This slide presents the Insights in to the Early flowering regulation in offseason Chickpea due to photoperiod and its multiple connections with ABA in the floral regulation apart from that it also provides information regarding Rapid Generation Advancement

1. DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, JNKVV, JABALPUR
Head of the Department- Dr. A. S. Gontia
Guided by-
Dr. R. K. Samaiya
Dr. R. Shiv Ramkrishnan
Dr. Gurumurthy S (NIASM)
Department of Plant Physiology
JNKVV, Jabalpur
Presented by-
R. G. Vyshnavi
Ph.D – II semester
Department of Plant Physiology
JNKVV, Jabalpur
Doctoral Seminar – I

2. Photoperiodic responses and Rapid Generation
Advancement Technology in Chickpea.

3. The global warming and changing climate results in consistently
changing temperatures with different precipitation patterns, dry spells, wet
spells etc.
In this view of climate risk in
seasonalities the profound investigation
and research of crops under different
photoperiods and temperature has to be
done which promotes the improvement
of genotypes and cultigens towards the
changing climate conditions.

4.  Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) the second most important economically
beneficial protein legume which is widely grown all over the world as a
rabi season crop. In order to meet the future demand of increasing
population and climate change there is a need of producing chickpea
across different seasons over the world.
 Chickpea is a long day plant, which promotes the growth of chickpea in
off-seasons of long day photoperiods i.e, kharif, late kharif and Summer.
 By this, the generation turn over can be accelerated leading to the
production more generations rather than one generation per year.
 Off-season Chickpea has advantages such as vegetable purpose which
provides additional income within a short duration and rapid generation
advancement which improves seed production.

5.  Flowering time is a key factor in determining the adaptation
of crops to diverse environments.
 Photoperiod and temperature are the two major
environmental variables that affect the flowering time period
in the crop

6. Chickpea floral evocation is the complex physiological
trait sensitive to photoperiod.
Insights in to the Early flowering regulation in offseason
Chickpea
I. Photoperiod
Chickpea is a qualitative long day plant.
Therefore, flowering will appear early when the day length is
increased and the significant decrease in days to flowering is
observed in offseason chickpea due to longer photoperiod
duration.

7. Stress conditions
 Water deficit conditions experienced by chickpea during
vegetative phase resulted in accelerated flowering compared to
normal conditions.
 Plants can react to drought stress by anticipating flowering, an
adaptive strategy for plant survival in dry climates known as
Drought Escape (DE).
 The recent studies in Arabidopsis of DE brought to surface the
involvement of Abscisic acid (ABA) in controlling the floral
transition (Damiano et al. 2020).

8. ABA signalling and its multiple connections
with photoperiodic pathway.
Long day stimulated
photoperiodic signalling
+
Water deficit conditions
Short day stimulated
photoperiodic signalling
+
Water deficit conditions
DROUGHT ESCAPE
No DROUGHT
ESCAPE

9. what spatial context can ABA signals affect the
floral network?
In the leaf, ABA signaling affects flowering genes responsible for the
production of the main florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT).
At the shoot apex, FD and FD-like transcription factors interact with FT and
FT-like proteins to regulate ABA responses.
Activating floral genes at SAM, therefore promoting flowering.

10. Fig. Abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and flowering regulation
(Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 9700; doi:10.3390/ijms21249700)

11. RAPID GENERATION
ADVANCEMENT/TECHNIQUE/
METHOD

12. RGA is a technology that involves the
manipulation of environmental conditions under
which crop genotypes are grown aiming to
accelerate flowering and seed set, advancing the
next breeding programmes as soon as possible. It
shortens the breeding cycle and accelerates crop
research

13. • RGA can be carried out as,
Involves extending
the duration of
plants daily
exposure to light
Combined with
early seed harvest,
to cycle quickly
from seed to seed,
There by reducing
the generation
times for some
long-day crops.

14. DEVELOPMENT OF THE APPROACH
This concept is inspired by NASA’s efforts
to grow crops in space, using an enclosed
chamber in an extended photoperiod.
Fig. The first growth test of crops in the Advanced Plant Habitat at International
Space Station yielded great results of Arabidopsis seeds

15. CLASSIFICATION OF THE APPROACH
Broadly classified in to two types
1. Screen house RGA:
• The crop generations are grown inside
screen house providing artificial photoperiod
alteration.

16. 2. Field RGA:
• This involves growing crops in field conditions
manipulating photoperiod under natural conditions.
• It is of two types
i. Seedling tray FRGA
seeds are sown densely in the seedling trays directly
but not sown directly in to the field.

17. ii. Raised or Flat bed FRGA
• It involves growing crop generations directly in
field conditions.
• Based upon the experiment conducted in chickpea
at NIASM. We estimate, the potential of 5 Bc/year
under field conditions.
• Crop Generations
1. Kharif
2. Late Kharif
3. Rabi
4. Late Rabi
5. Summer

18. Fig. 3: Chickpea during (A & B) Early kharif season and (C &D) Late Kharif season
A B
C D
Succeeding generations of Kharif chickpea

19. • New Chickpea breeding protocol promises to bring
down varietal development time from 12 years to 6
years.
• ICRISAT’s chickpea breeding program was producing
three generations per year
first crop (October – February)
second crop (February – April)
third crop (May – July).

20. Fig. Chickpea plants grown through RGA in a glasshouse at ICRISAT.

21.  Another experiment was conducted to identify the earliest stage at which
seeds germinate from the day of pod formation
 Immature green seeds are collected with two days intervals from the day of
pod formation and kept for germination in four replications
 The earliest age of immature seed that could germinate is found to be 8
days (100% germination) which can be successfully used for rapid
generation advancement
2 days
4days
6days
8 days
10days
12 days
14 days
16 days

22. Advantages of RGA
• It creates new varieties in half-time period.
• Climate ready crop.
• RGA have encouraging implications for developing
cultivar in less time, space and resources.
Advantages of FRGA over RGA
• Suitable in off-season
• Cost effective
• Restricted growth of root system is prevented.
• Natural selection has a role.
• Abiotic stress tolerance.
• It is cheaper than green house RGA.

23. Traditional method time duration in chickpea
Crossing
and Inbreeding
Seed testing Seed release
2-3 Years
RGA time duration in Kharif chickpea
Crossing
and Inbreeding
Seed testing Seed release
1-2 Years
10-12 years required for releasing a variety
 5-6 years required for releasing a variety
4-5 Years
3-7 Years
2 Years
1-2 Years

24. I

26. Objective
• This study was aimed at developing a protocol for increasing
the number of generation cycles per year in chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.).
• Stages of immature seeds used to identify suitable stage for
germination in chickpea under glasshouse conditions
RESULT
From this experiment
they concluded that
21 days seed
is earliest from
which germination
occurred

27. II

29. Fig. Segregating population of Rice grown in Field RGA method at west byed in BRRI

31. Fig. Accelerated plant growth and development under RGA compared to standard
long-day conditions of Wheat, Barley, Peas, Brassica, Oat.