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R callaghan DT774 Energy and Retrofit Presentation
1. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
Project 5 Presentation:
17th May 2013
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
2. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
What do we mean by ‘energy use’ in this context?
How do we measure energy use in dwellings?
The energy required for the space heating, ventilation, water heating and
lighting of a dwelling.
Where does the energy used in dwellings come from?
Energy used may be from the electricity grid, the combustion of natural
gas, fossil fuels and biomass, renewable technologies (solar, wind, etc.)
BER assessment: an indication of the energy performance of a dwelling.
In-use measurement: monitoring energy bills.
3. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
What is energy use measured in?
What is primary and delivered energy usage in dwellings?
There are many units that energy is expressed in
(Joules, Calories, Horsepower, BTU, etc.)
Kilowatt-hours (kWh) of Energy are used in BER assessments.
What can one Kilowatt-hour do?
Run a 11W CFL Bulb for 90 hours.
Run a 3kW kettle for 20 minutes.
Run a 20kW Gas boiler for 3 minutes.
Delivered energy is the amount of energy
expended at the point of use. e.g. The energy
measured at the electricity meter.
Primary energy is the total amount of energy used
including the energy requirements for the conversion
of primary sources (oil, gas, peat) and the transferring
of the energy to the dwelling.
e.g. Energy used in oil refining and electricity losses
during transmission.
4. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Source: SEAI Energy Statistics
Databank from www.cso.ie
Irish Energy Use by Sector for 2011 Transport (40%)
Residential (25%)
Industry (20%)
Commercial services
(7%)
Public services (5%)
Agricultural and
Fisheries (3%)
Importance of creating sustainable
energy supply for dwellings
5. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Sustainable Energy / Energy Conservation
There are many reasons why dwellings should be made more energy efficient:
Societal:
no fuel poverty, national fuel
security, health and wellbeing, ensuring
sustainable energy supply for future
generations.
Financial:
Lower operating costs, less wastage
(through inefficiency), counteract
increasing oil & gas prices.
Environmental:
Reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, reduce airborne particles and
pollution, less mining, fracking or oil
drilling.
6. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Conservation Targets and Controls
International Policy Drivers:
• Kyoto Protocol
• EU Climate and Energy Package
(20-20-20 targets)
• Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
(2002/91/EC and Re-cast 2010/31/EU)
• EU Renewable Energy Supply - Electricity
Directive
National Policy Drivers:
• National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2
(NEEAP)
• National Spatial Strategy
• National Development Plan
• National Climate Change Strategy
National Regulations & Guidance
Documents:
• Part L (2011) Conservation of Fuel and
Energy
• Part F (2009) Ventilation
• Part J (1997) Heat Producing Appliances
7. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Conservation and Retrofit
Similar benefits exist as to why retrofit is a progressive policy in relation to both
monetary expenditure and energy expenditure.
• Existing building structure.
• Embodied energy of existing building.
• Embodied CO2 of existing building.
• Future-proofing of asset.
• Existing Infrastructure.
• Existing Local Services.
• Existing Communities
• Quicker return on investment
through lifecycle cost savings
8. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
DEAP Assessment Tool
The Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure (DEAP) is the official Irish method
for calculating and assessing the energy required in dwellings.
Used to demonstrate compliance with the EPBD and elements of Part L.
DEAP calculates the primary energy per square meter per annum. ( kWh/m²/y )
The BER grade is based on this figure.
Items included in calculations of the required energy input:
• Space Heating – fabric heat loss (planar + LTB), ventilation heat loss.
• Domestic Hot Water – based on floor areas / occupancy and efficiency of
boiler and controls and insulation of pipework.
• Lighting – proportion of energy efficiency lightbulbs
• Fans and pumps – for ventilation (heat recovery), for renewables (pump
SHW), for flues (in boilers).
Energy use that DEAP doesn’t count:
• Non-fixed appliances and heaters.
• Energy used to construct building and produce building fabric.
• Actual in-use measurements.
9. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
DEAP Calculator as a Design Tool
During the design process DEAP can be used to measure the progress of the
proposal to meet any energy performance targets set.
Input geometry and
areas of proposal.
Input ventilation
systems
Input u-values of
Fabric.
Input lighting
values.
Input window u-values
and orientation.
Input SH & DHW
system specifications
Check Preliminary
Result
Redesign proposal
(if required)
10. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Targets Set in Flat Top Block
Retrofit Performance Specification
• Hygrothermal analysis for all enclosing elements using the Glaser (steady
state) method in accordance with Irish Building Regulations.
• Surface temperature/condensation risk (fRsi) calculation for internal surfaces
of the thermal envelope in ground and fifth floor rooms adjacent to the gable
in accordance with Irish Building Regulations.
• Full compliance with Irish Building Regulations as if it were a new building.
• BER of A2 using the DEAP methodology (with calculated y-factor).
Criteria indirectly affecting energy strategy.
11. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Use in Average Dwelling in Existing Flat Top Block
Unit 9 located in the Long Block. BER grade of E1 & Primary Energy of 316kWh/m²/y
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Space Heating Water Heating Lighting Pumps and Fans
Delivered Energy
Primary Energy
Renewable Energy
kWh/y
12. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Use in Average Dwelling in Retrofitted Flat Top Block
Mid Floor Type A2 Unit. BER grade of A2 & Primary Energy of 37kWh/m²/y
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Space Heating Water Heating Lighting Pumps and Fans
Delivered Energy
Primary Energy
Renewable Energy
kWh/y
13. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Heat Loss Comparison - Existing and Retrofit
Unit 9 located in the Long Block. BER grade of E1 & Primary Energy of 316kWh/m²/y
-v-
Mid Floor Type A2 Unit. BER grade of A2 & Primary Energy of 37kWh/m²/y
0
50
100
150
200
250
Ventilation Fabric - Planar Fabric - LTB
Existing Building
Proposed Retrofit
W/K
14. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Methods Employed to improve Energy
Performance in Flat Top Block Retrofit
Improvement of u-values of
building envelope.
Reduction of heat loss through
linear thermal bridges
Increased air-tightness of
envelope.
Group heating system with high
efficiency, and Solar Thermal
Panels and CHP incorporated.
15. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
The Benefits of Renewable Energy Production
For the environment: Renewables
reduce the need to burn fossil fuels
and thus reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. It is a more sustainable
energy system.
Financially: After the initial expenditure the energy costs from renewables are
negligible in comparison to energy utility costs. Payback period from reduced
utility bills varies for different technologies and projects.
There are many varieties of
renewable technologies available
to choose from:
solar thermal, photovoltaic
panels, micro-wind
power, biomass combustion, heat
pumps, etc.
16. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
The importance of Renewable Energy Production
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and
Solar thermal were employed in the
Flat Top Block Retrofit proposal.
Within DEAP: The net energy produced by the technology is subtracted
from delivered energy in the DEAP assessment. Thus the associated primary
energy factor and CO2 emissions are reduced.
Flat plate solar panels have been
shown above the balcony areas and on
the main roof. These provide a
substantial proportion of heat energy to
the DHW and SH systems.
While gas fired CHP is not considered to be a
renewable energy source, the lack of transmission
losses allow for much greater electrical
efficiencies and lower CO2 emissions within the
scheme. Other micro-generation systems have a
similar advantage.
TGD Part L: The minimum requirements for dwellings is 10 kWh/m²/y
contributing to water and space heating or 4 kWh/m²/y to electrical energy.
17. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy Use versus Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Different fuels and energy sources
have varying CO2 emission factors.
Some examples are shown in the
table to the right.
TGD Part L prescribes the Maximum Permitted Carbon Performance Coefficient
(MPCPC) for dwellings as 0.46.
The average MPCPC for the dwellings in the existing building is approximately 1.8.
The average MPCPC for the Flat Top Block design proposal is 0.235 which
indicates that the proposed scheme will comply with the requirements of Part L for
CO2 emissions.
Primary energy
factor
CO2 emission
factor
[kg/kWh]
Gas mains gas 1.1 0.203
Oil heating oil 1.1 0.272
Solid fuel
manufactured smokeless
fuel 1.2 0.392
peat briquettes 1.1 0.377
wood logs 1.1 0.025
Electricity electricity 2.42 0.524
Group
heating
waste heat from power
stations 1.1 0.057
18. Richard Callaghan
D11125988
DT774 PG Cert DAER
Energy and Retrofit
In relation to the Flat Top Block Complex
Project 5 Presentation: 17th May 2013
Energy in the Retrofit Context - Reflections
A successful retrofit scheme will deliver
a building that will be sustainable and
future-friendly.
This will largely be achieved
through a robust and highly
efficient energy strategy for the
proposed dwellings.
The cost of implementing a retrofit scheme
should be lower than that of constructing a
new-build similar project. Thus the payback
period for renewable technology and highly
insulated fabric should be achieved in a
shorter period.
Ultimately what will determine the success of
the project is the increased health, wellbeing
and quality of life for the residents.
Editor's Notes
Notes for Slide 1:My name and background.Project within DT774 Energy Retrofit Module
Energy use in this context means the energy required for the space heating, ventilation, water heating and lighting of a dwelling.Energy used in dwellings may be supplied from the electricity grid, the combustion of natural gas, fossil fuels and biomass, renewable technologies. Energy use in dwellings can be measured in many ways; one is a BER assessment. It is a standardised indication of the energy performance of a dwelling. Another is through in-use measurement. This is by monitoring energy bills. In this presentation we will be focusing on the Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure (DEAP) as a measure of dwelling energy performance.
There are many units that energy are expressed in. But kilowatt-hours (kWh) is the standard unit used in BER assessments.A kWh will run a CFL Bulb for 90 hours, a 3kW kettle for 20 minutes or a 20kW Gas boiler for 3 minutes. Distinguishing between primary and delivered energy is very important in this context. Delivered energy is the amount of energy expended at the point of use. Whereas Primary energy is the total amount of energy used including the energy requirements for the conversion of primary sources and the transferring of the energy to the dwelling.
This slide shows the total Irish Energy Use by Sector for 2011. As we can see transport accounts for 40% of the total energy use.Residential comes in at 25%. This shows the importance of creating a sustainable energy supply for dwellings.
There are many reasons why dwellings should be made more energy efficient.Society will benefit from reduced fuel poverty, increased national fuel security and greater health and welbeing.Financially we can achieve Lower operating costs, less wastage and counteract increasing oil & gas prices.It will also be good for the environment; reducing greenhouse gas emissions, airborne particles and pollution and there will be less need for mining, fracking or invasive oil drilling
There are some key Policy Drivers that set conservation targets for the building industry.Chief among these is the EU Climate and Energy Package which aims for a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; increasing renewable energy to 20% of the total and a 20% improvement in energy efficiency.The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive aims to introduce Nearly Zero Energy Buildings by 2020 in the private sector and by 2018 in the public sector.These EU Directives are filtered down through national policies and implemented by the use of Building Regulations such as Part L - Conservation of Fuel and Energy.Other Notes:EU Climate and Energy PackageAims for a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; incresing renewable energy to 20% of the total and a 20% improvement in energy efficiency.EPBD:NZEB for private sectors by 2020, public sectors by 2018EU Renewable Energy Supply – Electricity: 15% by 2010 and 30% by 2020NEEAP: 20% energy savings target in 2020. Recognising that Government must lead by example, 33% reduction in public sector energy use
A progressive retrofit policy benefits both financial and energy expenditure.For example we benefit by retaining the Existing building structure, the Embodied energy and CO2 of existing building and by future-proofing our asset.Capital expenditure is likely to be reduced as there is likely to be Existing Infrastructure and Local Services in the immediate vicinity. Plus, there is the added advantage of there already being a community in place.
The Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure (DEAP) is the official Irish method for calculating and assessing the energy required in dwellings. It may also be used to demonstrate compliance with the EPBD and elements of Part L.DEAP calculates the primary energy per square meter per annum for a dwelling and the BER grade is based on this.DEAP includes energy calculations for Space Heating,Domestic Hot Water, Lighting and any associated Fans and pumps.It does not count Non-fixed appliances and heaters,Energy used to construct building and produce building fabric or Actual in-use measurements.
During the design process DEAP can be used to measure the progress of the proposal to meet any energy performance targets set.At a preliminary stage various inputs to the DEAP calculator can be made. A preliminary result will then be obtained.If required a redesign of the proposal can be carried out and the cycle can start again.This can be done until the energy performance targets are met.
The Energy Performance Targets Set for the Flat Top Block project are:Full compliance with Irish Building Regulations as if it were a new building. ABER rating of A2 using the DEAP methodology.TheCriteria that indirectly affect the energy strategy are the Hygrothermal analysis and the condensation risk analysis of the building envelope,The main requirements set the standards to be achieved, whereas the indirect criteria affect items such as material selection and location of insulation layers.
This slide shows Energy Use in Average Dwelling in Existing Flat Top Block.It has a BER grade of E1 & Primary Energy of 316kWh/m²/y.The space heating demand makes up the main portion of the energy demand for the dwelling.The total primary energy demand for space heating is 14300 kWh/y. The water heating demand is 5600kWh/y.Lighting, make up the remainder of the energy use. Approximately 2000kWh/y.The total primary energy demand for this dwelling is 210002000kWh/y. Delivered Primary RenewablesSpace heating 13015 14316Water Heating 5164 5618Lighting 639 1548Fans and Pumps 175 424Total 18993 21906
The typical post retrofit unit achieves a BER grade of A2 & Primary Energy of 37kWh/m²/y.We can see that water heating has taken over from space heating as the main primary energy user.Water heating uses 1476kWh/y, whereas space heating uses only 332kWh/y.The total primary energy usage of the dwelling is 2747kWh/y.This is an 87% reduction over the pre-retrofit unit. Delivered Primary Renewables Previous PrimarySpace heating 515 332 183 14316Water Heating 2287 1476 811 5618Lighting 360 871 0 1548Fans and Pumps 28 68 0 424Total 3190 2747 994 21906 87% Reduction
The reason for the improvement becomes clear when we compare the heat loss between the existing and the retrofitted building.The ventilation heat loss is approximately the same. However the fabric heat loss through both the planar elements and the LTBs have each been reduced by over 90%.The total heat loss for the existing unit is 269W/K whereas the retrofitted unit has a heat loss of only 50W/K. Existing Retrofit Ventilation 36 32Fabric – Planar 202 16Fabric LTB 31 2Total 269 50 W/K
The Methods Employed to improve Energy Performance in Flat Top Block are:A group heating system with high efficiency, and Solar Thermal Panels and CHP incorporated.And as we have seen heat loss through the building envelope has been greatly reduced through; the improvement of u-values,Reduction linear thermal bridges and the increased air-tightness of the envelope.CHP has a negligible transmission loss rate. This reduces Primary energy used. At the moment the electricity network ratio is approximately 2.4 to 1 for energy produced to delivered energy. The aim is to reduce this to a factor of 1 all the time.These changes were made and analysed through DEAP step by step. Indications of where to improve were taken from the assessment tool and incorporated into the retrofit design
There are many Benefits of Renewable Energy Production. I will list some of these for you now.Environmentally - Renewables reduce the need to burn fossil fuels and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It is a more sustainable energy system.There are financial benefits also. After the initial expenditure the energy costs from renewables are negligible in comparison to energy utility costs. However, the payback period from reduced utility bills varies for different technologies and projects.There are many varieties of renewable technologies available to choose from. This allows you to adapt the strategy to your site constraints.Some examples of renewable technology are: solar thermal, photovoltaic panels, micro-wind power, biomass combustion, heat pumps.
It is important to note that there are minimum requirements in Part L for the generation of renewable energy. It is 10 kWh/m²/y contributing to water and space heating or 4 kWh/m²/y to electrical energy.Your BER is greatly improved through the introduction of renewable energy. Within DEAP, the net energy produced by the technology is subtracted from delivered energy in the DEAP assessment. Thus the associated primary energy factor and CO2 emissions are reduced.The energy strategy used in my proposal is a Combined Heat and Power boiler and Solar thermal preheat to this. Flat plate solar panels have been shown above the balcony areas and dispersed around the main roof. These provide a substantial proportion of heat energy to the DHW and SH systems.While gas fired CHP is not considered to be a renewable energy source, the lack of transmission losses allow for much greater electrical efficiencies and lower CO2 emissions within the scheme. This is because at the moment the electricity network ratio for the national grid is approximately 2.4 to 1 for primaryenergy produced to delivered energy.
If we focus solely on energy use when selecting a heating system for the building then we may not specify a heating system that is the most efficient in terms of CO2 emissions.Different fuels and energy sources have varying CO2 emission factors. For example mains gas has a CO2 emission factor of 0.203 kg/kWh,whereas electricity has a CO2 emission factor of 0.524 kg/kWh.TGD Part L prescribes the Maximum Permitted Carbon Performance Coefficient for dwellings as 0.46.Thus the selection of a fuel with a high CO2 emission factormayto non-compliance with TGD Part L.The average MPCPC for the dwellings in the existing building is approximately 1.8. This is improved to 0.235 for the retrofit design. At this level the proposed scheme will comply with the requirements of Part L for CO2 emissions.
A successful retrofit scheme will deliver a building that will be sustainable and future-friendly.This will largely be achieved through a robust and highly efficient energy strategy for the proposed dwellings.The cost of implementing a retrofit scheme should be lower than that of constructing a new-build similar project. Thus the payback period of the investment should be achieved in a shorter time.Ultimately what will determine the success of the project is the increased health, wellbeing and quality of life for the residents.Thank You.