This document provides an overview of racism around the world, including examples from Europe, Australia, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, North America, and other regions. It discusses how racism has manifested through things like racial violence, discrimination, exploitation, and policies of oppression. It also notes how racism is often exacerbated during times of conflict, economic downturns, or as a means to scapegoat minority groups. While progress has been made in many places, the document indicates racism remains a problem in societies around the world.
The document discusses the European refugee crisis and its impact on human security and identity in Europe. It notes the intensifying conflicts in the Middle East and Northern Africa have led to a lack of human security for many people, forcing them to flee as refugees to Europe. However, anti-refugee sentiments are rising in Europe as the influx of refugees is accelerating an identity crisis for many EU citizens and challenging their sense of security. The document examines this issue through cases in Germany and Poland and recommends the "New Reality Initiative" to address concerns through information sharing and promoting mutual understanding between citizens and refugees.
The document summarizes a project addressing the European refugee dilemma through improving human security. It defines human security and identity crisis concepts. It outlines the problem of over 11 million displaced people in Europe stressing societies. Potential solutions discussed include reducing refugee influx, an informational initiative to reduce stigma, and a media campaign using personal narratives. The recommended solution is a New Reality Initiative combining an informational initiative through public forums and a media campaign using social media to build empathy between refugees and citizens. The feasibility of these solutions is assessed through social media outreach and data collection.
The Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) continues its global activism against antisemitism and hate. Some key activities described in the document include:
1) SWC officials meeting with government leaders across Europe to address issues like rising antisemitism in countries like France, Hungary, and Denmark.
2) SWC speaking out against campaigns to ban religious practices like circumcision and kosher slaughter in countries across Europe.
3) SWC's global outreach through exhibits like "The Courage to Remember" that have educated millions about the Holocaust in dozens of countries.
4) Upcoming and recent events held by SWC's Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles, New York, and their new museum
Ethnic Conflict and Its Threats to Democracysdebrouwere
In the past two decades, ethnic and national conflicts have clearly re-emerged as one of the greatest, and potentially most dangerous, political problems in the international arena. A series of violent conflicts have erupted in Europe, Asia and Africa, claiming the lives of many thousands of victims, and injuring and displacing many more. In sight of this overwhelming evidence, academia finds itself obliged to ask why nationalism and ethnonationalism can prompt such violence, how they can wreck havoc and in what way these horror-scenarios can be adverted. This presentation considers the threats posed to democratic values by the existence of serious ethnic conflict within a single national territory, and investigates several structural solutions (including, but not limited to, partition, secession, integration, federalism and consociationalism). As such, it hopes to clear out which holds the best hope of success.
Corruption is described as the "AIDS of civilization" that can only be eliminated through global cooperation against powerful corrupt individuals and organizations. The document provides examples of corruption in various countries involving politicians and business leaders embezzling large sums of money. It also notes that the vast majority of US federal subsidies go to large corporations and banks, with the top 18 recipients receiving over $54 billion, showing how private interests can influence government activities and regulations.
The document discusses the debate around religious slaughter methods and whether animals should be stunned before death. Some religious leaders argue that conventional stunning is torture, while scientific evidence supports stunning. Both sides attempt to support their arguments with examples and opinions. The discussion focuses only on slaughter for consumption and ignores how animals are dealt with during outbreaks, when they have sometimes been bulldozed alive due to a lack of humane solutions. The document suggests investigating whether a new non-gaseous stunning method could help address mass depopulation needs during outbreaks.
This document discusses the applicability of the Western liberal model of ethnic minority rights in Laos. It analyzes Laos based on five factors identified by Kymlicka as preconditions for the Western model: 1) Demography - Laos has experienced emigration rather than increased minority populations. Official census data does not accurately reflect ethnic self-identification. 2) Rights-consciousness - Ethnic minorities face barriers to equal political participation and their cultures are not respected. 3) Democracy - Laos is a totalitarian state that bans opposition and ignores minority representation. 4) Desecuritization - The government promotes an ethnic Lao identity over minority cultures. 5) Liberal consensus - Individual freedoms are not respected and the state dis
In providing a counter-narrative, the Western world should do more in the way of understanding the elements that Islamist and Jihadist master narratives share. They should also be wary of inadvertently advancing the cause of such groups. Western societies have a much better opportunity in providing a counter-narrative to their own Muslim populations that can more effectively undermine the predominant Islamist and Jihadist narratives. Given the highly unfavourable views held of Christianity, Judaism and the West in general, it is futile to attempt to reverse years of fermenting hostility fostered by Islamist and Jihadist indoctrination. Instead, it is probably more likely that efforts to roll back and contain the radical narratives in Western countries will provide the most effective counter narrative yet
The document discusses the European refugee crisis and its impact on human security and identity in Europe. It notes the intensifying conflicts in the Middle East and Northern Africa have led to a lack of human security for many people, forcing them to flee as refugees to Europe. However, anti-refugee sentiments are rising in Europe as the influx of refugees is accelerating an identity crisis for many EU citizens and challenging their sense of security. The document examines this issue through cases in Germany and Poland and recommends the "New Reality Initiative" to address concerns through information sharing and promoting mutual understanding between citizens and refugees.
The document summarizes a project addressing the European refugee dilemma through improving human security. It defines human security and identity crisis concepts. It outlines the problem of over 11 million displaced people in Europe stressing societies. Potential solutions discussed include reducing refugee influx, an informational initiative to reduce stigma, and a media campaign using personal narratives. The recommended solution is a New Reality Initiative combining an informational initiative through public forums and a media campaign using social media to build empathy between refugees and citizens. The feasibility of these solutions is assessed through social media outreach and data collection.
The Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) continues its global activism against antisemitism and hate. Some key activities described in the document include:
1) SWC officials meeting with government leaders across Europe to address issues like rising antisemitism in countries like France, Hungary, and Denmark.
2) SWC speaking out against campaigns to ban religious practices like circumcision and kosher slaughter in countries across Europe.
3) SWC's global outreach through exhibits like "The Courage to Remember" that have educated millions about the Holocaust in dozens of countries.
4) Upcoming and recent events held by SWC's Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles, New York, and their new museum
Ethnic Conflict and Its Threats to Democracysdebrouwere
In the past two decades, ethnic and national conflicts have clearly re-emerged as one of the greatest, and potentially most dangerous, political problems in the international arena. A series of violent conflicts have erupted in Europe, Asia and Africa, claiming the lives of many thousands of victims, and injuring and displacing many more. In sight of this overwhelming evidence, academia finds itself obliged to ask why nationalism and ethnonationalism can prompt such violence, how they can wreck havoc and in what way these horror-scenarios can be adverted. This presentation considers the threats posed to democratic values by the existence of serious ethnic conflict within a single national territory, and investigates several structural solutions (including, but not limited to, partition, secession, integration, federalism and consociationalism). As such, it hopes to clear out which holds the best hope of success.
Corruption is described as the "AIDS of civilization" that can only be eliminated through global cooperation against powerful corrupt individuals and organizations. The document provides examples of corruption in various countries involving politicians and business leaders embezzling large sums of money. It also notes that the vast majority of US federal subsidies go to large corporations and banks, with the top 18 recipients receiving over $54 billion, showing how private interests can influence government activities and regulations.
The document discusses the debate around religious slaughter methods and whether animals should be stunned before death. Some religious leaders argue that conventional stunning is torture, while scientific evidence supports stunning. Both sides attempt to support their arguments with examples and opinions. The discussion focuses only on slaughter for consumption and ignores how animals are dealt with during outbreaks, when they have sometimes been bulldozed alive due to a lack of humane solutions. The document suggests investigating whether a new non-gaseous stunning method could help address mass depopulation needs during outbreaks.
This document discusses the applicability of the Western liberal model of ethnic minority rights in Laos. It analyzes Laos based on five factors identified by Kymlicka as preconditions for the Western model: 1) Demography - Laos has experienced emigration rather than increased minority populations. Official census data does not accurately reflect ethnic self-identification. 2) Rights-consciousness - Ethnic minorities face barriers to equal political participation and their cultures are not respected. 3) Democracy - Laos is a totalitarian state that bans opposition and ignores minority representation. 4) Desecuritization - The government promotes an ethnic Lao identity over minority cultures. 5) Liberal consensus - Individual freedoms are not respected and the state dis
In providing a counter-narrative, the Western world should do more in the way of understanding the elements that Islamist and Jihadist master narratives share. They should also be wary of inadvertently advancing the cause of such groups. Western societies have a much better opportunity in providing a counter-narrative to their own Muslim populations that can more effectively undermine the predominant Islamist and Jihadist narratives. Given the highly unfavourable views held of Christianity, Judaism and the West in general, it is futile to attempt to reverse years of fermenting hostility fostered by Islamist and Jihadist indoctrination. Instead, it is probably more likely that efforts to roll back and contain the radical narratives in Western countries will provide the most effective counter narrative yet
Wk2 Modernity, globalization and development Carolina Matos
The document summarizes key concepts from modernization theory and critiques of it, including:
- Modernization theory viewed mass media as able to promote development by spreading modern values and raising aspirations. Schramm and Lerner were major proponents.
- Dependency theory emerged as a critique, arguing development maintains dependency on core capitalist countries through new forms of exploitation. Frank argued development in rich nations was achieved through exploiting colonies.
- Critics said modernization was too simplistic, ethnocentric, and ignored political/cultural dimensions of development. It failed to consider unequal power structures between nations.
- Dependency theorists like Cardoso and Frank saw underdevelopment as a result of past/ongoing explo
The document discusses several key topics related to African decolonization in the 20th century, including:
1) The negative consequences of the "scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century, including how arbitrary European-drawn borders disrupted ethnic groups and social structures.
2) African resistance to colonial rule through figures like Jomo Kenyatta and his advocacy for independence in Kenya.
3) The various influences and challenges that African states faced in achieving independence in the post-WWII period as European powers grew weaker.
4) The ongoing struggles that newly independent African nations experienced with issues like ethnic conflict, economic dependence, and political instability.
Globalization can weaken ethnic identities and spread ethnic conflicts between areas. The end of the Cold War also increased attention on ethnic conflicts that had previously been contained by the superpowers. There are many potential causes of ethnic conflict, including ancient hatreds, political issues, competition for resources, weak institutions, and proliferation of weapons. Ethnic conflicts have huge costs, including thousands of deaths, millions of refugees, economic damage, hindering democratization, and environmental destruction. Major ethnic conflicts have occurred in Africa, such as in Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, and Liberia, and in Asia, such as in India, Sri Lanka, China, and Tibet. Potential resolutions include meeting ethnic group needs through economic development, power-
This document discusses cultural imperialism, post-colonialism, and their relationship to media. It defines cultural imperialism as one culture dominating another through military, economic, technological, or media influence. Post-colonialism examines media through the lens of colonialism's aftermath. The document argues that Western media, like Hollywood films, can spread Western culture and values globally, functioning as a tool of cultural imperialism. It provides examples of how British colonial rule influenced cultures and how the U.S. culture dominates through media like film.
This paper deals with the representation of ethnic minorities in the media,
focusing mainly on the role of the journalist. It approaches news stories through the
prism of the media construction of reality and the cultural concept of representation.
Using critical discourse analysis, the study describes the nature of the social reality
constructed by the TV news series “Where Others Fear to Tread.” The paper reflects
the general attributes of the representation of the Roma minority in the news, pointing
out methods and signs used for emphasizing the stereotypes shared by the majority.
The analysis shows that the media discourse of news stories could potentially confirm
prejudices towards the Roma minority, forming the image of Roma people as essentially maladjusted, dangerous and suspicious individuals.
How to eliminate the causes of violence in brazil and the worldFernando Alcoforado
This document discusses perspectives on human nature and the causes of violence from various religions, philosophies and thinkers. It outlines views that human nature is originally good but corrupted by ignorance, or that humans have an innate tendency towards both good and evil. Eastern religions generally believe human nature is intrinsically good but corrupted, while Christianity, Judaism and Islam see humans as inherently capable of both good and evil. The document also discusses perspectives on human nature from Freud, Rogers, Hobbes, Rousseau, Marx and others. It suggests education can transform human weaknesses and help eliminate the causes of violence.
Islam within europe, clash of civilizationsNari Hakobian
This document discusses Samuel Huntington's theory of a "clash of civilizations" between Western and Islamic cultures, specifically within the context of Muslim immigration to Europe. It outlines Huntington's assumptions, critiques of his theory, and alternative approaches proposed by thinkers like Francis Fukuyama who argue for liberal democracy and dialogue between civilizations. The document also examines the historical interactions between European and Muslim civilizations, debates around Muslim identity and integration in countries like Germany and the Netherlands, and whether a paradigm of civilizational clash accurately applies to the situation.
The document discusses civil society in Central Europe compared to other parts of the world such as the US and Islamic world. It questions whether democracy is necessary for civil society and explores differences in levels of individual liberty and responses to security laws. Specific examples discussed include protests in Central Europe against restrictions of freedom compared to the US response after 9/11, and greater numbers of people prosecuted for genocide in Rwanda through community courts compared to international courts.
Modernity is linked to genocide through the idea that groups seen as hindering progress need to be eliminated. European settlers viewed Indigenous Australians as backwards and preventing modern European civilization, so sought to eliminate them. Similarly, Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge believed Western influences in Cambodia prevented progress, so they eliminated those groups to create a fresh start for their society. While modernity preaches progress, genocide shows how the idea has also been used to justify the murder of innocent people when they are viewed as preventing the advancement of a group or nation.
This document outlines the eight stages of genocide as defined by Dr. Gregory Stanton: classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, and denial. It provides descriptions and historical examples for each stage, from how the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups were classified in Rwanda to the preparation and execution of genocide. Prevention strategies are also suggested, such as opposing hate speech, protecting moderate leaders, and preparing humanitarian relief and military intervention when signs of genocide emerge.
This document discusses theories of race in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It describes how scientists like Johann Blumenbach and Samuel Morton developed pseudoscientific theories to try to prove white racial superiority, such as by claiming Caucasians had larger brains and were more beautiful. Their work was used to justify discriminatory policies and shape public thinking despite being based on subjective judgments rather than facts. The document examines how these theories became integral to government policies and legislation that discriminated unfairly between citizens.
The document analyzes the 2012 shootings in Toulouse and Montauban, France carried out by Mohammed Merch through a critical lens of terrorism. It discusses how Merch claimed he wanted to avenge Palestinian children and protest French foreign wars and the ban on face veils. The document argues that religious terrorism is a label used to delegitimize political grievances and that one must understand the historical contexts and power dynamics that may have provoked the attacks, such as the oppression of Palestinians and Muslim women in France.
Space and gender are two important factors that determine the way trauma is received and experienced. The meaning, expression and treatment of trauma should be considered in the light of cultural, historical and social conditions. John Maxwell Coetzee offers a portrayal of the socio-cultural and historical landscape with the ongoing racial conflicts inherited from the apartheid regime in the post-apartheid South Africa in Disgrace. Coetzee’s novel Disgrace can be read as an allegory of the suffering, frustration and muddle of Post-Apartheid South Africa where racial, sexual and gender politics intricately work together. The tragic history of South Africa is marked by systematic oppression, violence, exclusion, fragmentation and dispossession. This paper aims to analyze how the experience and symptoms of trauma of sexual assault are determined by the gender of the victim and the place where the offensive contact and trauma are experienced with references to the three characters in Disgrace, the father David Lurie, the daughter Lucy and the female student Melanie.
The rise of nationalismIntroduction The rise of nationa.docxkathleen23456789
The rise of nationalism
Introduction
The rise of nationalism poses a threat to globalization and the set of values that the international community has sought to develop in the past. The election of President Donald Trump and Brexit threatened the neoliberal agenda that has promoted free enterprise and globalization. Understanding the rise of nationalism provides an effective instrument for identifying effective intervention measures.
Research Question
· What has caused the resurgence of nationalism?
Research Hypothesis
· If the USA focuses on electing competent leaders, the resurgence of nationalism will be resolved Comment by angela parham: When the word “will” is used it is predicting the future, which we cannot predict. Please rephrase and email me your new hypothesis.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
The literature review aimed at developing a holistic understanding of nationalism and its resurgence in the modern society. As a result, past and present incidences of nationalism were examined in the research process. The findings of the study form the basis for understanding the psychology of the modern nationalist and the factors that cause it to be prevalent among different parts of the society.
Search Description
The search terms comprised of ‘nationalism’, ‘causes of nationalism’, ‘causes of Brexit’ and ‘Trumpism’. The search results produced leads that the researcher used to identify other literature material on the subject. The focused research played an important role in enabling the researcher to identify the literature that could be used in the study. In addition, the internet search involved ‘resurgence of nationalism’ and ‘nationalists’.
(
Cultural factors
)Theoretical Framework
(
Nationalism
) (
Patriotism
) (
Social-economic factors
)
(
Political factors
)
Fig. 1: Theoretical framework for the resurgence of nationalism
The theoretical framework demonstrates the impact that environmental factors have on the inherent patriotism of an individual. Each person has a close relationship with their nation that forms part of their identity. The cultural factors in the society may affect how people perceive others. Part of the opposition towards nationalism can be linked to cultural issues, which affect how the people perceive each other. In addition, social-economic factors may affect the sense of security that a person has about their future (Spencer & Wollman, 2005). Political actors may exploit social-economic and cultural factors to stir interest in nationalism. The resurgence of nationalism can be linked to the cultural and social-economic factors in the American society. Consequently, it is evident that the adoption of nationalism is a response to threats to the identity or survival of an individual. The push for nationalism is a reactive response to the fear and anxiety caused by the potential loss of the identity of a person (BBC, 2018).
Review of the literat.
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the following. Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese citizens during World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding Muslims, the fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from their families all stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The Other.” When one group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other races and ethnicities comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to retain what many believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or traditions from other cultures. There is hope , though, and it comes from what for some may be a surprising source.
Beginning in the early 1930s, Nazi officials in Germany blamed the country's economic troubles on Jews. As anti-Semitism grew due to the aftermath of WWI and the depression, Adolf Hitler used this hatred to rise to power. He and other Nazi leaders then systematically took away Jews' rights, businesses, and possessions before sending them to concentration camps where many were killed or forced into slave labor. Due to their own economic struggles, many Americans did not strongly oppose the Nazi persecution of Jews in Germany.
This document discusses how anthropological fieldwork has changed due to the rise of indigenous political movements worldwide. It begins by providing context on how development policies after WWII and related organizations led to increased indigenous organizing and advocacy. This transformed the traditional "ethnographic situation" where indigenous peoples were objects of study. Now, anthropologists must be accountable to indigenous communities and support their struggles, leading to a demand for "anthropological advocacy." While this creates new opportunities for engaged fieldwork, it also challenges anthropologists to maintain intellectual independence amid new social and political pressures. The emergence of indigenous peoples as political subjects globally has fundamentally changed the conditions and assumptions of classical anthropological research.
Eugenics was a global movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that studied "race science" to create a stronger and more "pure" human race. It originated in England and the United States, where the first eugenics institute was founded in 1904. Germany adopted eugenic ideas and used terms like "racial hygiene" to justify sterilizing and killing Jews and other groups deemed inferior during the Holocaust. Although eugenics began in the US and received early support there for Nazi policies, American eugenicists later tried to cover up their involvement after Nazi war crimes were revealed. The document examines how eugenics helped enable the dehumanization of victims in genocides like the
Civic european cities in the age of national populismCity of Gdansk
This document discusses the rise of national populism in Europe and its implications. It makes three key points:
1) There is currently a clash between ethnic nationalism promoted by national populists and civic nationalism constrained by rule of law in the EU. National populists imagine the nation as having common ethnic roots while civic nationalism is more inclusive.
2) National populism in countries like Hungary and Poland has led to the deterioration of democracy, including attacks on the media, judiciary, and civil society. This threatens the core values of the EU.
3) National populists claim to defend national sovereignty but their version of ethnic nationalism is incompatible with the civic, inclusive form of nationalism that underpins the EU. Their
This document discusses identity and how it relates to terrorism in Europe. It argues that while some see a pan-Islamic identity or "Ummah" as fueling terrorism, in reality religious identity is complex and multifaceted. Terrorism is often motivated more by political goals than religious teachings. The document also discusses how globalization and transnational relations were expected to foster more cosmopolitan identities and cooperation, but instead ethnic and cultural conflicts have increased as identities become more isolated. It analyzes how immigrants and their descendants in Europe struggle with competing identities in their new environments.
Wk2 Modernity, globalization and development Carolina Matos
The document summarizes key concepts from modernization theory and critiques of it, including:
- Modernization theory viewed mass media as able to promote development by spreading modern values and raising aspirations. Schramm and Lerner were major proponents.
- Dependency theory emerged as a critique, arguing development maintains dependency on core capitalist countries through new forms of exploitation. Frank argued development in rich nations was achieved through exploiting colonies.
- Critics said modernization was too simplistic, ethnocentric, and ignored political/cultural dimensions of development. It failed to consider unequal power structures between nations.
- Dependency theorists like Cardoso and Frank saw underdevelopment as a result of past/ongoing explo
The document discusses several key topics related to African decolonization in the 20th century, including:
1) The negative consequences of the "scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century, including how arbitrary European-drawn borders disrupted ethnic groups and social structures.
2) African resistance to colonial rule through figures like Jomo Kenyatta and his advocacy for independence in Kenya.
3) The various influences and challenges that African states faced in achieving independence in the post-WWII period as European powers grew weaker.
4) The ongoing struggles that newly independent African nations experienced with issues like ethnic conflict, economic dependence, and political instability.
Globalization can weaken ethnic identities and spread ethnic conflicts between areas. The end of the Cold War also increased attention on ethnic conflicts that had previously been contained by the superpowers. There are many potential causes of ethnic conflict, including ancient hatreds, political issues, competition for resources, weak institutions, and proliferation of weapons. Ethnic conflicts have huge costs, including thousands of deaths, millions of refugees, economic damage, hindering democratization, and environmental destruction. Major ethnic conflicts have occurred in Africa, such as in Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, and Liberia, and in Asia, such as in India, Sri Lanka, China, and Tibet. Potential resolutions include meeting ethnic group needs through economic development, power-
This document discusses cultural imperialism, post-colonialism, and their relationship to media. It defines cultural imperialism as one culture dominating another through military, economic, technological, or media influence. Post-colonialism examines media through the lens of colonialism's aftermath. The document argues that Western media, like Hollywood films, can spread Western culture and values globally, functioning as a tool of cultural imperialism. It provides examples of how British colonial rule influenced cultures and how the U.S. culture dominates through media like film.
This paper deals with the representation of ethnic minorities in the media,
focusing mainly on the role of the journalist. It approaches news stories through the
prism of the media construction of reality and the cultural concept of representation.
Using critical discourse analysis, the study describes the nature of the social reality
constructed by the TV news series “Where Others Fear to Tread.” The paper reflects
the general attributes of the representation of the Roma minority in the news, pointing
out methods and signs used for emphasizing the stereotypes shared by the majority.
The analysis shows that the media discourse of news stories could potentially confirm
prejudices towards the Roma minority, forming the image of Roma people as essentially maladjusted, dangerous and suspicious individuals.
How to eliminate the causes of violence in brazil and the worldFernando Alcoforado
This document discusses perspectives on human nature and the causes of violence from various religions, philosophies and thinkers. It outlines views that human nature is originally good but corrupted by ignorance, or that humans have an innate tendency towards both good and evil. Eastern religions generally believe human nature is intrinsically good but corrupted, while Christianity, Judaism and Islam see humans as inherently capable of both good and evil. The document also discusses perspectives on human nature from Freud, Rogers, Hobbes, Rousseau, Marx and others. It suggests education can transform human weaknesses and help eliminate the causes of violence.
Islam within europe, clash of civilizationsNari Hakobian
This document discusses Samuel Huntington's theory of a "clash of civilizations" between Western and Islamic cultures, specifically within the context of Muslim immigration to Europe. It outlines Huntington's assumptions, critiques of his theory, and alternative approaches proposed by thinkers like Francis Fukuyama who argue for liberal democracy and dialogue between civilizations. The document also examines the historical interactions between European and Muslim civilizations, debates around Muslim identity and integration in countries like Germany and the Netherlands, and whether a paradigm of civilizational clash accurately applies to the situation.
The document discusses civil society in Central Europe compared to other parts of the world such as the US and Islamic world. It questions whether democracy is necessary for civil society and explores differences in levels of individual liberty and responses to security laws. Specific examples discussed include protests in Central Europe against restrictions of freedom compared to the US response after 9/11, and greater numbers of people prosecuted for genocide in Rwanda through community courts compared to international courts.
Modernity is linked to genocide through the idea that groups seen as hindering progress need to be eliminated. European settlers viewed Indigenous Australians as backwards and preventing modern European civilization, so sought to eliminate them. Similarly, Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge believed Western influences in Cambodia prevented progress, so they eliminated those groups to create a fresh start for their society. While modernity preaches progress, genocide shows how the idea has also been used to justify the murder of innocent people when they are viewed as preventing the advancement of a group or nation.
This document outlines the eight stages of genocide as defined by Dr. Gregory Stanton: classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, and denial. It provides descriptions and historical examples for each stage, from how the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups were classified in Rwanda to the preparation and execution of genocide. Prevention strategies are also suggested, such as opposing hate speech, protecting moderate leaders, and preparing humanitarian relief and military intervention when signs of genocide emerge.
This document discusses theories of race in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It describes how scientists like Johann Blumenbach and Samuel Morton developed pseudoscientific theories to try to prove white racial superiority, such as by claiming Caucasians had larger brains and were more beautiful. Their work was used to justify discriminatory policies and shape public thinking despite being based on subjective judgments rather than facts. The document examines how these theories became integral to government policies and legislation that discriminated unfairly between citizens.
The document analyzes the 2012 shootings in Toulouse and Montauban, France carried out by Mohammed Merch through a critical lens of terrorism. It discusses how Merch claimed he wanted to avenge Palestinian children and protest French foreign wars and the ban on face veils. The document argues that religious terrorism is a label used to delegitimize political grievances and that one must understand the historical contexts and power dynamics that may have provoked the attacks, such as the oppression of Palestinians and Muslim women in France.
Space and gender are two important factors that determine the way trauma is received and experienced. The meaning, expression and treatment of trauma should be considered in the light of cultural, historical and social conditions. John Maxwell Coetzee offers a portrayal of the socio-cultural and historical landscape with the ongoing racial conflicts inherited from the apartheid regime in the post-apartheid South Africa in Disgrace. Coetzee’s novel Disgrace can be read as an allegory of the suffering, frustration and muddle of Post-Apartheid South Africa where racial, sexual and gender politics intricately work together. The tragic history of South Africa is marked by systematic oppression, violence, exclusion, fragmentation and dispossession. This paper aims to analyze how the experience and symptoms of trauma of sexual assault are determined by the gender of the victim and the place where the offensive contact and trauma are experienced with references to the three characters in Disgrace, the father David Lurie, the daughter Lucy and the female student Melanie.
The rise of nationalismIntroduction The rise of nationa.docxkathleen23456789
The rise of nationalism
Introduction
The rise of nationalism poses a threat to globalization and the set of values that the international community has sought to develop in the past. The election of President Donald Trump and Brexit threatened the neoliberal agenda that has promoted free enterprise and globalization. Understanding the rise of nationalism provides an effective instrument for identifying effective intervention measures.
Research Question
· What has caused the resurgence of nationalism?
Research Hypothesis
· If the USA focuses on electing competent leaders, the resurgence of nationalism will be resolved Comment by angela parham: When the word “will” is used it is predicting the future, which we cannot predict. Please rephrase and email me your new hypothesis.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
The literature review aimed at developing a holistic understanding of nationalism and its resurgence in the modern society. As a result, past and present incidences of nationalism were examined in the research process. The findings of the study form the basis for understanding the psychology of the modern nationalist and the factors that cause it to be prevalent among different parts of the society.
Search Description
The search terms comprised of ‘nationalism’, ‘causes of nationalism’, ‘causes of Brexit’ and ‘Trumpism’. The search results produced leads that the researcher used to identify other literature material on the subject. The focused research played an important role in enabling the researcher to identify the literature that could be used in the study. In addition, the internet search involved ‘resurgence of nationalism’ and ‘nationalists’.
(
Cultural factors
)Theoretical Framework
(
Nationalism
) (
Patriotism
) (
Social-economic factors
)
(
Political factors
)
Fig. 1: Theoretical framework for the resurgence of nationalism
The theoretical framework demonstrates the impact that environmental factors have on the inherent patriotism of an individual. Each person has a close relationship with their nation that forms part of their identity. The cultural factors in the society may affect how people perceive others. Part of the opposition towards nationalism can be linked to cultural issues, which affect how the people perceive each other. In addition, social-economic factors may affect the sense of security that a person has about their future (Spencer & Wollman, 2005). Political actors may exploit social-economic and cultural factors to stir interest in nationalism. The resurgence of nationalism can be linked to the cultural and social-economic factors in the American society. Consequently, it is evident that the adoption of nationalism is a response to threats to the identity or survival of an individual. The push for nationalism is a reactive response to the fear and anxiety caused by the potential loss of the identity of a person (BBC, 2018).
Review of the literat.
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the following. Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese citizens during World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding Muslims, the fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from their families all stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The Other.” When one group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other races and ethnicities comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to retain what many believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or traditions from other cultures. There is hope , though, and it comes from what for some may be a surprising source.
Beginning in the early 1930s, Nazi officials in Germany blamed the country's economic troubles on Jews. As anti-Semitism grew due to the aftermath of WWI and the depression, Adolf Hitler used this hatred to rise to power. He and other Nazi leaders then systematically took away Jews' rights, businesses, and possessions before sending them to concentration camps where many were killed or forced into slave labor. Due to their own economic struggles, many Americans did not strongly oppose the Nazi persecution of Jews in Germany.
This document discusses how anthropological fieldwork has changed due to the rise of indigenous political movements worldwide. It begins by providing context on how development policies after WWII and related organizations led to increased indigenous organizing and advocacy. This transformed the traditional "ethnographic situation" where indigenous peoples were objects of study. Now, anthropologists must be accountable to indigenous communities and support their struggles, leading to a demand for "anthropological advocacy." While this creates new opportunities for engaged fieldwork, it also challenges anthropologists to maintain intellectual independence amid new social and political pressures. The emergence of indigenous peoples as political subjects globally has fundamentally changed the conditions and assumptions of classical anthropological research.
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2. throughout history. (Many of these conflicts have had trade, resources and commercial rivalry at their
core, but national identities have often added fuel to some of these conflicts.)
Racism has also been used to justify exploitation, even using “pseudo-science”:
Debates over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term. Many conflate recent
forms of racism with earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict. In most cases ethno-national conflict
seems to owe to conflict over land and strategic resources. In some cases ethnicity and nationalism were
harnessed to wars between great religious empires (for example, the Muslim Turks and the Catholic
Austro-Hungarians). As Benedict Anderson has suggested in Imagined Communities, ethnic identity and
ethno-nationalism became a source of conflict within such empires with the rise of print-capitalism.
In its modern form, racism evolved in tandem with European exploration and conquest of much of the rest
of the world, and especially after Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. As new peoples were
encountered, fought, and ultimately subdued, theories about “race” began to develop, and these helped
many to justify the differences in position and treatment of people whom they categorized as belonging to
different races (see Eric Wolf’s Europe and the People Without History).
Another possible source of racism is the misunderstanding of Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution.
Some took Darwin’s theories to imply that since some “races” were more civilized, there must be a
biological basis for the difference. At the same time they appealed to biological theories of moral and
intellectual traits to justify racial oppression. There is a great deal of controversy about race and
intelligence, in part because the concepts of both race and IQ are themselves controversial.
— Racism, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, May 1, 2004
In “the century of total war”, and the new millenium, Europe is seeing an alarming resurgence in
xenophobia and racial hatred.
A short review from the Inter Press Service highlights the rise of neo-Nazism in 2000 in Europe and
suggests that “far from being a fringe activity, racism, violence and neo-nationalism have become normal
in some communities. The problems need to tackled much earlier, in schools and with social programmes.”
Ethnic minorities and different cultures in one country can often be used as a scapegoat for the majority
during times of economic crisis. That is one reason why Nazism became so popular.
3. In France, May 2002, the success of far right politician Le Pen in the run for leadership (though he lost
out in the end) sent a huge shockwave throughout Europe, about how easy it was for far right parties to
come close to getting power if there is complacency in the democratic processes and if participation is
reduced.
In various places throughout Western Europe, in 2002, as Amnesty Internationalhighlights, there has been
a rise in racist attacks and sentiments against both Arabs and Jews, in light of the increasing hostilities in
the Middle East.
Earlier in 1998, in an area of Germany a right wing racist party won an unprecedented number of votes.
In Austria, the Freedom Party was able to secure the majority of the cabinet posts. The party is an extreme
far right party, whose leader, Jorg Heider, has been accused of sympathetic statements towards the Nazis.
The European Union has reacted to this indicating that Austria’s participation may be in jeopardy.
This Guardian Special Reporthas much more in-depth coverage.
In Italy, there are attempts to try and deal with the rise in undocumented immigrants from Tunisia. The
reactions from the right wing have been labeled by some as being “openly racist”.
Into 2010 and problems of racism in Italy continue. For example, a wave of violence against African farm
workers in southern Italy left some 70 people injured. This resulted in police having to evacuate over 300
workers from the region. The workers were easy targets being exploited as fruit pickers living in difficult
conditions. They earn “starvation wages” according to a BBC reporter, doing “backbreaking work which
Italians do not want” in a labor market controlled by the local mafia.
Spain has seen increased racial violence. The growing economy invites immigrants from North African
countries such as Morocco. However, the poor conditions that immigrants have had to endure and the
already racially charged region has led to friction and confrontations.
In 1997, Human Rights Watch noted that, “The U.K. has one of the highest levels of racially-motivated
violence and harassment in Western Europe, and the problem is getting worse.” In April 1999, London
saw two bombs explode in predominantly ethnic minority areas, in the space of one week, where a Nazi
group has claimed responsibility. The summer of 2001 saw many race-related riots in various parts of
northern England.
For over a decade, immigration issues have been headlines in the UK. The nature of the discussions bear
a clear racial dimension as well as hostility to Eastern Europeans, such as those from Poland. Anti-
immigrant rhetoric has also contributed to increasing interest in racist political parties such as the British
4. National Party. This also, predictably, has increased as the global financial crisis impacts more of Britain’s
population.
Anti immigration sentiment has also been seen in Switzerland as the country has repeatedly tightened its
asylum policy due to concerns about increasing numbers of illegal migrants.
Greece has one of the worst records in the European Union for racism against ethnic minorities, according
to the BBC. Anti-immigrant sentiment has long been high, especially against ethnic Albanians, who form
the largest minority. Until the 1990s, the BBC notes, Greece had been an extremely homogenous society.
With the fall of communism many immigrants from Eastern Europe came to Greece. Albanians especially
have been targetted by a lot of racist sentiment. Some hostage taking by a few Albanians in recent years
has not helped the situation.
Russia has seen violent anti-racism on the rise in recent years together with the rise of neo-Nazism (which
is a cruel irony given the immense death toll the Soviet Union suffered at the hands of Nazi Germany
during World War II). Although the previous report is from 2006, Amnesty International’s 2010
report shows that despite greater recognition of the problem, effective programs to tackle the issue still do
not exist.
So far, the above represents an incredibly tiny number of examples and details. Many, many more events
haven’t been mentioned, as it is admittedly difficult to keep up with all the different items. For more details
and up-to-date information, one web site to check out the UK-based Institute of Race Relations and their
subsection attempting to document the rising support for the extreme-Right in local and central
government in Europe, building on a platform of populist anti-immigrant policies.
Racism In Australia
In 1987, a sensational “discovery” was made by a Sydney University team, led by Australia’s most
celebrated pre-historian, Professor D J Mulvaney. They reported that the Australian population in 1788
was 750,000, or three times the previous estimate. They concluded that more than 600,000 people had
died as result of white settlement.
— John Pilger, CathyFreeman’s broad Olympicsmileis being used to conceal a multitude of Australia’s
original sins, July 10, 2000
In June 1998, One Nation, an Australian nationalist party in Queensland won 25 percent of the votes with
their main lines at fighting immigration by non-whites. This was made possible where unemployment was
been high and where it was easy to convince the people that immigrants were taking their jobs, as it would
serve to be a convenient excuse and avenue to vent frustration. In a speech the party leader said that
5. Australia was “in danger of being swamped” by Asians and she also questioned the specialwelfare benefits
for Australia’s Aborigines. The reaction to that meant the same party won only 6 percent of the votes two
months later, in the State elections.
Australia has also had a very racist past in which apartheid has been practiced and where indigenous
Aboriginal people have lost almost all their land and suffered many prejudices. In the past, the notorious
policy that led to the Stolen Generation was practiced. This was the institutionalized attempt to prevent
Aboriginal children (and thus future generations) from being socialized into Aboriginal culture. (This also
occurred in various parts of the Americas too.)
Aborigines are the poorest group in Australia and suffer from very much preventable diseases. For more
about these issues, you can start at these harrowing reports from John Pilger a prominent Australian
journalist who has been critical of many western policies.
The Sydney 2000 Olympics also brought some of Australia’s racist past and present to the fore. (On the
positive side, many parts of Australia’s rich diversity in people is slowly helping relieve prejudism.
However, some more traditional and conservative politicians are still openly racist.)
In 2008, a study found that Australians in general are welcoming of diversity but some 1 in 10 Australians
still hold racist views — a ratio likely to be less than in some European countries, but still high the lead
researcher noted. Muslims were most feared or loathed for “not belonging”, and followed by indigenous
Australians and Africans.
In 2009 and 2010, there were increasing racist attacks against Indians with many Indians in Melbourne
fearing racist attacks and lynchings were increasing. It even led to the Indian government issuing an
advisory warning about the dangers of traveling to Melbourne.
Racism In Africa
A number of nations in Africa are at war or civil war, or have been very recently, just few years after they
have gained their independence from former colonial countries.
While most of the conflicts have resources at their core and involve a number of non-African nations and
corporations, additional fuel is added to the conflict by stirring up ethnic differences and enticing hatred.
(Also not that the artificial boundaries imposed in Africa by European colonialism and imperialism during
the divide and rule policies has further exacerbated this situation and plays an enormous role in the root
causes of these conflicts compared to what mainstream media presents.)
In Zimbabwe, there has been increasing racism against the white farmers, due to poverty and lack of land
ownership by Africans.
6. South Africa until recently suffered from Apartheid, which legally segregated the African population from
the Europeans.
For more about conflicts in Africa, check out this site’s section on Africa.
Racism In The Middle East
In a number of countries in the Middle East, discriminatory practice has been commonplace, mostly
against foreign workers who work in low wage conditions, such as domestic workers. Reports of taking
away foreign worker’s passports and treating them as second class citizens are unfortunately
commonplace.
Inter Press Service (IPS) describes how Lebanonhas these discrimination problems even though it is often
considered relatively open compared to its neighbors, due to freedoms enjoyed by women. For example,
people of color face discrimination at work and away from work, often not allowed at some beaches or
clubs, or allowed with various restrictions. In addition, property rights are severely curtailed, even for
Palestinians who are the same race, but not nationals.
Worsening discrimination in recent months seen at various beaches in Lebanon was “symptomatic of the
widespread racism that exists in Lebanon” says Ali Fakhri, communication director at Indyact, a Lebanese
NGO finding that all of the 20 beaches investigated barred domestic workers from Asia and Africa from
using their facilities. Fakhri also feels that the culture of discrimination is socially accepted in Lebanon,
and is seen in the government and private sector as well as among individuals, according to IPS and the
discrimination/racism does not only target people of color, but is also class oriented and sectarian.
Highlighting the effects a legal system can have on culture, a lawyer also interviewed by IPS notes that
“The Lebanese constitution states that all Lebanese are equal in the eyes of the law, but no mention is
made of the rights of foreigners.” In the absence of a unified civil law, such discrimination will continue
she adds: “The Lebanese legal system follows different rules of law that vary from one community to the
other. It is a situation that naturally leads to inequality among people.”
As well as these cultural practices, there has also been a geopolitical dimension:
7. For a long time there has been resentment by many in the Middle East at the policies of America in their
region. For many of the more extremist factions, this has turned into a form of racism as well, where many
things that are Western are hated or despised.
The situation of Palestine and Israel is also very contentious. While Arabs and Jews technically do not
belong to different races, their religious and cultural differences and the political history of the region has
contributed to extremities and tensions — by perhaps a minority, but perhaps an influentialand often vocal
and violent minority — resulting in prejudice on both sides.
With the terrible acts of terrorism committed by terrorists in America, on September 11, 2001, there has
additionally been an outpouring of violent racial hatred by a minority of people in Western countries
against people that look Middle Eastern (some who are not Middle Eastern, such as Indians, have even
been beaten or killed). Furthermore, with the American-led attacks in Afghanistan in retaliation for those
terrorist attacks, from Egypt to Pakistan, there have been minorities of people who have protested violently
in the streets, and also committed racist acts, attacking anything that appears Western, from Western
citizens, to even UNICEF and other UN buildings.
Yet, this is more complex than just a clash of religions and race, as deeper an issue is the geopolitical and
economic activities of the past decades and centuries that have fueled these social tensions. See this web
site’s section on the Middle East for more on that.
Racism In Asia
In Cambodia, there has been a strong anti-Vietnamese sentiment.
In Indonesia there has been a lot of violence against the affluent Chinese population who have been blamed
for economic problems that have plagued the country in recent years.
As noted by Wikipedia in an article on racism, “until 2003, Malaysia enforced discriminatory laws limiting
access to university education for Chinese students who are citizens by birth of Malaysia, and many other
laws explicitly favoring bumiputras (Malays) remain in force.”
In India, there has long been discrimination against what is considered the lowest class in Hinduism, the
Dalits, or untouchables, as well as sectarian and religious violence. Although it has been outlawed by the
Indian Constitution, the caste system was a way to structure inequality into the system itself. And while
8. outlawed, the social barriers it creates is still prevalent in rural areas where most Indians live. It also
features in the view of Hindu extremists and traditionalists.
At various times, there have also been tensions between different religious groups, such as Hindus and
Muslims with both sides having their fair share of extremists. While this is not racism, technically — as
people of all classes are of the same race — the prejudice that had come with the caste system is quite
similar to what is seen with racism.
Racism In North America
A report from SurvivalInternationalabout the plight of the Innu people in Canada also reveals how racism
can be a factor. In the words of the authors, the “report reveals how racist government policies, under the
guise of benevolent ‘progress’, have crippled the Innu of eastern Canada — a once self-sufficient and
independent people.” (While this report is about the problems of an indigenous people in Canada, it is a
common story throughout history for many peoples and cultures.)
In the US, racism is a well known issue. From racial profiling to other issues such as affirmative action,
police brutality against minorities and the history of slavery and the rising resentment against immigrants.
The American Anthropological Association produced a short video providing an overview of how
prevailing ideas in science, government and culture intersected throughout history to shape American
concept of race today:
The Story of Race, Understanding Race, American Anthropological Association, July 13, 2009
Since the horrific terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, Security concerns have
understandably increased, but so too has racial profiling, discrimination etc. In the early aftermath of the
attacks some Americans that were understandably outraged and horrified, even attacked some members
of the Sikh community where at least one was even killed, because they resembled certain types of
Muslims, with beards and turbans. Various people of Middle East or South Asian origin have faced
controversial detentions or questionings by officials at American airports. This web site’s section on
the war against terror has more details on these aspects.
It was a historic moment for America when they voted in their first black president, Barack Obama, given
America’s history. Yet, it seems that some of his policies have met with near hysterical opposition (his
attempt to push a somewhat more inclusive health system has beendecried as socialist, or even communist,
for example).
9. One can’t help but see the increasing criticism from right wing segments having a racist, almost
coordinated, undertone to it. He is Christian, although his middle name is Hussein, which right wingers
have used to claim he is Muslim, anti-Christ and so on, which further fuels racial and discriminatory
sentiments.
Leonard Zeskind, head of the Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights, pointed out that the
anti-Obama “opposition” contains many different political elements:
[Elements of anti-Obama opposition] include ultra-conservative Republicans of both the Pat Buchanan
and free market variety; anti-tax Tea Party libertarians from the Ron Paul camp; Christian right activists
intent on re-molding the country into their kind of Kingdom; birth certificate conspiracy theorists, anti-
immigrant nativists of the armed Minuteman and the policy wonk variety; third party “constitutionalists”;
and white nationalists of both the citizens councils and the Stormfront national socialist variety.
— Bill Berkowitz,US: White Supremacists Crash Anti-Obama Tea Party, Inter Press Service, December
22, 2009
The Lure Of Adolph Hitler And Neo-Nazism
It seems that many people who join supremacist groups do so at a young age, and a lot of recruiting
by these various hate groups are targeted at children. A reformed skinhead adds how easy it can be for
some people, to be recruited into these groups, especially children.
On the anniversary of Adolph Hitler’s birthday in April 1999, a planned killing spree at the now infamous
Columbine High School in America by two children claimed the lives of many fellow school mates. It is
reported that they were targeting ethnic minorities and were involved in some Nazi related activities.
In USA, the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 (incidentally, the day before the birthday of Adolph Hitler)
triggered anti-Muslim sentiments, even though it was not an Islamic group at all. The previous link reports
that there was a 60% increase in discrimination of Muslims in the USA.
And during the week of Adolf Hitler’s birthday, in 1999, neo-Nazi groups were suspected of planting
two nail bombs that exploded in predominantly ethnic minority areas of London. The following week, a
gay bar in London’s Soho area was also bombed killing at least 3 people. The fact that the Stephen
Lawrence case, which, in UK is one of the perhaps most infamous on-going cases of racism in the police
force and has received much attention at the time of this bombing could be more than coincidence.
10. Racism Against Gypsies
One group of people that often go unnoticed when it comes to racism and discrimination are Gypsies. In
Europe they have been persecuted to a similar extent as the Jews throughout history, including World War
II and even now they are largely mistreated orignored.
The Internet And Racism
And while the World Wide Web is a great proponent for the ideals of free speech, it can also be a breeding
ground harboring hatred. This is very serious as the number of hate sites that have sprung up in the recent
years is shocking and also increasing at an alarming rate.
There has been much talk of Internet sites hosting hate material. Some groups such asHateWatch have
gone as far as buying racist domain names so that real racists cannot buy these domains themselves!
For more about the Internet and free speech, check out this site’s section on human rights and the Internet.
It has some useful links to additional sites and material.
Back to top
Globalization And Racism
As globalization in its current form expands, so too does the inequality that accompanies it, as discussed
throughout the Trade, Economy, & Related Issues section on this web site. Rising inequality can result in
an increase in racial bias for scapegoating or advancing xenophobic and isolationist tendencies.
During French and British Imperial days for example, racial bias was ingrained within the culture itself
(as explored in great detail by Edward Said, in his books such as Orientalism(Vintage Books, 1979)
and Culture & Imperialism (Vintage Books, 1993)). However, an element of this is also seen in today’s
period of globalization, with what A. Sivanandan describes as the increasing “xenophobic culture of
globalisation” seen in some parts of the world:
Racism has always been both an instrument of discrimination and a tool of exploitation. But it manifests
itself as a cultural phenomenon, susceptible to cultural solutions, such as multicultural education and the
promotion of ethnic identities.
Tackling the problem of cultural inequality, however, does not by itself redress the problem of economic
inequality. Racism is conditioned by economic imperatives, but negotiated through culture: religion,
literature, art, science and the media.
... Once, they demonised the blacks to justify slavery. Then they demonised the “coloureds” to justify
colonialism. Today, they demonise asylum seekers to justify the ways of globalism. And, in the age of the
11. media, of spin, demonisation sets out the parameters of popular culture within which such exclusion finds
its own rationale — usually under the guise of xenophobia, the fear of strangers.
— A. Sivanandan, Poverty is the new black, The Guardian, August 17, 2001
With expanding globalization, the demands for more skilled workers, especially in North America, Europe
and elsewhere (while they cut back on education spending themselves, little by little), has led to increased
efforts to attract foreign workers — but filtered, based on skill. At the same time, this increases resentment
by those in those nations who are not benefitting from globalization.
Additionally, those trying to escape authoritarian regimes etc are finding it harder and harder to get into
these countries, due to tighter immigration policies. Hence it is harder to immigrate to the wealthier nations
unless, says Liz Fekete, “these citizens are part of the chosen few: highly-skilled computer wizards,
doctors and nurses trained at Third World expense and sought after by the West. Global migration
management strategy saps the Third World and the former Soviet bloc of its economic lifeblood, by
creaming off their most skilled and educated workforces.” From the perspective of globalization, Liz
continues, “the skills pool, not the genes pool, is key.”
Immigrants face numerous criticisms and challenges; It is difficult enough often, to get into another nation
as mentioned above. If one succeeds, then additional struggles (some to naturally be expected, of course)
are faced:
Living in a new country can be daunting, especially when the cultural differences are great.
As a result it can be expected that an immigrant would try to maintain some semblance of their own
culture in their new country of stay.
Or, due to fears of racism or due to the culture shock it would be expected that immigrant
communities would form as a way to deal with this and as a means to help each other through.
By doing this, sometimes they face criticism of not integrating and of “sticking with their own kind”;
Yet, on the other hand, if they do integrate in some way, they face critique from certain types of
environmentalists and others of contributing to environmental degradation by increasing their
consumption to the high levels typical of the host nation.
(And if environmental degradation is the concern, then it would make sense that one of the
main issues at hand to address would be the consumption itself and its roots, regardless of
who is doing it — in this context
12. That is, if the host nation had different modes of consumptions, immigrants would likely
follow those too.
Hence, singling out immigrants for being a factor in environmental degradation is often
unfair, and itself hints of prejudice and of attitudes — intentional or not — almost like “stay
out; we want to maintain and not share our lifestyle and standards of living; we recognize it
is wasteful but if not too many are doing it, then it is ok” etc.)
For more about these issues of resource consumption, blaming the poor and immigrants etc,
see this web site’s section debating population and consumption issues.
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UN’s World Conference On Racism, 2001
A UN Global Conference to discuss racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance was
held from 31st August to 7 September 2001.
While it was brave enough for the United Nations to attempt to hold such a meeting, it proved to be a
heated challenge. While all nations are good at being critical of others (and often very accurately, although
often not!), when it comes to one’s own criticisms, most would be uncomfortable to say the least. As an
example:
United States and Europe were against effective discussions of slavery reparations (and sent in only
low-level delegates — a possible sign on how they really feel about this conference, and what it is
about)
Israel and United States were against discussing the possibility that Zionism is racist against
Palestinians, causing both to walk out of the conference altogether
India was against including discussions about caste-based discrimination
Some Arab nations were against discussions on oppression of Kurds or Arab slave trade
etc.
A watered down declaration was eventually made.
Such an eventfulweek shows how far we all have to go! It is also a detailed issue, and the following links
may provide more details:
World Conference Against Racism is the official United Nations web site
13. OneWorld.net Special Report on Racism provides a huge number of articles from all sorts of NGO
and other partners.
Taken from:
http://www.globalissues.org/article/165/racism