bicrystalline Titania Photocatalyst for Reduction of CO2 to Solar Fuels
Radiative lattice Boltzmann method applied to combustion simulation and reduced chemical kinetics
1. 19th Discrete Simulation POLITECNICO DI TORINO
of Fluid Dynamics DEPARTMENT OF ENERGETICS
Radiative lattice Boltzmann method
applied to combustion simulation
and reduced chemical kinetics
A. F. Di Rienzo, E. Chiavazzo, P. Asinari
July 5-9, 2010 – Rome, Italy
1
2. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Introduction
GOAL OF THE TALK
To point out (a) the derivation of the lattice Boltzmann model for
solving radiative heat transfer in an absorbing and emitting
medium and (b) how this model can be coupled with combustion
simulation via lattice Boltzmann and reduced chemical kinetics.
KEY POINTS
Combustion: to decouple fast and slow dynamics.
Radiation: to compute radiative source term to be used
in combustion model.
Coupling: to investigate radiative contribution to
combustion for a reactive gas mixture of hydrogen and
air.
2
3. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Combustion 1/2
ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Flow field is incompressible and not affected by chemical reaction.
2. Transport properties are constant.
3. Fick’s law applies to diffusion
4. Viscous energy dissipation is neglected and radiative heat transfer is
discussed next.
Evolution equations for enthalpy and mass concentration of species i are:
H2+Air 9 species ([1], [2]) 9+1 equations to be solved!
[1] J. Li, Z. Zhao, A. Kazakov. F. L. Dryer, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 2004
[2] K. Yamamoto et al., J. Stat. Phys. 107 (2002) 367–383 3
4. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Combustion 2/2
ISSUES:
• Solution of a large number of conservation equations
• Stiffness: high computational time
REDUCTION TECHNIQUES, FAST-SLOW MOTION DECOMPOSITION ([3],[4])
Primitive variables are re-parameterized
in terms of new slow quantities
The dynamics of is expected to be
slower than
[3] E. Chiavazzo, I. Karlin, A. N. Gorban, K. Boulouchos, JSTAT, 2009
[4] E. Chiavazzo, I. Karlin, A. N. Gorban, K. Boulouchos, Combust. Flame, in press, 2010 4
5. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Radiation 1/3
• SCATTERING
Rayleigh scattering
theory
Participating medium is absorbing and emitting. RTE reduces:
5
6. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Radiation 2/3
• ABSORPTION
NARROW BAND MODELS and WIDE BAND MODELS rigorously
describe absorption of gases. Drawback: more time consuming than the
solution of the RTE itself.
PLANCK-MEAN ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT: less sophisticated and
easy to incorporate in the RTE numerical scheme.
H2O
6
7. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Radiation 3/3
PSEUDO-TRANSIENT RTE
2-D PSEUDO-TRANSIENT RTE
[5]
[5] P. Asinari, S. C. Mishra, R. Borchiellini, A lattice Boltzmann formulation to the analysis of radiative
heat transfer problems in a participating medium, NHT-B, in press, 2010 7
8. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Coupling 1/2
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION FOR MIXTURE AVERAGE TOTAL
ENTHALPY
RADIATIVE SOURCE TERM
Radiative heat flux Incident radiation
8
9. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Coupling 2/2
REGIONS OF INFLUENCE ([6])
D2Q8
[6]A. F. Di Rienzo, P. Asinari, R. Borchiellini, S. C. Mishra, Improved angular discretization and error
analysis of the lattice Boltzmann method for solving radiative heat transfer in a participating medium,
submitted to JNMH&FF, 2010 9
10. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Example
2-D LAMINAR BURNER
REACTIVE MIXTURE
Premixed hydrogen/air
mixture at Tin=300 K.
DOMAIN SIZE
Lx = 1.4 mm
Ly = 7.3 mm
NUMERICAL RESOLUTION
Nx = 65
Ny = 330
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11. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Case 1- Dry H2
TEMPERATURE FIELD
Time = 1.11 ms Time = 2.22 ms Time = 4.44 ms
Comb. Comb.+ Rad Comb. Comb.+ Rad Comb. Comb.+ Rad
11
12. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Case 1- Dry H2
Time = 2.22 ms
TRANSPARENT MEDIUM:
H2+AIR
NO EFFECT OF RADIATIVE
HEAT TRANSFER !!!
12
13. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Case 2- Wet H2
FRESH MIXTURE: H2+Air+H2O Non-reactive
Comb. Comb.+ Rad
13
14. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Case 2- Wet H2
Even though the fresh mixture (H2+Air+H2O) is opaque,
contribution of radiative heat transfer is so small that it can be
neglected.
14
15. POLITECNICO DI TORINO Conclusions
1. Radiative LBM can be effectively coupled with
combustion model, by providing it the enthalpy rate
(radiative source term).
2. For transparent reactive mixture (H2+Air), radiative
contribution is null:
3. For opaque fresh mixture (H2+Air+H2O), radiative
contribution can be neglected as well:
15