This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of April-May-June 2010. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for all MERCATOR OCEAN’s monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature salinity and current products. Finally we present a preliminary intercomparison of a few physical processes viewed by the operational systems and by ORCA12 (with and without data assimilation). The results show that the global ¼° and the Atlantic and Mediterranean 1/12° analyses and forecast still behave very similarly with an accuracy close to the expected levels (as defined in scientific qualification documents), except for the 1/12° displaying significantly better performance in the Mediterranean sea. Anyway this basin tends to be too warm in the model. The global 1/12° (in demonstration) displays at least as good performance and especially less biases than the current systems.
This evaluation summarizes WFP's PRRO 200453 operation in Zimbabwe from September 2012 to March 2014. The operation aimed to assist 2.4 million vulnerable people through three components: Productive Asset Creation (PAC) to build resilience; Health and Nutrition Programming (H&N) to address malnutrition; and Seasonal Targeted Assistance (STA) to cover food needs during lean seasons. Fieldwork involved interviews and focus groups from which the evaluation assessed the appropriateness, results, and factors affecting the operation. It found that while the operation was appropriate for needs, only 65% of the food target was reached due to funding shortfalls. The evaluation provides recommendations to strengthen early warning systems, diversify assistance modalities,
Assessing the Vulnerability of Watersheds to Climate Changeculvertboy
Furniss, Michael J.; Roby, Ken B.; Cenderelli, Dan; Chatel, John; Clifton, Caty F.;
Clingenpeel, Alan; Hays, Polly E.; Higgins, Dale; Hodges, Ken; Howe, Carol;
Jungst, Laura; Louie, Joan; Mai, Christine; Martinez, Ralph; Overton, Kerry;
Staab, Brian P.; Steinke, Rory; Weinhold, Mark. 2013. Assessing the vulnerability
of watersheds to climate change: results of national forest watershed vulnerability
pilot assessments. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-884. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 32 p. plus appendix.
Existing models and predictions project serious changes to worldwide hydrologic processes as a result of global climate change. Projections indicate that significant change may threaten National Forest System watersheds that are an important source of water used to support people, economies, and ecosystems.
Wildland managers are expected to anticipate and respond to these threats, adjusting
management priorities and actions. Because watersheds differ greatly in: (1) the values they support, (2) their exposure to climatic changes, and (3) their sensitivity to climatic changes, understanding these differences will help inform the setting of priorities and selection of management approaches. Drawing distinctions in climate change vulnerability among watersheds on a national forest or grassland allows more efficient and effective allocation of resources and better land and watershed stewardship.
Eleven national forests from throughout the United States, representing each of the
nine Forest Service regions, conducted assessments of potential hydrologic change resulting from ongoing and expected climate warming. A pilot assessment approach was developedand implemented. Each national forest identified water resources important in that area, assessed climate change exposure and watershed sensitivity, and evaluated the relative vulnerabilities of watersheds to climate change. The assessments provided management recommendations to anticipate and respond to projected climate-hydrologic changes. Completed assessments differed in level of detail, but all assessments identified priority areas and management actions to maintain or improve watershed resilience in response to a changing climate. The pilot efforts also identified key principles important to conducting future vulnerability assessments.
This document introduces a handbook on monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for biodiversity conservation and development projects. M&E is an integral part of project implementation that focuses on observing, gathering data, reflecting, and learning. This allows projects to be innovative and improve over time. The handbook provides practical guidance on developing an M&E plan, building learning into projects, gathering and analyzing information, drawing recommendations, and sharing lessons learned. It aims to establish a common language around project management among organizations in the C.A.P.E. partnership and support effective M&E.
This document is the final report of a study assessing the impact of seawater intrusion on the soil, water, and environment of the Indus River Delta in Pakistan. The study used GIS and remote sensing tools to analyze changes in vegetation, land surface temperature, soil salinity, surface and groundwater quality, and the shoreline of the delta over time. The objectives were to understand how climate change and reduced river flows are affecting the delta. Key findings included the loss of mangroves and increase in land surface temperatures and soil salinity. The report also examined the socioeconomic impacts of seawater intrusion on local communities.
Monitoring and evaluation_plan____a_practical_guide_to_prepare_good_quality_m...Malik Khalid Mehmood
This document presents a monitoring and evaluation plan for the Quang Ngai Rural Development Program (QNRDP) Phase 2 in Vietnam. The plan aims to establish a practical framework to monitor progress and evaluate outcomes of the program. It outlines a proposed monitoring and evaluation system including indicators, roles and responsibilities, data collection, storage and reporting. The system is designed to regularly collect quantitative and qualitative data to track progress towards the program's goal of reducing poverty and improving livelihoods in Quang Ngai province.
Diabetes expenditure, burden of disease and management in 5 EU countriesmikezisiss
Rising diabetes prevalence (both Type 1 & 2) and associated costs, including management of diabetes complications, are a growing concern. The absence of precise diabetes prevalence and cost data is challenging, given its prominent role in population health including its role in cardiovascular health. Furthermore, the relative lack of outcomes data (especially France, Germany, Spain) limits the ability to accurately gauge the health of the diabetes population or make any appropriate impacts on quality of care. As a result, the true impact of diabetes and its associated complications is likely to be underestimated or altogether unmeasured in all EU5 countries.
This document provides guidance from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) on the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the impact of COVID-19 on patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and the cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 infection. The guidance addresses strategies for risk assessment, protective measures, triage systems, diagnosis, categorization of procedures, and treatment pathways for managing various cardiovascular presentations in COVID-19 patients. It aims to optimize cardiovascular care while minimizing risks from the pandemic.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | World Bank - Fish to 2030- Prospects for Fisheries and A...Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document discusses projections for the global fisheries and aquaculture sector from 2013 to 2030 using the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) model. It aims to improve upon previous World Bank projections from 2000 to 2020 by enhancing the IMPACT model's structure and data. The document describes updates made to the model's data inputs, parameter specifications, and regional and commodity details. It then presents baseline projections for production, consumption, trade, and fishmeal/oil to 2030, along with alternative scenarios examining faster aquaculture growth, disease outbreaks, and climate change impacts. The analysis finds that aquaculture will continue to be the main driver of supply growth to meet rising demand
This evaluation summarizes WFP's PRRO 200453 operation in Zimbabwe from September 2012 to March 2014. The operation aimed to assist 2.4 million vulnerable people through three components: Productive Asset Creation (PAC) to build resilience; Health and Nutrition Programming (H&N) to address malnutrition; and Seasonal Targeted Assistance (STA) to cover food needs during lean seasons. Fieldwork involved interviews and focus groups from which the evaluation assessed the appropriateness, results, and factors affecting the operation. It found that while the operation was appropriate for needs, only 65% of the food target was reached due to funding shortfalls. The evaluation provides recommendations to strengthen early warning systems, diversify assistance modalities,
Assessing the Vulnerability of Watersheds to Climate Changeculvertboy
Furniss, Michael J.; Roby, Ken B.; Cenderelli, Dan; Chatel, John; Clifton, Caty F.;
Clingenpeel, Alan; Hays, Polly E.; Higgins, Dale; Hodges, Ken; Howe, Carol;
Jungst, Laura; Louie, Joan; Mai, Christine; Martinez, Ralph; Overton, Kerry;
Staab, Brian P.; Steinke, Rory; Weinhold, Mark. 2013. Assessing the vulnerability
of watersheds to climate change: results of national forest watershed vulnerability
pilot assessments. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-884. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 32 p. plus appendix.
Existing models and predictions project serious changes to worldwide hydrologic processes as a result of global climate change. Projections indicate that significant change may threaten National Forest System watersheds that are an important source of water used to support people, economies, and ecosystems.
Wildland managers are expected to anticipate and respond to these threats, adjusting
management priorities and actions. Because watersheds differ greatly in: (1) the values they support, (2) their exposure to climatic changes, and (3) their sensitivity to climatic changes, understanding these differences will help inform the setting of priorities and selection of management approaches. Drawing distinctions in climate change vulnerability among watersheds on a national forest or grassland allows more efficient and effective allocation of resources and better land and watershed stewardship.
Eleven national forests from throughout the United States, representing each of the
nine Forest Service regions, conducted assessments of potential hydrologic change resulting from ongoing and expected climate warming. A pilot assessment approach was developedand implemented. Each national forest identified water resources important in that area, assessed climate change exposure and watershed sensitivity, and evaluated the relative vulnerabilities of watersheds to climate change. The assessments provided management recommendations to anticipate and respond to projected climate-hydrologic changes. Completed assessments differed in level of detail, but all assessments identified priority areas and management actions to maintain or improve watershed resilience in response to a changing climate. The pilot efforts also identified key principles important to conducting future vulnerability assessments.
This document introduces a handbook on monitoring and evaluation (M&E) for biodiversity conservation and development projects. M&E is an integral part of project implementation that focuses on observing, gathering data, reflecting, and learning. This allows projects to be innovative and improve over time. The handbook provides practical guidance on developing an M&E plan, building learning into projects, gathering and analyzing information, drawing recommendations, and sharing lessons learned. It aims to establish a common language around project management among organizations in the C.A.P.E. partnership and support effective M&E.
This document is the final report of a study assessing the impact of seawater intrusion on the soil, water, and environment of the Indus River Delta in Pakistan. The study used GIS and remote sensing tools to analyze changes in vegetation, land surface temperature, soil salinity, surface and groundwater quality, and the shoreline of the delta over time. The objectives were to understand how climate change and reduced river flows are affecting the delta. Key findings included the loss of mangroves and increase in land surface temperatures and soil salinity. The report also examined the socioeconomic impacts of seawater intrusion on local communities.
Monitoring and evaluation_plan____a_practical_guide_to_prepare_good_quality_m...Malik Khalid Mehmood
This document presents a monitoring and evaluation plan for the Quang Ngai Rural Development Program (QNRDP) Phase 2 in Vietnam. The plan aims to establish a practical framework to monitor progress and evaluate outcomes of the program. It outlines a proposed monitoring and evaluation system including indicators, roles and responsibilities, data collection, storage and reporting. The system is designed to regularly collect quantitative and qualitative data to track progress towards the program's goal of reducing poverty and improving livelihoods in Quang Ngai province.
Diabetes expenditure, burden of disease and management in 5 EU countriesmikezisiss
Rising diabetes prevalence (both Type 1 & 2) and associated costs, including management of diabetes complications, are a growing concern. The absence of precise diabetes prevalence and cost data is challenging, given its prominent role in population health including its role in cardiovascular health. Furthermore, the relative lack of outcomes data (especially France, Germany, Spain) limits the ability to accurately gauge the health of the diabetes population or make any appropriate impacts on quality of care. As a result, the true impact of diabetes and its associated complications is likely to be underestimated or altogether unmeasured in all EU5 countries.
This document provides guidance from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) on the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the impact of COVID-19 on patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and the cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 infection. The guidance addresses strategies for risk assessment, protective measures, triage systems, diagnosis, categorization of procedures, and treatment pathways for managing various cardiovascular presentations in COVID-19 patients. It aims to optimize cardiovascular care while minimizing risks from the pandemic.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | World Bank - Fish to 2030- Prospects for Fisheries and A...Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document discusses projections for the global fisheries and aquaculture sector from 2013 to 2030 using the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) model. It aims to improve upon previous World Bank projections from 2000 to 2020 by enhancing the IMPACT model's structure and data. The document describes updates made to the model's data inputs, parameter specifications, and regional and commodity details. It then presents baseline projections for production, consumption, trade, and fishmeal/oil to 2030, along with alternative scenarios examining faster aquaculture growth, disease outbreaks, and climate change impacts. The analysis finds that aquaculture will continue to be the main driver of supply growth to meet rising demand
Agricultural Technology Adoption and Food Security in Africa Evidence Summit ...Microlinks USAID
The lecture provided an overview of the relationship between technology and agricultural productivity in Africa. It noted that there is little evidence of widespread productivity increases and that technology adoption is often small-scale and localized. The lecturer argued that efforts should not only focus on food staple technologies or yields, but also on labor productivity and a diversity of technologies and conditions. Investments are needed in generating more technologies as well as enabling policies and institutions to promote adoption.
Social Vulnerability Assessment Tools for Climate Change and DRR ProgrammingUNDP Climate
This document provides guidance on social vulnerability assessment tools for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction programming. It discusses how social vulnerability is an important factor to consider but is often inadequately addressed. The guide aims to help practitioners better plan projects that address social vulnerability. It covers topics such as defining social vulnerability, overview of assessment methodologies globally, case studies, identifying vulnerability indicators, calculating indices, and recommendations. The intended audience is local, national and international practitioners involved in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.
This document provides a summary of the Colorado HJR07-1050 Behavioral Health Task Force Report from January 2008. It includes 11 recommendations to reform and integrate Colorado's behavioral health system. The recommendations call for establishing a leadership structure, adopting shared outcomes, aligning service areas, increasing joint budget planning and auditing across agencies, integrating policies and regulations, and promoting workforce development and consumer involvement. The report is based on research conducted by the Task Force, including stakeholder surveys and agency interviews, to assess priorities and themes within Colorado's existing behavioral health system.
Con Edison has developed a Post-Sandy Enhancement Plan to strengthen its energy systems against future storms and improve storm response and customer communications. The $1 billion plan focuses on fortifying electric, gas, and steam systems to withstand flooding and high winds; improving estimated restoration times and emergency preparedness; and enhancing information provided to customers and stakeholders. Near-term projects include installing flood barriers, raising critical equipment, and segmenting underground networks to isolate flooded areas. Long-term projects involve redesigning vulnerable systems, adding switches and submersible equipment, and selectively burying overhead lines. The goal is to minimize outages from storms up to the scale of Superstorm Sandy.
This document analyzes a 23-year wave hindcast dataset for 12 locations around the Isles of Scilly to assess the wave energy resource. It finds large temporal and spatial variation in wave power, with locations to the southwest experiencing a mean annual power of 37.5kW/m compared to 6.7kW/m on the sheltered east side. Monthly mean power varies from 3-7kW/m in summer to over 100kW/m in winter at energetic sites. Extreme wave analysis shows a potential 1 in 100 year wave of almost 20m significant height. However, utilizing wave power is constrained by the islands' sensitive marine environment and electrical grid capacity.
HSK 4 Chinese Intensive Reading for Intermediate Learner V2009 H41328 汉语水平考试四...LEGOO MANDARIN
HSK 4 Chinese Intensive Reading for Intermediate Learner V2009 H41328 汉语水平考试四级模拟考题 - Exam-oriented Skills to Improve in Unique Smart Way! 2021 Edition 考题精讲及阅读技巧 New Book Launching, More details and Best Price @ https://bit.ly/3l8UYCh
For Hardcopy or Paperback books at best price with reduced postage, please visit: Our Amazon Kindle Author Central page: http://bit.ly/david-amazon-kdp, using ISBN or ASIN to search the book, // Amazon KDP ISBN: 9798489406116; Amazon KDP Hard Cover ISBN: 9798489421393 Google book: GGKEY:4UQFN6LP84A Apple Store Link: http://books.apple.com/us/book/id1588666569
Publication: Space Debris: Applied Technologies and Policy Prescriptionsstephaniclark
This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the problem of space debris and recommendations to facilitate debris elimination. It finds that tens of millions of pieces of debris exist in low Earth orbit, posing a threat to satellites and human spaceflight. While larger debris can be tracked, millions of smaller pieces cannot. The document examines debris detection and removal technologies and policies at international and domestic levels. It recommends that demonstration of technologies like ground-based lasers for small debris removal should be a priority, and that establishing agreed upon definitions through the UN would enhance international space policy. Overall, the analysis finds that cooperation is needed between countries and organizations to fully address the growing issue of space debris.
This report summarizes U.S. efforts to improve international fisheries management and address issues like illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. It identifies countries engaged in these problematic fishing activities based on information from the past 3 years. It also describes consultations with these countries and certifications of whether they have adequately addressed the issues. The report provides updates on domestic, regional, and global efforts to combat IUU fishing, reduce bycatch of protected species, and conserve sharks. It discusses developments like new laws strengthening enforcement, international agreements and protected areas, and efforts to promote sustainable practices globally.
This document provides an overview of VMware storage options for virtual infrastructures and recommends best practices for implementing them with NetApp storage arrays. It discusses the value of using storage arrays that support multiple protocols. It also describes the characteristics of consolidated and isolated VM datasets and recommends that consolidated datasets use large, shared NFS datastores while isolated datasets for critical applications use individual datastores across all protocols. The document reviews VMFS datastores on LUNs, spanned VMFS datastores, and how NetApp enhances VMFS performance and functionality with technologies like thin provisioning, deduplication, cloning, and management tools.
This document provides an overview of child safety and security in K-12 schools in India. It is divided into four parts.
Part One examines the current state of safety in schools through data on reported crimes against children, student perceptions of safety, and unique safety challenges in schools. It finds that schools are generally considered safer for children than other environments like streets or even homes.
Part Two provides key policy recommendations to improve safety based on input from child experts. Part Three discusses the legal framework around school safety. It outlines the rights of children and the obligations and standards of care required of schools.
Part Four presents a toolkit for schools to implement safety, including essential policies, documentation, a student safety policy template,
NH Sport Concussion Advisory Council Consensus statement version 2.1Andrew Cannon
This document provides guidance from the New Hampshire State Advisory Council on Sport-Related Concussion for managing concussions in school and youth sports. It defines concussion, outlines prevention strategies like proper equipment usage and rules enforcement, and describes protocols for baseline testing, recognizing concussions, ongoing assessment, and graduated return to learning and sports. Special considerations are given to pediatric athletes and the roles of various medical professionals. The Council recognizes resource variability but stresses supporting best practices to safely manage concussions.
The Nisqually Steelhead Recovery Team developed this recovery plan to guide actions aimed at recovering steelhead populations in the Nisqually Watershed. Contact Sayre Hodgson with any questions.
Advance Chinese Vocabulary (3335 Words) V2021 国际中文考试高级词汇 sampleLEGOO MANDARIN
Advance Chinese Vocabulary (3335 Words) V2021 国际中文考试高级词汇-A Quick Reference for HSK4-6, IB B HL, SAT AS IGCSE, GCSE A1 A2 Exam 国际中文教育等级新标准 New Book Launching, More details and Best Price at http://edeo.biz/29531
Free Sample Book is here!
By referring HSK (version 2009 and the latest version 2021), we edited a series of Chinese Vocabulary for those who are studying Chinese or preparing international examinations, such as IB, SAT, AP, IGCSE, GCSE Chinese.
This series includes:
1. Fundamental Chinese Vocabulary (suitable for GCSE, IGCSE level, IB ab initio,1300 Phrases)
2. Intermediate Chinese Vocabulary (suitable for AS GCSE, Cambridge GCSE 0523 (Second Language, IB Chinese B SL, 3271 Phrases)
3. Advance Chinese Vocabulary (suitable for A Level GCSE, Cambridge GCSE 0509 (First Language, IB Chinese B HL, SAT 3335 Phrases)
4. Expert Chinese Vocabulary (suitable for A Level GCSE, IB Chinese A SL HL, AP , 6236 Phrases, others who seek College Education in Chinese)
Combining our 26 years’ expertise in Teaching and editing our own materials, here is the “LIFE SAVING” book called by many students for their exams. Grab it! Thanks for your support for us creating better contents for you!
YCT 4 Chinese Intensive Reading for Kids Y41002 新中小学生汉语考试 sampleLEGOO MANDARIN
YCT 4 Chinese Intensive Reading for Kids Y41002 新中小学生汉语考试 -Exam-oriented Skills to Improve in Unique Smart Way! Version 2021 少儿汉语考试模拟考题 New Book Launching, More details and Best Price @ https://bit.ly/2XykDKY
By referring YCT and HSK (version 2009 and the latest version 2021) AP Syllabus, we edited a series of Chinese Vocabulary for those who are studying Chinese or preparing international examinations, such as IB, SAT, AP, IGCSE, GCSE Chinese.
This book gives students a quick revision for their coming exam! Combining our 26 years’ expertise in Teaching and editing our own materials, here is the “LIFE SAVING” book called by many students for their exams. Grab it! Thanks for your support for us creating better contents for you!
Citrus College - NASA SL Criticla Design ReviewJoseph Molina
This document is a Critical Design Review report for a student launch vehicle project. It summarizes the team and provides details on the design, manufacturing and testing of the launch vehicle and associated ground support equipment. The vehicle's subscale flight demonstrated stable flight within predicted parameters. The report describes the full-scale vehicle's design, components, integration procedures, safety analysis and predicted mission performance based on simulations. It also covers the design, manufacturing and testing of the payload and ground support equipment, along with safety analysis. Schedules and budgets are included.
This technical report summarizes the results of the mineral resource estimate for the Agata North Nickel Laterite Project in the Philippines. Drilling between 2007-2008 consisted of 408 drill holes totaling over 7,300 meters. This defined limonite and saprolite zones containing nickel mineralization. Statistical and geological analysis of assay data supported creating block models for each zone. The limonite zone has over 1% nickel and the saprolite zone has slightly higher nickel contents. Based on the drill data, the mineral resource is estimated to be 41.5 million tonnes in the indicated category and 5.7 million tonnes in the inferred category, containing a total of approximately 150,000 tonnes of nickel.
This document summarizes a report on university gap funding programs. It finds that while universities help drive innovation through research and spin-offs, there is a lack of early-stage funding to commercialize discoveries. In response, universities have created 63 gap funding programs across 40 organizations. The report analyzes these programs and finds they have high commercialization rates, attract over $2.8 billion in additional investment, and create thousands of jobs. Gap funding helps advance technologies, build innovation networks, and maximize the impact of university research. It should be a priority given its ability to catalyze commercialization and foster a culture of innovation.
This document contains questions related to statistics, data science, machine learning, deep learning, and miscellaneous topics. Some key areas covered include the central limit theorem, sampling methods, linear and logistic regression, decision trees, neural networks, clustering, dimensionality reduction, and model evaluation.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of July-August-September 2013. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3), the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2), and the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature, salinity and current products. Surface Chlorophyll concentrations from the BIOMER biogeochemical monitoring and forecasting system are also displayed and compared with simultaneous observations.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of July-August-September 2010. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global ¼° (PSY3) and the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature salinity and current products. A special focus is made on the major improvements brought by the new versions of these systems, which products will be available by the end of this year. The realism of water masses characteristics is particularly improved in these systems, in addition to improvements of the physics due to the use of Incremental Analysis Update (IAU). Nevertheless the performance of the new version of PSY2 is not satisfactory in the Mediterranean Sea in the first 150m and a fresh bias is under investigation. Finally we present a preliminary intercomparison of a few physical processes viewed by the operational systems and by the IBI system at 1/36° horizontal resolution.
Agricultural Technology Adoption and Food Security in Africa Evidence Summit ...Microlinks USAID
The lecture provided an overview of the relationship between technology and agricultural productivity in Africa. It noted that there is little evidence of widespread productivity increases and that technology adoption is often small-scale and localized. The lecturer argued that efforts should not only focus on food staple technologies or yields, but also on labor productivity and a diversity of technologies and conditions. Investments are needed in generating more technologies as well as enabling policies and institutions to promote adoption.
Social Vulnerability Assessment Tools for Climate Change and DRR ProgrammingUNDP Climate
This document provides guidance on social vulnerability assessment tools for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction programming. It discusses how social vulnerability is an important factor to consider but is often inadequately addressed. The guide aims to help practitioners better plan projects that address social vulnerability. It covers topics such as defining social vulnerability, overview of assessment methodologies globally, case studies, identifying vulnerability indicators, calculating indices, and recommendations. The intended audience is local, national and international practitioners involved in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.
This document provides a summary of the Colorado HJR07-1050 Behavioral Health Task Force Report from January 2008. It includes 11 recommendations to reform and integrate Colorado's behavioral health system. The recommendations call for establishing a leadership structure, adopting shared outcomes, aligning service areas, increasing joint budget planning and auditing across agencies, integrating policies and regulations, and promoting workforce development and consumer involvement. The report is based on research conducted by the Task Force, including stakeholder surveys and agency interviews, to assess priorities and themes within Colorado's existing behavioral health system.
Con Edison has developed a Post-Sandy Enhancement Plan to strengthen its energy systems against future storms and improve storm response and customer communications. The $1 billion plan focuses on fortifying electric, gas, and steam systems to withstand flooding and high winds; improving estimated restoration times and emergency preparedness; and enhancing information provided to customers and stakeholders. Near-term projects include installing flood barriers, raising critical equipment, and segmenting underground networks to isolate flooded areas. Long-term projects involve redesigning vulnerable systems, adding switches and submersible equipment, and selectively burying overhead lines. The goal is to minimize outages from storms up to the scale of Superstorm Sandy.
This document analyzes a 23-year wave hindcast dataset for 12 locations around the Isles of Scilly to assess the wave energy resource. It finds large temporal and spatial variation in wave power, with locations to the southwest experiencing a mean annual power of 37.5kW/m compared to 6.7kW/m on the sheltered east side. Monthly mean power varies from 3-7kW/m in summer to over 100kW/m in winter at energetic sites. Extreme wave analysis shows a potential 1 in 100 year wave of almost 20m significant height. However, utilizing wave power is constrained by the islands' sensitive marine environment and electrical grid capacity.
HSK 4 Chinese Intensive Reading for Intermediate Learner V2009 H41328 汉语水平考试四...LEGOO MANDARIN
HSK 4 Chinese Intensive Reading for Intermediate Learner V2009 H41328 汉语水平考试四级模拟考题 - Exam-oriented Skills to Improve in Unique Smart Way! 2021 Edition 考题精讲及阅读技巧 New Book Launching, More details and Best Price @ https://bit.ly/3l8UYCh
For Hardcopy or Paperback books at best price with reduced postage, please visit: Our Amazon Kindle Author Central page: http://bit.ly/david-amazon-kdp, using ISBN or ASIN to search the book, // Amazon KDP ISBN: 9798489406116; Amazon KDP Hard Cover ISBN: 9798489421393 Google book: GGKEY:4UQFN6LP84A Apple Store Link: http://books.apple.com/us/book/id1588666569
Publication: Space Debris: Applied Technologies and Policy Prescriptionsstephaniclark
This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the problem of space debris and recommendations to facilitate debris elimination. It finds that tens of millions of pieces of debris exist in low Earth orbit, posing a threat to satellites and human spaceflight. While larger debris can be tracked, millions of smaller pieces cannot. The document examines debris detection and removal technologies and policies at international and domestic levels. It recommends that demonstration of technologies like ground-based lasers for small debris removal should be a priority, and that establishing agreed upon definitions through the UN would enhance international space policy. Overall, the analysis finds that cooperation is needed between countries and organizations to fully address the growing issue of space debris.
This report summarizes U.S. efforts to improve international fisheries management and address issues like illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. It identifies countries engaged in these problematic fishing activities based on information from the past 3 years. It also describes consultations with these countries and certifications of whether they have adequately addressed the issues. The report provides updates on domestic, regional, and global efforts to combat IUU fishing, reduce bycatch of protected species, and conserve sharks. It discusses developments like new laws strengthening enforcement, international agreements and protected areas, and efforts to promote sustainable practices globally.
This document provides an overview of VMware storage options for virtual infrastructures and recommends best practices for implementing them with NetApp storage arrays. It discusses the value of using storage arrays that support multiple protocols. It also describes the characteristics of consolidated and isolated VM datasets and recommends that consolidated datasets use large, shared NFS datastores while isolated datasets for critical applications use individual datastores across all protocols. The document reviews VMFS datastores on LUNs, spanned VMFS datastores, and how NetApp enhances VMFS performance and functionality with technologies like thin provisioning, deduplication, cloning, and management tools.
This document provides an overview of child safety and security in K-12 schools in India. It is divided into four parts.
Part One examines the current state of safety in schools through data on reported crimes against children, student perceptions of safety, and unique safety challenges in schools. It finds that schools are generally considered safer for children than other environments like streets or even homes.
Part Two provides key policy recommendations to improve safety based on input from child experts. Part Three discusses the legal framework around school safety. It outlines the rights of children and the obligations and standards of care required of schools.
Part Four presents a toolkit for schools to implement safety, including essential policies, documentation, a student safety policy template,
NH Sport Concussion Advisory Council Consensus statement version 2.1Andrew Cannon
This document provides guidance from the New Hampshire State Advisory Council on Sport-Related Concussion for managing concussions in school and youth sports. It defines concussion, outlines prevention strategies like proper equipment usage and rules enforcement, and describes protocols for baseline testing, recognizing concussions, ongoing assessment, and graduated return to learning and sports. Special considerations are given to pediatric athletes and the roles of various medical professionals. The Council recognizes resource variability but stresses supporting best practices to safely manage concussions.
The Nisqually Steelhead Recovery Team developed this recovery plan to guide actions aimed at recovering steelhead populations in the Nisqually Watershed. Contact Sayre Hodgson with any questions.
Advance Chinese Vocabulary (3335 Words) V2021 国际中文考试高级词汇 sampleLEGOO MANDARIN
Advance Chinese Vocabulary (3335 Words) V2021 国际中文考试高级词汇-A Quick Reference for HSK4-6, IB B HL, SAT AS IGCSE, GCSE A1 A2 Exam 国际中文教育等级新标准 New Book Launching, More details and Best Price at http://edeo.biz/29531
Free Sample Book is here!
By referring HSK (version 2009 and the latest version 2021), we edited a series of Chinese Vocabulary for those who are studying Chinese or preparing international examinations, such as IB, SAT, AP, IGCSE, GCSE Chinese.
This series includes:
1. Fundamental Chinese Vocabulary (suitable for GCSE, IGCSE level, IB ab initio,1300 Phrases)
2. Intermediate Chinese Vocabulary (suitable for AS GCSE, Cambridge GCSE 0523 (Second Language, IB Chinese B SL, 3271 Phrases)
3. Advance Chinese Vocabulary (suitable for A Level GCSE, Cambridge GCSE 0509 (First Language, IB Chinese B HL, SAT 3335 Phrases)
4. Expert Chinese Vocabulary (suitable for A Level GCSE, IB Chinese A SL HL, AP , 6236 Phrases, others who seek College Education in Chinese)
Combining our 26 years’ expertise in Teaching and editing our own materials, here is the “LIFE SAVING” book called by many students for their exams. Grab it! Thanks for your support for us creating better contents for you!
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By referring YCT and HSK (version 2009 and the latest version 2021) AP Syllabus, we edited a series of Chinese Vocabulary for those who are studying Chinese or preparing international examinations, such as IB, SAT, AP, IGCSE, GCSE Chinese.
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Citrus College - NASA SL Criticla Design ReviewJoseph Molina
This document is a Critical Design Review report for a student launch vehicle project. It summarizes the team and provides details on the design, manufacturing and testing of the launch vehicle and associated ground support equipment. The vehicle's subscale flight demonstrated stable flight within predicted parameters. The report describes the full-scale vehicle's design, components, integration procedures, safety analysis and predicted mission performance based on simulations. It also covers the design, manufacturing and testing of the payload and ground support equipment, along with safety analysis. Schedules and budgets are included.
This technical report summarizes the results of the mineral resource estimate for the Agata North Nickel Laterite Project in the Philippines. Drilling between 2007-2008 consisted of 408 drill holes totaling over 7,300 meters. This defined limonite and saprolite zones containing nickel mineralization. Statistical and geological analysis of assay data supported creating block models for each zone. The limonite zone has over 1% nickel and the saprolite zone has slightly higher nickel contents. Based on the drill data, the mineral resource is estimated to be 41.5 million tonnes in the indicated category and 5.7 million tonnes in the inferred category, containing a total of approximately 150,000 tonnes of nickel.
This document summarizes a report on university gap funding programs. It finds that while universities help drive innovation through research and spin-offs, there is a lack of early-stage funding to commercialize discoveries. In response, universities have created 63 gap funding programs across 40 organizations. The report analyzes these programs and finds they have high commercialization rates, attract over $2.8 billion in additional investment, and create thousands of jobs. Gap funding helps advance technologies, build innovation networks, and maximize the impact of university research. It should be a priority given its ability to catalyze commercialization and foster a culture of innovation.
This document contains questions related to statistics, data science, machine learning, deep learning, and miscellaneous topics. Some key areas covered include the central limit theorem, sampling methods, linear and logistic regression, decision trees, neural networks, clustering, dimensionality reduction, and model evaluation.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of July-August-September 2013. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3), the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2), and the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature, salinity and current products. Surface Chlorophyll concentrations from the BIOMER biogeochemical monitoring and forecasting system are also displayed and compared with simultaneous observations.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of July-August-September 2010. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global ¼° (PSY3) and the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature salinity and current products. A special focus is made on the major improvements brought by the new versions of these systems, which products will be available by the end of this year. The realism of water masses characteristics is particularly improved in these systems, in addition to improvements of the physics due to the use of Incremental Analysis Update (IAU). Nevertheless the performance of the new version of PSY2 is not satisfactory in the Mediterranean Sea in the first 150m and a fresh bias is under investigation. Finally we present a preliminary intercomparison of a few physical processes viewed by the operational systems and by the IBI system at 1/36° horizontal resolution.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of April-May-June 2012. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3) and the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature salinity and current products.
The MyOcean In Situ TAC collects in situ ocean observation data from various regional and global providers and performs quality control to integrate the data into homogeneous global and regional datasets. It focuses on core parameters like temperature, salinity, currents, sea level, and biogeochemical data. The TAC has global and regional components that are responsible for data acquisition, quality control, product assessment, and distribution. Over time, it has expanded its regional coverage and integrated additional parameters requested by EuroGOOS regional partners. The goal is to provide near-real time and historical data products to support ocean monitoring, forecasting, reanalysis and research activities.
This document provides a summary of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN's analyses and forecasts for the October-November-December 2010 period. It evaluates the global monitoring and forecasting systems, focusing on biases identified in surface layers of some regions. Modifications partially reduced biases in the Mediterranean Sea, while biases in other areas are still under investigation. The monitoring system matches altimetric observations well globally but has local biases that future updates aim to correct. Surface currents are underestimated compared to buoy measurements. Temperature and salinity forecasts show significant skill in many ocean regions from 0-500m depth.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of October-November-December 2011. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3) and the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature salinity and current products. In this last issue for the year 2011, quality syntheses for each of the systems are provided in annex D. The main strengths and weaknesses of all systems are illustrated by diagnostics over the year 2011 (except for BIOMER).
MyOcean scientists took part in this valuable COST initiative in particular for "Ocean reanalysis" cross-fertilization last 2-4 March 2015 in Liège, Belgium.
The main goals of the ESSEM COST Action ES1402 are to improve the coordination of the European efforts in the evaluation of ocean syntheses, to optimize their use and value, to ease their access, to promote their improvement and to raise confidence in their quality. Recommendations and guidelines will be provided on the evaluation, quality and applications of ocean syntheses to end users. These evaluations require cross-disciplinary meetings with experts in Earth Observation, ocean and atmosphere syntheses, air-sea flux measurements and modelling and physical oceanography. This Action will provide the optimal framework for integrating these communities.
Editorial – January 2011 – MyOcean Ecosystem Models
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to the MyOcean (http://www.myocean.eu/) numerical ecosystem models. A focus is here put on the Global
Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea as well as on the Arctic Ocean, with the description of products that are already or will be part of
the MyOcean catalogue either in July or December 2011 (http://operation.myocean.eu/web/24-catalogue.php).
Scientific articles are displayed as follows: First, Elmoussaoui et al. are describing the Mercator Ocean Global Ocean multi-nutrient and multiplankton
biogeochemical model PISCES that is embedded in the operational Mercator Ocean physical systems. Two simulations are carried
out in order to evaluate the impacts of physical data assimilation on modeled biogeochemical tracer distributions. Those simulations constitute
preliminary versions of the global ecosystem operational product that will be available in the MyOcean December 2011 catalogue. Then, Teruzzi
et al. are presenting the operational system for short-term forecast of the Mediterranean biogeochemistry implemented in the V0 version of
MyOcean project. Their coupled physical-biogeochemical model OPATM-BFM has been used for the operational simulations over a period
spanning more than 3 years. The third paper by Dorofeev et al. is displaying the Black Sea ecosystem model coupled with the basin dynamics,
improved within the MyOcean project. Long term evolution of the Black Sea ecosystem is studied and a regional bio-optical model is developed
to reproduce the variability of the water transparency based on sea colour observations. Finally, Samuelsen et al. are presenting the Arctic
Ocean ecosystem model that will be available from the MyOcean December 2011 catalogue. It consists of a coupling of the NORWegian
ECOlogical Model (NORWECOM) to the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) in the TOPAZ system. The variables that will be provided
are chlorophyll-a, diffuse attenuation coefficients, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and oxygen.
The next April 2011 issue will be a special publication with a common newsletter between the Mercator Ocean Forecasting Center in Toulouse
and the Coriolis Infrastructure in Brest, more focused on observations.
We wish you a pleasant reading!
This document provides a summary of the accuracy and status of several ocean forecasting systems run by Mercator Ocean for the period of July-August-September 2012. The global 1/4° and 1/12° systems as well as regional systems for the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea are evaluated based on comparisons to in situ and satellite observations. Overall, the systems accurately represent the large-scale ocean conditions but have biases and errors in certain regions. For example, there are cold biases in surface waters of the North Atlantic, and subsurface currents at the equator are unrealistic. Surface currents are underestimated compared to drifter measurements. The biogeochemical model captures large biogeographic regions but has issues replicating nutrient levels and the timing
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of January-February-March 2011. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3) and the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature salinity and current products. In this fourth issue, we present a short validation study in the North West Pacific near Japan in the context of the catastrophe of March 2011. Finally we introduce the Mercator Ocean global ¼° reanalysis GLORYS2V1 products currently available via MyOcean V1 for the 1993- 2009 period, and more specifically the quality control of in situ profiles based on GLORYS2V1 innovations.
Editorial – April 2010
Greetings all,
Over the past 10 years, Mercator Ocean and Coriolis have been working together both at French, European and international
level for the development of global ocean monitoring and forecasting capabilities. For the first time, this Newsletter is jointly
coordinated by Mercator Ocean and Coriolis teams. The first goal is to foster interactions between the french Mercator Ocean
Modelling/Data Asssimilation and Coriolis Observations communities, and to a larger extent, enhance communication at european
and international levels. The second objective is to broaden the themes of the scientific papers to Operational Oceanography in
general, hence reaching a wider audience within both Modelling/Data Asssimilation and Observations groups.
Once a year in April, Mercator Ocean and Coriolis will publish a common newsletter merging the Mercator Ocean Newsletter on
the one side and the Coriolis one on the other side. Mercator Ocean will still publish 3 other issues per year of its Newsletter in
July, October and January each year, more focused on Ocean Modeling and Data Assimilation aspects. The present issue will be
posted simultaneously on Mercator Ocean and Coriolis websites.
We will meet again next year in April 2011 for a new jointly coordinated Newsletter between Mercator Ocean and Coriolis.
Regarding next July 2010 Newsletter coordinated by Mercator Ocean only, it will display studies about coastal ocean systems.
We wish you a pleasant reading,
The Editorial Board
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of July-August-September 2011. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3) and the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature salinity and current products. Two new systems are operational since July 2011: IBI on the North East Atlantic at 1/36° horizontal resolution, and BIOMER a global biogeochemical model at 1° horizontal resolution forced with PSY3V3R1.The BIOMER system is introduced in this issue.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast
for the season of April-May-June 2014. It also provides a summary of useful information on
the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global
1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3), the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2), and the
Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI36, upgraded in April 2014) monitoring and forecasting systems
currently producing daily 3D temperature, salinity and current products. Surface Chlorophyll
concentrations from the BIOMER biogeochemical monitoring and forecasting system are also
displayed and compared with simultaneous observations.
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to Data Assimilation and its techniques and progress for operational oceanography.
Gary Brassington is first introducing this newsletter with a paper telling us about the international summer school for “observing,
assimilating and forecasting the ocean” which will be held in Perth, Western Australia in 11-22 January 2010
(http://www.bom.gov.au/bluelink/summerschool/). The course curriculum will include topics covering the leading edge science in
ocean observing systems, as well as the latest methods and techniques for analysis, data assimilation and ocean modeling.
Scientific articles about Data Assimilation are then displayed as follows: The first article by Broquet et al. is dealing with Ocean
state and surface forcing correction using the ROMS-IS4DVAR Data Assimilation System. Then, Cosme et al. are describing the
SEEK smoother as a Data Assimilation scheme for oceanic reanalyses. The next article by Brankart et al. is displaying a synthetic
literature review on the following subject: Is there a simple way of controlling the forcing function of the Ocean? Then Ferry et al.
are telling us about Ocean-Atmosphere flux correction by Ocean Data Assimilation. The last article by Oke et al. is dealing with
Data Assimilation in the Australian BlueLink System.
The next October 2009 newsletter will review the current work on ocean biology and biogeochemistry.
We wish you a pleasant reading!
This document provides a summary of the accuracy and status of Mercator Ocean's global and regional ocean monitoring and forecasting systems for the period of October-November-December 2012. It finds that while systems generally provide an accurate description of ocean temperatures and currents compared to observations, there are some biases and inaccuracies. For example, sea ice concentrations are overestimated in polar regions and surface currents are underestimated compared to drifter measurements. Overall the monitoring systems closely match altimetry observations, but subsurface currents at the equator are unrealistic. The forecasts show skill compared to observations, but the signal is noisy. The high resolution regional models perform well on average despite not assimilating data.
In order to improve the understanding of the Copernicus Marine Environment Service by the general public and potential tenderers, Mercator Ocean is organising webcasts where we allow participants to interact with our Experts. This presentation was shared during the first session last February 6th 2015. Visit this page for more information: http://mercator-ocean.fr/actualites-agenda/actualites/actualite-Copernicus-Marine-Service-Open-Information
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of April-May-June 2013. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3), the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2), and the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature, salinity and current products. Surface Chlorophyll concentrations from the BIOMER biogeochemical monitoring and forecasting system are also displayed and compared with simultaneous observations.
This document provides a quarterly report on the validation of MERCATOR OCEAN's global and regional ocean monitoring and forecasting systems for October-November-December 2011. It summarizes the status of the systems, availability and quality of input observations, large-scale climatic conditions, accuracy of model outputs based on comparisons with observations, and forecast error statistics. The systems showed strong performance overall, with accurate representation of water properties between the surface and 500m, though some stratification weaknesses were observed. Sea surface height and temperature were also well represented, though surface currents showed some underestimation compared to drifter data. Forecast skill was significant in many ocean regions out to 5 days.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast
for the season of January-February-March 2012. It also provides a summary of useful
information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for
the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3) and the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12°
(PSY2) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature salinity
and current products.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN's analyses and forecast for the season of October-November-December 2014. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global 1/4° (PSY3), the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2), and the Iberia-BIscay-Ireland (IBI) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producting daily 3D temperature, salinity and current products. Surface Chlorophyll concentrations from the BIOMER biogeochemical monitoring and forecasting system are also displayed and compared with simultaneous observations.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of January-February-March 2013. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3), the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2), and the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature, salinity and current products. Surface Chlorophyll concentrations from the BIOMER biogeochemical monitoring and forecasting system are also displayed and compared with simultaneous observations. New Lagrangian diagnostics are displayed which measure the quality of the surface velocity forecasts. The latest updates of the PSY2, PSY3 and PSY4 systems are introduced in section VIII , and illustrated with results for JFM 2013.
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of October-November-December 2013. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3), the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2), and the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature, salinity and current products. Surface Chlorophyll concentrations from the BIOMER biogeochemical monitoring and forecasting system are also displayed and compared with simultaneous observations. Quality summaries for each system and for the year 2013 will be found at the end of this issue.
Dedicated to our colleague and friend, Nicolas Ferry.
This thesis examines the viability of using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) passive samplers to measure dissolved trace elements in subtropical freshwater and estuarine environments. The document provides background on conventional monitoring methods and discusses the advantages of DGTs. It describes the DGT technique, previous laboratory and field testing, and the environmental setting and methods used in this study. The study deployed DGTs at multiple freshwater and estuarine sites on Oahu, Hawaii to measure dissolved trace elements over time. Results were compared to discrete water samples to evaluate DGT performance under subtropical conditions. The thesis contributes to understanding the applicability of DGTs for long-term, in situ monitoring of trace element
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast for the season of July-August-September 2014. It also provides a summary of useful information on the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for the global 1/12° (PSY4), global ¼° (PSY3), the Atlantic and Mediterranean zoom at 1/12° (PSY2), and the Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature, salinity and current products. Surface Chlorophyll concentrations from the BIOMER1 biogeochemical monitoring and forecasting system are also displayed and compared with simultaneous observations. Finally the new release of BIOMER at ¼° horizontal resolution is introduced. The BIOMER4 products, available since September 2014, are shortly evaluated against the BIOMER1 products.
Methods for Monitoring Pump-and-Treat PerformanceRenato Kumamoto
This document provides guidance on monitoring methods for evaluating the performance and effectiveness of pump-and-treat groundwater remediation systems. It discusses key objectives for hydraulic containment and aquifer restoration and constraints that can hinder achieving cleanup goals. A variety of field measurements are described to monitor hydraulic capture zones, groundwater flows, water levels, water quality parameters, pumping rates and effluent concentrations. The frequency of monitoring is also addressed. The guidance aims to help clearly define system objectives and ensure careful performance monitoring to determine if a pump-and-treat system is operating as intended.
The document provides an evaluation of Mercator Ocean's global ocean monitoring and forecasting systems for the period of January-February-March (JFM) 2014. It summarizes the status and evolutions of the systems, availability and quality of input data, large-scale climatic conditions, accuracy of temperature, salinity and surface fields compared to observations, forecast error statistics, monitoring of ocean physics and a regional study of a spurious eddy off Portugal. The systems show generally good accuracy for water properties, with departures from observations rarely exceeding 1°C and 0.2 psu between 0-500m depth globally. A warm SST and fresh surface bias are diagnosed in some regions. Surface currents are underestimated compared
This document provides the Wetlands Delineation Manual published in 1987 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The manual establishes technical guidelines and methods for identifying and delineating wetlands subject to regulatory jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act. It requires evidence of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology to designate an area as a wetland. The manual also describes characteristics and indicators used to identify these three wetland parameters and provides detailed methods for routine, comprehensive, and atypical wetland determinations.
The document describes research activities conducted by Cristian Gonzalo Guerrero Córdova at the Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica (IRPI) in Perugia, Italy from January to July 2015. The objectives were to implement a rainfall-runoff model on the San Antonio River catchment to predict floods using soil moisture data from satellites, rainfall data, and discharge measurements. Models were selected and input data was collected and analyzed. The SCRRM and MISDc rainfall-runoff models were executed for events in 2007 and 2011-2013. Results were analyzed to evaluate the models' ability to forecast floods in the catchment using different data sources.
This document discusses using GRASS GIS to analyze land use and land cover changes in the Luswishi Farm Block in Zambia between 2001 and 2005 using Landsat 7 satellite imagery. It describes collecting the satellite images, preprocessing the images, and applying various digital image processing techniques like unsupervised classification, normalized difference vegetation index, principal component analysis, and tasseled cap transformation to detect changes. The goal is to map land use and detect temporal changes in the area to understand land use dynamics using open source GIS tools.
This report analyzes climate change impacts, adaptation challenges, and costs for Africa. It finds that Africa faces severe consequences from a warming planet, including rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. These climatic changes threaten Africa's key sectors like agriculture, water resources, health, and cities. The report estimates that annual costs to adapt to climate change in Africa could reach $50 billion by 2050. However, current international public funding for adaptation falls far short of these needs, leaving a large "adaptation gap." The report concludes that significantly increasing support for adaptation can help reduce Africa's vulnerability, but global emissions must also be urgently reduced to limit global warming to 1.5°C.
Hydrological Data Management: Present State and Trends-Wmo no964indiawrm
This document discusses hydrological databases and data management. It outlines the need for hydrological databases to store and disseminate observational data. Examples of existing national and international databases are provided. The typical configuration of a database includes data collection, input, storage, quality control, and dissemination through various methods. Guidance is given on constructing databases, including establishing coding systems, input formats, and procedures to address missing or poor quality data. Maintaining, updating, and managing databases over time is also discussed to respond to changing needs and technologies.
This document is Malaysia's Initial National Communication submitted to the UNFCCC. It provides an overview of Malaysia's national circumstances, inventory of greenhouse gas emissions in 1994, impacts of climate change, research efforts, and strategies to address climate change issues. The key points are:
1) Malaysia's greenhouse gas emissions in 1994 totaled 144 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, with a per capita emission of 3.7 tonnes. The energy sector accounted for most emissions.
2) Climate change is projected to reduce agricultural crop yields, cause flooding and loss of land for oil palm and rubber cultivation, and lead to erosion and loss of mangrove forests. It may also increase water scarcity and flooding from heavy rainfall
This document describes a study that investigated the interaction between enamel, porcelain, and a gold alloy through an in vitro wear experiment. The study used a tooth wear machine to simulate wear between enamel specimens and restorative material specimens, including porcelain veneering materials, machinable ceramic, and gold alloy. Wear was assessed quantitatively using 3D scanning and qualitatively using scanning electron microscopy. The study found differences in the wear rates of enamel and restorative materials at pH 6.1 and 1.2, with higher wear occurring under acidic conditions. Surface analysis also showed differences in the wear patterns between materials under the two pH environments.
This report analyzes a long-term station blackout accident at a BWR Mark I nuclear plant using the MELCOR code. Key findings include:
1. MELCOR predicted similar timing of events as STCP, with core uncovery and fuel damage occurring within 15-16 hours.
2. In-vessel, hydrogen production led to high pressures in the drywell. Ex-vessel, fission products such as CsOH, Te and CsI were released.
3. Sensitivity analyses showed the fuel release model, debris ejection model, and timestep size can impact event timing and source term releases. The debris quench model also influenced results.
Atlas de mortalidad y pérdidas económicas debido al clima OMMhidrometeorologiaucv
This document is an atlas published by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) that analyzes weather, climate, and water-related disasters from 1970 to 2012. It finds that over this period, there were 8,835 disasters, 1.94 million deaths, and $2.4 trillion in economic losses globally from events such as floods, windstorms, droughts, and tropical cyclones. The atlas describes impacts by region and highlights WMO and CRED efforts to standardize disaster data collection and analysis to better inform disaster risk reduction.
Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring Along the Coasts of Crete, Greece. MSc Thesis...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation introduces a MSc thesis defense. The research focuses on the P. oceanica, an endemic species of the seagrass in Mediterranean Sea. Study area is Crete Island, Greece. The goal of this study is to analyse optical properties of the seagrass P. oceanica and other seafloor types (carbonate sand), and to apply remote sensing techniques for seagrass mapping in the selected locations of northern Crete. Analyzing spectral reflectance of the P. oceanica and other seafloor cover types by means of tools Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) using Water Color Simulator (WASI). Other technical tools included ArcGIS and Erdas Imagine GIS software, Gretle for plotting and statistical analysis, SPSS for ANOVA based Hypothesis testing. Data include spectral measurements of the seagrass optical properties by Trios-RAMSES (Hyperspectral radiometers for measuring optical properties of water), Google Earth aerial images, Landsat TM scenes. Fieldwork measurements were done using iPAQ data and GPS records, SCUBA equipment. Optical properties of the water columns were tested : spectral reflectance, radiance, irradiance. Characteristics reflect current chemical content and physical specifics of the water with and without sediments. Results of this research proved that P. oceanica is spectrally distinct from other seafloor types (carbonate sand) at varying environmental conditions, as well as from other seagrass species (Thalassia testudinum). The RTM software is a useful tool for analyzing spectral signatures of various seafloor types enabling simulations of data received from the broadband and narrowband remote sensors. Application of the RS data from the broadband sensors is highly advantageous for the seagrass mapping. Spectral discrimination of P. oceanica from other seafloor cover types is possible at diverse and changing environmental conditions (water column height). Maps, graphics and imagery are provided. Current presentation contains 72 slides. Defended at University of Twente, Faculty of Earth Observation and Geoinformation (ITC), Enschede, Overijssel Province, the Netherlands on March 8, 2011.
In order to support information regarding arthritis in examinees in the study, x-rays of the wrists
and hands, and knees will be conducted on all examinees sixty years of age and above. The x-rays will be
taken in the following positions and sequence
The document showcases oceanographic products from the Met Office including surface ocean currents from November 14th 2020, significant wave height from a storm on December 27th 2020, surface chlorophyll concentration from March 2nd 2020, and sea surface height from January 1st 2021. These products visualize measurements and conditions of the physical, biological, and chemical properties of the ocean.
The document describes three Mediterranean Sea model products from the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS):
1) A physical model (MED-PHY) using a hydrodynamic model and data assimilation to provide daily sea level and circulation analyses and forecasts at 1/24 degree resolution with 141 vertical levels.
2) A biogeochemical model (MED-BIO) integrating satellite and in-situ observations with a biogeochemical model to provide chlorophyll analyses, reanalyses, and forecasts.
3) A wave model (MED-WAV) providing daily wave analyses and forecasts as well as hindcasts for the Mediterranean Sea.
This document describes several products from the Black Sea Monitoring and Forecasting Center (BS-MFC) team, including physical, biogeochemical, and wave models. The products include multi-year reanalysis datasets from 1993-2019 as well as near-real time analysis and forecasts beginning in 2018. The physical products are led by CMCC and IO-BAS, biogeochemical by ULiege, and waves by HZG and CMCC. The products provide essential ocean variables like temperature, salinity, currents, chlorophyll, and wave heights.
The document discusses operational biogeochemical modeling in the Arctic by TOPAZ, an ArcMFC forecasting system. It describes the current and future states of TOPAZ's operational forecasting system and biogeochemical reanalysis efforts. The current forecasting system has 12km resolution and forecasts for 10 days, while the future 2021 system will have 6km resolution and include carbon chemistry variables and runoff from Greenland. The current reanalysis covers 2007-2010 at 30km resolution, and future reanalyses aim to cover 2007-2017, assimilating more biogeochemical variables using EnKF and smoothing methods.
ZOOMBI is a project from 2018-2020 that developed formulations for zooplankton in marine biogeochemical models. The project aimed to improve representations of zooplankton-related processes like detritus sinking and ecosystem modeling. By modeling zooplankton more explicitly in space and time, the project found it could better estimate carbon export from surface waters into the ocean interior. The contact for the project is Ute Daewel from the Institute of Coastal Systems Analysis and Modeling at Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht.
This project used earth observation data from 2018-2020 to study near-coast ecosystems like sea grass and turbidity levels which are relevant to local users. The project contact is Steef Peters from Water Insight and the take home message is that earth observation is an attractive way to study coastal ecosystems for local stakeholders.
This document discusses the NEMO-FES project which optimized the simulation of barotropic tides and internal tide and wave drag dissipation in the NEMO v3.6 ocean model. The project was conducted from October 2018 to December 2020 by a consortium including LEGOS, CLS, and Mercator Ocean. The take-home message is that barotropic tide simulation was improved in NEMO 3.6 and a new constraint method shows promise, but more testing is needed to refine wave drag dissipation and account for under-ice cavities.
The WaveFlow project upgraded the open source version of the WAM wave model to include new physics that better represents wave-current interactions. Hindcast simulations were run using the upgraded model forced by ERA5 winds to provide new wave forcing datasets to the community. Comparisons showed the new physics improved the representation of wave spectra in the North Sea. The upgraded wave model had a small impact when incorporated into a coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean forecast system. The results of the project provide physically consistent wave forcing for ocean modeling and analysis.
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The document discusses a project called OPTIMA that ran from 2018-2019. The project aimed to simulate and assimilate satellite optical data on ocean plankton communities to improve simulations of underwater light conditions. This has potential benefits for biogeochemical and physical modeling of marine ecosystems. The contact for the project is Jozef Skakala from the Plymouth Marine Laboratory.
The document discusses the COMBAT project which runs from 2018-2020 and combines altimetry data, HF radar data, and modeling to develop new coastal ocean monitoring products for CMEMS. It introduces the project leads from AZTI, CLS Group, and LEGOS and their areas of expertise in HF radar, altimetry, and modeling, respectively. A key takeaway is that integrating these different data sources and simulations provides improved understanding of local ocean processes and a new coastal mean dynamic topography for more reliable monitoring of the study area.
This document discusses a project focused on developing high-resolution coastal modeling and forecasting tools to improve coastal zone management between 2018-2020. The project involves partners from Spain, Germany, and Denmark and is led by Agustin Sanchez-Arcilla from the Universitat Polità ̈cnica de Catalunya. The overall goal is to create seamless regional to coastal forecasting capabilities and tools to help manage water quality and coastal zones in an integrated manner.
The document discusses the LAMBDA project which aims to improve ocean models by better characterizing land-marine boundary conditions and river influences. It will do this through water continuum modelling, estuarine mixing studies, and remote observation of salinity. The project runs from 2018-2020 and involves full and associated partners led by project contact Francisco Campuzano from MASTEC-IST and CoLAB + ATLANTIC. The key takeaway message is that LAMBDA seeks to improve models of thermohaline circulation in coastal oceans through a better understanding of land-ocean boundaries.
The document discusses an ensemble generation scheme for ocean analysis systems that aims to provide uncertainty estimates of the ocean state. The scheme involves randomly perturbing both assimilated observations and surface forcing inputs to generate an ensemble of ocean state estimates. This allows the analysis system to account for uncertainties in observations and surface forcing when assessing the ocean state. The project developing this scheme is taking place from 2018 to 2020 at ECMWF.
This document provides information on the SCRUM 2 project which aims to improve coastal/regional ensemble consistency, reliability, and probabilistic forecasting through data assimilation. The project runs from 2018-2020 and is a collaboration between the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece and LEGOS in France. It seeks to contribute to CMES ensemble data assimilation by developing stochastic coastal/regional uncertainty modeling and probabilistic scoring. Vassilios Vervatis of the University of Athens is listed as the project contact.
The document discusses the High-resolution model Verification Evaluation (HiVE) project. The project aims to evaluate high-resolution ocean models through spatial verification methods. It analyzes forecasts of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll from April 2018 to March 2020. The project is led by Jan Maksymczuk and Marion Mittermaier of the Met Office in the UK, with support from Ric Crocker, Rachel North, and Christine Pequignet. The project demonstrates that higher resolution ocean forecasts, while more realistic looking, do not necessarily score better in quantitative verification compared to coarser models, similar to atmospheric forecasts. Spatial verification methods can help account for this difference by giving credit to forecasts that are correct nearby rather than
This document discusses a new eddy tracker product for the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) that provides additional properties associated with 2D circulation forecasts from CMEMS models. It also discusses how intense mesoscale frontogenesis can induce submesoscale processes and significant vertical motion at oceanic fronts, recommending the diagnosis and forecast of vertical velocity be included in future CMEMS catalog updates. The project discussed occurred from 2016 to 2018 and was led by Simon Ruiz of IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB).
This document discusses a project from 2016-2018 to integrate coastal high-frequency radar data into the Copernicus Marine Service. The project contact is Julien Mader from AZTI who aims to pave the way for adding high-frequency radar data to the marine monitoring service to increase ocean observations.
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1. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
1
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Edition:
Charles Desportes, Marie Drévillon, Charly Régnier
(MERCATOR OCEAN/Production Dep./Products Quality)
Contributions :
Corinne Derval (CERFACS), Benoît Tranchant (CLS), Silvana Buarque (MERCATOR OCEAN),
Christine Boone (CLS), Stéphanie Guinehut (CLS), Gaëlle Nicolas (CLS)
Credits for validation methodology and tools:
Eric Greiner, Mounir Benkiran, Nathalie Verbrugge (CLS)
Charly Régnier, Fabrice Hernandez, Laurence Crosnier (MERCATOR OCEAN)
Jean-Michel Lellouche, Olivier Legalloudec, Gilles Garric (MERCATOR OCEAN)
Jean-Marc Molines (CNRS), Sébastien Theeten (Ifremer)
Nicolas Pene (AKKA)
Abstract
This bulletin gives an estimate of the accuracy of MERCATOR OCEAN’s analyses and forecast
for the season of April-May-June 2010. It also provides a summary of useful information on
the context of the production for this period. Diagnostics will be displayed for all MERCATOR
OCEAN’s monitoring and forecasting systems currently producing daily 3D temperature
salinity and current products. Finally we present a preliminary intercomparison of a few
physical processes viewed by the operational systems and by ORCA12 (with and without
data assimilation). The results show that the global ¼° and the Atlantic and Mediterranean
1/12° analyses and forecast still behave very similarly with an accuracy close to the expected
levels (as defined in scientific qualification documents), except for the 1/12° displaying
significantly better performance in the Mediterranean sea. Anyway this basin tends to be
2. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
2
too warm in the model. The global 1/12° (in demonstration) displays at least as good
performance and especially less biases than the current systems.
3. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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Table of contents
I Status and evolutions of the systems ................................................................................ 5
II Summary of the availability and quality control of the input data.................................... 5
II.1. Observations available for data assimilation............................................................. 5
II.1.1. In situ observations of T/S profiles..................................................................... 5
II.1.2. Sea Surface Temperature................................................................................... 6
II.1.3. Sea Level Anomalies........................................................................................... 7
II.2. Observations available for validation......................................................................... 7
III Information on the large scale climatic conditions............................................................ 7
IV Accuracy of the products ................................................................................................... 9
IV.1. Data assimilation performance.................................................................................. 9
IV.1.1. Sea surface height.............................................................................................. 9
IV.1.2. Sea surface temperature.................................................................................. 13
IV.1.3. Temperature and salinity profiles.................................................................... 17
IV.2. Accuracy of the daily average products with respect to observations.................... 19
IV.2.1. T/S profiles observations.................................................................................. 19
IV.2.2. Drifting buoys velocity measurements ............................................................ 25
IV.2.3. Sea ice concentration....................................................................................... 25
V Forecast error statistics.................................................................................................... 26
V.1. Forecast accuracy: comparisons with observations when and where available..... 26
V.2. Forecast verification: comparison with analysis everywhere.................................. 29
V.2.1. Illustration ........................................................................................................ 29
V.2.2. Synthesis of one week forecast root mean square error (with respect to
analysis) 31
VI Monitoring of ocean and sea ice physics......................................................................... 32
VI.1. Global mean SST and SSS ......................................................................................... 32
VI.2. Surface EKE............................................................................................................... 33
VI.3. Eddy kinetic energy in the North Atlantic: the Gulf Stream eddies at depth.......... 33
VI.4. Sea Ice extent area and volume............................................................................... 34
4. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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Table of figures
Figure 1 : Percentage of valid profiles as a function of their age........................................................................... 6
Figure 2: SST monthly anomalies (°c) at the global scale from the 1/4° ocean monitoring and forecasting
system PSY3V2R2 with respect to Levitus (2005) climatology. ................................................................. 8
Figure 3: Arctic sea ice extent from the NSIDC .................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4: Color code for the Atlantic ocean regional boxes were the data assimilation statistics are
computed. ................................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5: Synthesis of regional SLA (cm) average misfit (upper panels) and RMS misfit (lower panels) in
the Altantic Ocean. ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 6: Synthesis of regional SLA (cm) average misfit (left panel) and RMS misfit (right panel) in the
Mediterranean Sea...................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 7: regions for the computation of data assimilation statistics at the global scale...................................... 12
Figure 8 : Synthesis of regional SLA (cm) average misfit (upper panels) and RMS misfit (lower panels) in
the Global Ocean (except Atlantic and Mediterranean). ............................................................................ 13
Figure 9: Time series of SST (°C) data assimilation scores of misfit (observation – model) average and
RMS for PSY3 and PSY4 at the global scale and in the Antarctic and Nino 3regions .............................. 14
Figure 10: Time series of SST (°C) data assimilation scores of misfit (observation – model) average and
RMS for PSY2 in the Irminger Sea region of the North Atlantic............................................................... 15
Figure 11: Time series of SST (°C) data assimilation scores of misfit (observation – model) average and
RMS for PSY2 in the Mersa Matruh region (West of Alexandria) and in the Sicily region of the
Mediterranean Sea...................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 12: Time series of temperature profiles (°C) average of innovation and RMS of innovation on the
global PSY3 and PSY4............................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 13: Time series of salinity profiles (°C) average of innovation (left column) and RMS of
innovation on the global PSY3 and PSY4................................................................................................. 18
Figure 14: Time series of temperature profiles (°C) and salinity profiles (psu) average of innovation and
RMS of innovation on the whole PSY2 geographical domain................................................................... 19
Figure 15: Upper panel: RMS temperature and salinity difference (model-observation) between all
available T/S observations from the Coriolis database and the daily average PSY3 products
colocalised with the observations............................................................................................................... 20
Figure 16: Upper panel: RMS temperature and salinity difference (model-observation) between all
available T/S observations from the Coriolis database and the daily average PSY2 products
colocalised with the observations............................................................................................................... 21
Figure 17 : Water masses (Theta, S) diagrams in the Mediterranean Sea and Bay of Biscay, comparison
between PSY2 (left column) and PSY3 (right column).............................................................................. 22
Figure 18 : Water masses (Theta, S) diagrams in the Tropical and North Atlantic in PSY3 ............................... 23
Figure 19: Water masses (Theta, S) diagrams in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean in PSY3 ........................ 24
Figure 20: PSY3 analyses of velocity (m/s) colocated with drifting buoys velocity measurements.................... 25
Figure 21: sea ice cover fraction (%) mean and RMS difference between CERSAT observations and
PSY3 sea ice cover in regional boxes in the Arctic Ocean......................................................................... 26
Figure 22: Time series of RMS difference between CERSAT sea ice cover fraction (%) and PSY3 in the
Greenland Basin region (left panel) and in the Barents Sea (right panel). ................................................. 26
Figure 23: In the North Atlantic region, time series of forecast accuracy at 3 and 6 days range, together
with analysis, persistency and climatology (Levitus (2005) and Arivo) accuracy ..................................... 27
Figure 24: same as Figure 23 for the Mediterranean sea and the PSY2 system, in the 0-500m layer.................. 27
Figure 25: same as Figure 23 for temperature only in the 0-500m layer, the PSY3 system ................................ 28
Figure 26 : comparison of the sea surface height (m) forecast – hindcast RMS differences for the 1 week
and 2 weeks ranges. On the left: for the PSY2 system, and on the right: for the PSY3 system. ................ 29
Figure 27 : comparison of the Tropical Atlantic 100m Temperature (°C ) RMS differences and of the
Mediterranean sea surface height (m) average difference of the 2 weeks forecast – hindcast ................... 30
Figure 28: Upper panel: Monthly and daily SST (°C) global mean for a one year period ending in AMJ
2010, for PSY3 and RTG-SST observations. Upper panel: same thing for sea surface salinity SSS......... 32
Figure 29: PSY3 surface eddy kinetic energy EKE (m²/s²), and RMS of Sea Surface Heigth SSH (m).............. 33
Figure 30: 48°N section of EKE (m²/s²) in the North Atlantic in all available analyses: PSY4, PSY3,
PSY2, and in a numerical experiment with no data assimilation (ORCA12)............................................. 34
Figure 31: Sea ice extent and volume in PSY3 for a one year period ending in AMJ 2010................................ 34
5. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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I Status and evolutions of the systems
PSY2V3R1 :
NATL12 LIM2 (Tropical, North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, 1/12° horizontal resolution,
50 vertical levels)
SAM2
Assimilating RTG-SST, SLA from Jason 1, Jason 2 and Envisat, in situ profile from CORIOLIS
Status : operated weekly, with daily updates of atmospheric forcing
PSY3V2R2 :
ORCA025 LIM2 (Global, 1/4° horizontal resolution, 50 vertical levels)
SAM2
Assimilating RTG-SST, SLA from Jason 1, Jason 2 and Envisat, in situ profile from CORIOLIS
Status : operated weekly
PSY4V1R3 :
ORCA12 LIM2 (Global, 1/12° horizontal resolution, 50 vertical levels)
SAM2 + Incremental Analysis Update (IAU)
Assimilating RTG-SST, SLA from Jason 1, Jason 2 and Envisat, in situ profile from CORIOLIS
Status : in demonstration mode, currently stopped
NB: for technical reasons, PSY4V1R3 is sometimes referred to as PSY4V1R2 in this document,
to be corrected.
This season, an update of the quality control of the input T/S profiles has been implemented.
Due to transfer problems the T/S profiles in the Indian Ocean were not assimilated in PSY3
on the 26th
of May.
II Summary of the availability and quality control of the input data
II.1. Observations available for data assimilation
II.1.1. In situ observations of T/S profiles
PSY2: between 300 and 700 temperature profiles and between 100 and 500 salinity profiles
are assimilated per analysis.
PSY3: between 1300 and 3500 temperature profiles and between 1000 and 2700 salinity
profiles are assimilated per analysis.
PSY4: between 1500 and 3700 temperature profiles and between 1200 and 2900 salinity
profiles are assimilated per analysis.
The number of profiles provided by Coriolis during the last quarter has decreased by 47%
with respect to the previous quarter, but this had no impact on our analyses, as the decrease
is due to a decrease in hourly data that are then undersampled during the quality check (to
remove redundant profiles and keep, at the most, one profile per 0.1° box every 24 hours).
6. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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Still, two global gaps in in-situ measurements are noticed: from 25 to 27 April and from 22 to
25 May. During these days all kinds of measurements were affected and no measurement
was available. Otherwise, globaly, available observations are quite stable in quantity and
coverage, up to 2000 meters deep, mainly thanks to Argo network. Concerning the
Mediterranean Sea, observation network is very scarse (about 20 buoys, for the most part in
the first 600 meters).
Concerning the age of observations for the last three months: in average, most of the
observations are available between 2 and 8 days after the measurement. After 7 days, about
80% of the measurements are available (see Figure). After 30 days, every measurement is
available.
Figure 1 : Percentage of valid profiles as a function of their age. Left: for each observation type
separately, right: all types together. Statistics are computed for validated/under sampled
observations, available for April-May-June 2010 period. From “Rapport trimestriel de suivi des
observations T/S – Avril/Juin 2010”
II.1.2. Sea Surface Temperature
PSY2 : 29000 to 31000 observations are assimilated per analysis
PSY3 : 165000 to 170000 observations are assimilated per analysis
PSY4 : 175000 to 180000 observations are assimilated per analysis
The intercomparison of SST products as shown that RTG-SST has a cold bias in the Arctic and
in the Antarctic circumpolar current, see:
http://ghrsst-pp.metoffice.com/pages/latest_analysis/sst_monitor/daily/ens/index.html
7. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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This bias was measured with the High Resolution (~1/10 °) version of the RTG-SST product,
while the observations assimilated by the systems come from the ½° resolution product, see:
http://polar.ncep.noaa.gov/sst/
These biases in the different SST products are currently under examination by the ARMOR
team at CLS.
II.1.3. Sea Level Anomalies
For PSY2: the order of magnitude is 15000 observations per satellite and per analysis, which
gives a total of 45000 observations per analysis.
PSY3 and PSY4: For each satellite the number of data assimilated per analysis in the global
systems is of the order of 90000, giving a total of the order of 250000-300000 observations
per cycle. PSY4 assimilates more data o(300000) than PSY3 o(250000)
There was a drop in the number of Jason 1 data assimilated in the analyses of June, 2nd
and
June, 9th (approximately divided by 3 on the 9th
)
II.2. Observations available for validation
Both observational data and statistical combinations of observations are used for the real
time validation of the products, most of them were available in real time during the season:
• T/S profiles
• OSTIA SST
• Arctic sea ice concentration
• Surcouf surface currents
• Armor-3D 3D temperature and salinity fields.
SST Odyssea SST maps (temporarily stopped) and Arctic sea ice drift products were not
available during this season, and the delivery of drifting buoys velocity measurements was
delayed several times.
III Information on the large scale climatic conditions
This season was characterized by the end of the El Niño atmospheric and oceanic
conditions, and by signatures of the premises of a La Niña phase. In the ocean (see surface
temperatures in Figure 2), the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean gets cooler, with negative
temperature anomalies at depth.
The Tropical Atlantic surface temperatures were anomalously warm through all the season.
This signal is also clear in the heat content over the first 300m of the ocean (not shown).
The North Atlantic oscillation is persistently negative, inducing a warming in the Gulf of
Mexico and Northernmost part of the Atlantic and a cooling in the centre of the North
Atlantic basin.
The Mediterranean Sea is anomalously warm in the eastern and southern parts.
8. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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Figure 2: SST monthly anomalies (°c) at the global scale from the 1/4° ocean monitoring and
forecasting system PSY3V2R2 with respect to Levitus (2005) climatology. Upper panel April
anomaly, middle panel May anomaly, lower panel June anomaly.
9. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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This season also sees the beginning of the seasonal melting of arctic Sea Ice. In June the sea
ice extent is below the minimum of 2007 as can be seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Arctic sea ice extent from the NSIDC:
http://nsidc.org/data/seaice_index/images/daily_images/N_stddev_timeseries.png
IV Accuracy of the products
IV.1. Data assimilation performance
IV.1.1.Sea surface height
IV.1.1.1. Tropical and North Atlantic Ocean synthesis for all systems
The Tropical and North Atlantic Ocean SLA assimilation scores of the current operational
systems PSY2 and PSY3 are displayed in Figure 5 together with the scores of the
demonstration system PSY4. The PSY2 system exhibits lower regional biases (of the order of
2cm) than PSY3, except for the small Florida Strait region. The bias is even less in the PSY4
system. The RMS error (order of magnitude 5-8 cm) is generally lower than the intrinsic
variability of the observations which indicates a good performance of the system in this
region (see Mercator Quarterly Newsletter #9). The RMS error is o(20cm) in regions of high
mesoscale variability like the Gulf Stream. In this case the ratio between the RMS of the
“observation-model” difference and the RMS of the observations is still lower than 1 (not
shown), indicating good performance of the data assimilation.
10. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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Figure 4: Color code for the Atlantic ocean regional boxes were the data assimilation statistics are
computed.
Figure 5: Synthesis of regional SLA (cm) average misfit (upper panels) and RMS misfit (lower
panels) for PSY2 (left column), PSY3 (center column) and PSY4 (right column) in the Altantic Ocean.
Each region has a color code given in Figure 4. A value of average and RMS misfit is displayed as a
bar for each satellite Jason 1 (J1), Envisat (E) and Jason 2 (J2) (from bottom to top).
11. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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IV.1.1.2. Mediterranean Sea by PSY2 (1/12°)
The Mediterranean Sea SLA assimilation scores of PSY2 (Figure 6) display a significant bias
towards a higher than observed Mediterranean basin (consistent with a warm bias). The
RMS error (order of magnitude 6-8 cm) is generally lower than the intrinsic variability of the
observations which indicates a good performance of the system in this region.
Figure 6: Synthesis of regional SLA (cm) average misfit (left panel) and RMS misfit (right panel) in
the Mediterranean Sea. Each region has a color code given in Figure 4. A value of average and RMS
misfit is displayed as a bar for each satellite Jason 1 (J1), Envisat (E) and Jason 2 (J2) (from bottom
to top).
12. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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IV.1.1.3. Performance at global scale of PSY3 (1/4°) and PSY4 (1/12°)
Figure 7: regions for the computation of data assimilation statistics at the global scale, each color
and number corresponds to a different “box” region.
13. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
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Figure 8 : Synthesis of regional SLA (cm) average misfit (upper panels) and RMS misfit (lower
panels) for PSY3 (left column) and PSY4 (right column) in the Global Ocean (except Atlantic and
Mediterranean). A value of average and RMS misfit is displayed as a bar for each satellite Jason 1
(J1), Envisat (E) and Jason 2 (J2) (from bottom to top). The regions names from bottom to top
correspond respectively to numbers 23 to 46 on the map in Figure 7 (no color code).
In the global PSY3 ¼° system, the regional biases are of the order of 2 cm with a maximum of
4 cm near Chile coast (#42). These biases compensate at the global scale (axiom of the data
assimilation method).RMS errors stand between 5 and 8 cm, and reach more than 10 cm in
the high mesoscale variability currents: Agulhas (#29), circumpolar (#23) and Falkland (#25).
Bias is reduced in PSY4 with respect to PSY3 in almost all regions except the nino5 region
(#38, in the Indonesian Throughflow).
The RMS error is slightly lower in PSY4 than in PSY3, and is significantly reduced in the
circumpolar current.
IV.1.2.Sea surface temperature
IV.1.2.1. Performance at global scale of PSY3 (1/4°) and PSY4 (1/12°)
The global average of the innovation (or misfit) observation – model differences in
Figure 9 shows a cold bias of 0.1°C in PSY3 and PSY4. Note that in the case of PSY4, this bias
can be reduced after the incremental analysis update (we show here the innovation: the
difference between the observations and the guess trajectory). In the Antarctic the model is
unbiased with respect to the RTG-SST data, but still displays a small 0.1 °C cold bias with
respect to in situ data in the surface layer. This is consistent with a possible cold bias of RTG-
SST in this region (to be followed). In the nino3 box, a significant cold bias of 0.5°C appears in
May-June with respect to RTG-SST, and is less clear with respect to in situ data. The intensity
of this bias thus exhibits seasonal or interannual variability as the cold anomaly appearing at
the end of the Nino episode of this winter is probably overestimated by the model.
14. Quo Va Dis ? Quarterly Ocean Validation Display #1, AMJ 2010
14
region PSY3 PSY4
Global
(#0)
Antarctic
(#23)
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Nino
3
(#35)
Figure 9: Time series of SST (°C) data assimilation scores of misfit (observation – model) average
and RMS for PSY3 (left column) and PSY4 (right column) at the global scale (upper panel) and in the
Antarctic and Nino 3regions (middle and lower panels). In blue: in situ 5 m temperature
observations, in black: RTG-SST observations.
In the North Atlantic PSY2 and PSY3 give comparable SST assimilation scores. Figure 10
illustrates a possible cold bias of RTG-SST in this Northern region of the Atlantic (the number
of available in situ data may be too small to conclude).
Figure 10: Time series of SST (°C) data assimilation scores of misfit (observation – model) average
and RMS for PSY2 in the Irminger Sea region of the North Atlantic. In blue: in situ 5 m temperature
observations, in black: RTG-SST observations.
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IV.1.2.2. Mediterranean Sea by PSY2 (1/12°)
The seasonal warming of the Mediterranean sea seems overestimated in PSY2 as shown by
Figure 11. A warm bias is intensifying in several regions at the end of June. The comparison
with OSTIA products (not shown) indicates that this overestimation is due to local warming
in small structures that are not resolved by the satellite products, and if realistic may not be
well located in PSY2.
Figure 11: Time series of SST (°C) data assimilation scores of misfit (observation – model) average
and RMS for PSY2 in the Mersa Matruh region (West of Alexandria, left panel) and in the Sicily
region (right panel) of the Mediterranean Sea. In blue: in situ 5 m temperature observations, in
black: RTG-SST observations.
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IV.1.3.Temperature and salinity profiles
IV.1.3.1. Performance at global scale of PSY3 (1/4°) and PSY4 (1/12°)
As can be seen in Figure 12 PSY3 is generally too cold over 100 m, and too warm (0.3
°C) between 100 and 200 m. A warm bias can be seen at depth. PSY4 is too cold (0.5 °C) over
the 0-500m water column, and the bias seems stronger in June. The warm bias at depth is
reduced compared to PSY3. In both systems the RMS error reaches 1.2°C near 100m at the
average thermocline position. Under 1000m the RMS error is lower in PSY4 (0.1 °C) than in
PSY3 (0.15 °C).
Figure 12: Time series of temperature profiles (°C) average of innovation (left column) and RMS of
innovation (middle column) on the global PSY3 (upper panel) and PSY4 (lower panel). In the right
column: RMS average over time
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Both systems display a salty bias near 100m and fresh bias near the surface (Figure
13). The fresh bias visible in PSY3 below 1000m disappears in PSY4, with consequently a
division by 2 of the RMS error from 0.05 psu in PSY3 to 0.025 in PSY4.
Figure 13: Time series of salinity profiles (°C) average of innovation (left column) and RMS of
innovation (middle column) on the global PSY3 (upper panel) and PSY4 (lower panel). In the right
column: RMS average over time
IV.1.3.2. Tropical and North Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea by
PSY2 (1/12°)
Due to a smaller sample PSY2 temperature and salinity biases (Figure 14) are amplified with
respect to the global domain averages of PSY3 and PSY4. A bias structure appears near 1000
1500m due to the ill positioned Mediterranean outflow in the Atlantic (currently this bias is
present in all systems).
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IV.2. Accuracy of the daily average products with respect to
observations
IV.2.1.T/S profiles observations
IV.2.1.1. Global statistics
As can be seen in Figure 15, temperature errors in the 0-500m layer stand between
0.5 and 1 °C in most regions of the globe. Regions of high mesoscale activity and regions of
Sea Ice melting experience higher values (up to 3°C). We note that in most regions there are
less than 30 profiles to compute the statistics for this three months period. The salinity RMS
errors are usually less than 0.2 psu but can reach high values in regions of high runoff
(Amazon, Sea Ice limit) or precipitations (SPCZ), and in regions of high mesoscale variability.
Figure 14: Time series of temperature profiles (°C, upper panel ) and salinity profiles (psu, lower
panel) average of innovation (left column) and RMS of innovation (middle column) on the whole
PSY2 geographical domain. In the right column: RMS average over time
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Figure 15: Upper panel: RMS temperature (left column) and salinity (right column) difference
(model-observation) between all available T/S observations from the Coriolis database and the
daily average PSY3 products (here the nowcast run) colocalised with the observations. Lower
panel: number of data used to compute the statistic of the upper panel, by regional box.
If we compare Figure 15 and Figure 16 we note that PSY2 temperature RMS errors are
smaller in the Gulf Stream region and in the North Brazil current.
PSY2 salinity errors are lower than PSY3 errors in the Mediterranean and in the Bay of
Biscay, but they are higher in the Gulf Stream (high variability).
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Figure 16: Upper panel: RMS temperature (left column) and salinity (right column) difference
(model-observation) between all available T/S observations from the Coriolis database and the
daily average PSY2 products (here the nowcast run) colocalised with the observations. Lower
panel: number of data used to compute the statistic of the upper panel, by regional box.
IV.2.1.2. Water masses diagnostics
We use here the daily products (analyses) colocated with the T/S profiles to draw “theta, S”
diagrams. PSY2 better represents water masses characteristics in the Mediterranean, and
there is a slight improvement in the Bay of Biscay (Figure 17).
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Figure 17 : Water masses (Theta, S) diagrams in the Mediterranean Sea and Bay of Biscay,
comparison between PSY2 (left column) and PSY3 (right column)
In the Tropical and north Atlantic, PSY3 and PSY2 have very similar behaviours, we show
here PSY3 (Figure 18). In the tropics the systems stick to the climatology.
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Figure 18 : Water masses (Theta, S) diagrams in the Tropical and North Atlantic in PSY3
In the South Atlantic and Indian (Figure 19) the water masses are well described by the
climatology, the system captures some of the small changes seen by the observations.
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Figure 19: Water masses (Theta, S) diagrams in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean in PSY3
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IV.2.2.Drifting buoys velocity measurements
The surface velocity is globally underestimated by the systems, as illustrated in Figure 20 by
comparisons of surface drifter velocity measurements with PSY3 velocities (comparisons
done at 15m). The relative error is approximately 20 % and reaches locally 50 %. About 40%
of the direction errors are lower than 45° and about 20% of the observed velocities have a
nearly opposite direction in the PSY3 analyses. These large direction errors are localized and
generally correspond to ill positioned mesoscale structures.
IV.2.3.Sea ice concentration
The melting of Sea Ice induce large differences between PSY3 and the observed sea ice cover
fraction, especially in the Bering Sea, Barents Sea, Greenland Basin and Labrador Sea (Figure
21). The sea ice doesn’t melt enough in the model. The RMS error is large in the Canadian
Archipelago where the model does not reproduce the variability of sea ice cover.
Figure 20: PSY3 analyses of velocity (m/s) colocated with drifting buoys velocity measurements. Upper left
panel : difference modele - observation of velocity module. Upper right panel: relative error of velocity
module (%). Lower left panel: direction errors of the velocity vector (°). Lower right panel: probability density
function of the direction errors (°).
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Figure 21: sea ice cover fraction (%) mean and RMS difference between CERSAT observations and PSY3 sea
ice cover in regional boxes in the Arctic Ocean.
The RMS error time series (Figure 22) in the Greenland basin shows that the error increases
while the ice cover fraction decreases in May and June. In the Barents Sea the RMS error
does not increase, consistent with an observed sea ice extent less variable in this region.
Figure 22: Time series of RMS difference between CERSAT sea ice cover fraction (%) and PSY3 in the
Greenland Basin region (left panel) and in the Barents Sea (right panel).
V Forecast error statistics
V.1. Forecast accuracy: comparisons with observations when and
where available
As can be seen in Figure 23 the PSY3 and PSY2 products have a better accuracy than the
climatology in the North Atlantic region. The accuracy is higher in the near surface layer (0-
50m) than in the 0-500m layer. The analysis is the best product, but the RMS error of the
forecast is already approximately half that of the climatologies in the 0-50m layer. PSY2 has
the best analysis quality in the region, which can be seen especially on the 0-500m layer
diagnostics.
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Figure 23: In the North Atlantic region, time series of forecast (FRCST) accuracy at 3 and 6 days
range, together with analysis (ANA and HDCST), persistency (PERS) and climatology (TMLEV Levitus
(2005) and TMARV Arivo from Ifremer) accuracy as measured by a RMS difference with respect to
all available temperature (°C) observations from the CORIOLIS database. Upper panel for the 1/12°
North Atlantic and Mediterranean system PSY2, lower panel for the ¼° global PSY3. Left column for
the 0-50m layer, right column for the 0-500m layer.
Figure 24: same as Figure 23 for the Mediterranean sea and the PSY2 system, in the 0-500m layer. On the left
temperature (°C) and on the right salinity (psu)
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In the Mediterranean Sea PSY2 analysis are the more accurate products with respect to
climatology, persistence and forecast, especially in temperature (Figure 24). The forecast
RMS errors are slightly larger but still far below the error levels of the climatologies,
especially in April and May.
PSY3 statistics in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian basin in the 0-500m layer (Figure 25) display
a generally good accuracy and added value of the analyses and forecast with respect to
climatology, especially in the Tropical Pacific. In this region the system is controlled by the
TAO/TRITON array of T/S moorings.
Figure 25: same as Figure 23 for temperature only in the 0-500m layer, the PSY3 system and the South
Atlantic Ocean (upper left panel), the Tropical Atlantic (upper right panel), the Tropical Pacific (lower left
panel) and the Indian Ocean (lower right panel).
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V.2. Forecast verification: comparison with analysis everywhere
V.2.1. Illustration
The “forecast errors” illustrated by the sea surface height RMS difference between the
forecast and the hindcast for all given dates of the season AMJ 2010 are displayed in Figure
26. The results on the North Atlantic domain are very similar in PSY3 and PSY2 (o(2 cm)),
reaching the same order of maximum values in the regions of highest variability (o(20 cm)).
PSY2 SSH RMS diff of 1week forecast – hindcast
AMJ 2010
PSY3 SSH RMS diff of 1week forecast – hindcast
AMJ 2010
PSY2 SSH RMS diff of 2weeks forecast – hindcast
AMJ 2010
PSY3 SSH RMS diff of 2weeks forecast – hindcast
AMJ 2010
Figure 26 : comparison of the sea surface height (m) forecast – hindcast RMS differences for the 1
week (upper panels) and 2 weeks (lower panels) ranges. On the left: for the PSY2 system, and on
the right: for the PSY3 system.
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This similarity holds for all the comparisons that were made in the Atlantic and
Mediterranean regions, except for the 100 m temperature and circulation in the Tropical
Atlantic and for the SSH bias in the Mediterranean, as illustrated in Figure 27.
The North Brazil current is probably more realistic in PSY2, thanks to a better analysis in the
Amazon region and downstream in the North Brazil Current. The difference between PSY3
and PSY3 “forecast-hindcast” fields thus can come mainly from a different analysis in this
region (see Figure 15 and Figure 16).
In the Mediterranean Sea, PSY2 overall data assimilation performance and model skill are
better than PSY3’s, consistently PSY2 forecast is more accurate.
PSY2 T 100m RMS diff of 2 weeks forecast – hindcast
AMJ 2010
PSY3 T 100m RMS diff of 2 weeks forecast – hindcast
AMJ 2010
PSY2 SSH average diff of 2 weeks forecast – hindcast
AMJ 2010
PSY3 SSH average diff of 2 weeks forecast – hindcast
AMJ 2010
Figure 27 : comparison of the Tropical Atlantic 100m Temperature (°C, upper panels ) RMS
differences and of the Mediterranean sea surface height (m, lower panels) average difference of
the 2 weeks forecast – hindcast for all dates of the AMJ 2010 season. On the left: for the PSY2
system, and on the right: for the PSY3 system.
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V.2.2. Synthesis of one week forecast root mean square error (with respect
to analysis)
For all regions corresponding to the main ocean basins, forecast error estimated with the
RMS error of forecast-hindcast differences are reported in Table 1. These figures are meant
to give a rough idea of the forecast error for a given product/basin and will be monitored in
time.
Note that for the arctic region, comparisons are very good because there is no data
assimilation in this region (no data assimilation if sea ice). Thus the analysis and the forecast
for one given day differ only by the quality of the atmospheric forcing. Where the ocean is
covered by sea ice this influence is less important than in other major ocean basins.
Local maximum value of forecast errors are encountered in the high variability regions listed
in the following:
• North Atlantic: Gulf Stream, Labrador Current, Azores current, North Equatorial
current and counter current
• Tropical Atlantic: North Equatorial current and counter current
• South Atlantic: Zapiola Eddy, Aghulas current
• Mediterranean: Gulf of Lion
• Indian: Equatorial currents, Aghulas current , Western Australian coast, Madagascar
channel
• North Pacific: Equatorial, Kuroshio, Alaska
• South Pacific: East Australian Current
• Antarctic Circumpolar current.
region Region long name Variable (unit) Usual value
over the region
Local maximum value
NAT (PSY2/PSY3) North Atlantic T (K) at 0m 0.3/0.3 1. to 2.6/1.2 to 3.3
T (K) at 100m 0.3/0.2 0.6 to 2./1. to 3.
Mixed layer depth (m) 20/20 85 to 380/90 to 270
U (m/s) at 0 m 0.09/0.06 0.2 to 0.45/0.2 to 0.45
V (m/s) at 0 m 0.09/0.06 0.1 to 0.55/ 0.15 to 0.5
SSH (m) 0.015/0.015 0.05 to 0.2/0.05 to 0.2
TAT (PSY2) Tropical Atlantic T (K) at 0m 0.2 Up to 1
T (K) at 100m 0.3 Up to 1
Mixed layer depth (m) 4 Up to 30
U (m/s) at 0 m 0.09 0.2 to 0.4
V (m/s) at 0 m 0.06 Up to 0.3
SSH (m) 0.005 Up to 0.1
MED (PSY2) Mediterranean Sea T (K) at 0m 0.3 0.5 to 0.9
T (K) at 100m 0.06 0.2 to 0.5
Mixed layer depth (m) 20 Up to 160
U (m/s) at 0 m 0.06 Up to 0.2
V (m/s) at 0 m 0.06 Up to 0.2
SSH (m) 0.005 Up to 0.05
IND (PSY3) Indian Ocean T (K) at 0m 0.2 0.5 to 1.5
T (K) at 100m 0.4 0.5 to 1.5
Mixed layer depth (m) 15 50 to 60
U (m/s) at 0 m 0.09 0.1 to 0.4
V (m/s) at 0 m 0.09 0.1 to 0.4
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SSH (m) 0.02 0.07 to 0.2
ARC (PSY3) Arctic Ocean T (K) at 0m 0.06 0.2 to 1.7
T (K) at 100m 0.06 0.2 to 1.7
Mixed layer depth (m) 4 100 to 400
U (m/s) at 0 m 0.03 0.1 to 0.3
V (m/s) at 0 m 0.03 0.1 to 0.3
SSH (m) 0.015 0.03 to 0.15
NPA (PSY3) North Pacific Ocean U (m/s) at 0 m 0.09 0.1 to 0.4
V (m/s) at 0 m 0.06 0.1 to 0.5
SPA (PSY3) North Pacific Ocean U (m/s) at 0 m 0.06 0.1 to 0.3
V (m/s) at 0 m 0.06 0.1 to 0.3
TPA (PSY3) North Pacific Ocean U (m/s) at 0 m 0.09 0.1 to 0.3
V (m/s) at 0 m 0.09 0.1 to 0.3
ACC (PSY3) Antarctic Ocean U (m/s) at 0 m 0.13 0.2 to 0.6
V (m/s) at 0 m 0.13 0.2 to 0.6
Table 1: forecast errors summary, estimated with RMS errors and average errors of forecast-hindcast
differences over the period AMJ 2010 and in different regions (main ocean basins). For each region target
products are selected (subsample of available products).
VI Monitoring of ocean and sea ice physics
VI.1. Global mean SST and SSS
A global mean cold bias is diagnosed with respect to RTG-SST observations. At each analysis
cycle, the model tends to cool down after each analysis, as can be seen in Figure 28. Data
assimilation shocks are also visible in the SSS time series.
Figure 28: Upper panel: Monthly (left column) and daily (right column) SST (°C) global mean for a one year
period ending in AMJ 2010, for PSY3 (in black) and RTG-SST observations (in red). Lower panel: same thing
for sea surface salinity SSS for PSY3 (no corresponding observations).
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VI.2. Surface EKE
Regions of high mesoscale activity are diagnosed in Figure 29: Kuroshio, Gulf stream, Nino 3
box in the Equatorial pacific, Indian Equatorial current, Zapiola eddy, Agulhas current, East
Australian current, Madagascar channel etc… The signature of atmospheric forcing is also
visible in the circumpolar current in the RMS of SSH (Pacific and Indian quadrant).
Figure 29: PSY3 surface eddy kinetic energy EKE (m²/s²) (left panel), and RMS of Sea Surface Heigth SSH (m)
(right panel) for AMJ 2010.
VI.3. Eddy kinetic energy in the North Atlantic: the Gulf Stream eddies
at depth
The Gulf Stream EKE signature is visible at depth, crossing the North Atlantic at 48°N. We
compare in Figure 30 the monitoring and forecasting systems in AMJ 2010 (PSY2, PSY3 and
PSY4) with an ORCA12 experiment with no data assimilation in AMJ 2000.
As expected the levels of energy are higher in the 1/12° configurations, and PSY4 and PSY2
seem to behave very similarly.
ORCA12 with no DA (in 2000) ORCA12 with DA -> PSY4
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ORCA025 with DA -> PSY3 ATL12 with DA -> PSY2
Figure 30: 48°N section of EKE (m²/s²) in the North Atlantic in all available analyses : PSY4 (upper right), PSY3
(lower left), PSY2 (lower right), and in a numerical experiment with no data assimilation (ORCA12, upper
left). NB: the PSY4 bathymetry difference is due to a graphical bug as well as the false surface values, under
investigation.
VI.4. Sea Ice extent area and volume
The ice extent in the Arctic reaches 11000 109
m2
which is close to the June 2010 estimate of
NSIDC and below the 13000 109
m2
climatological value. In the Antarctic the PSY3 ice extent
is lower than NSIDC climatology which is not realistic (the cover is currently wider than the
NSIDC extent).
Figure 31: Sea ice extent and volume in PSY3 for a one year period ending in AMJ 2010. Left column: sea ice
extent in 10
9
m
2
in the Arctic (upper panel) and Antarctic (lower panel) for PSY3 (black) and NSIDC
climatology (in red). Right column: Ice volume in the Arctic (upper panel) and Antarctic (lower panel) for
PSY3 (black).