- To detect neurogenic blocking on SFEMG, you need to record 3 spikes simultaneously.
- To detect neurogenic jitter on SFEMG, you need to record 4 spikes simultaneously. If only 3 spikes are recorded, the jitter may be due to triggering issues rather than a neurogenic cause.
- To ascertain that distal and proximal stimulation is of the exact same axon during conduction velocity testing, stimulate distally and proximally simultaneously. If the proximal response disappears with dual stimulation, it indicates collision and the same axon was stimulated.
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- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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1. QUIZ SFEMG
Most of the questions are found
on SFEMG homepage
sfemg.info/FAQ
2. SFEMG: how many spikes do you need to record
simultaneously to detect neurogenic blocking
3 (ref.8)
concomittant blocking
concomittant blocking
3. SFEMG: how many spikes do you need to record
simultaneously to detect neurogenic blocking
3 (ref.8)
concomitant blocking
concomitant blocking
4. normal jitter increased jitter
Increased jitter
SFEMG: how many spikes do you need to record
simultaneously to detect neurogenic jitter?
4
If you have only 3,
the jitter may be in the
nm-j of the triggering
Here, the jitter between spike 1 and 2
Is normal, so the large jitter to spikes
3 and 4 is not due to large trigger jitter
5. normal jitter increased jitter
Increased jitter
SFEMG: how many spikes do you need to record
simultaneously to detect neurogenic jitter?
4
If you have only 3,
the jitter may be in the
nm-j of the triggering
Here, the jitter between spike 1 and 2
Is normal, so the large jitter to spikes
3 and 4 is not due to large trigger jitter
6. You may stimulate one or very few axons at two different sites (prox and dist) and record an
EMG (or SFEMG) response from corresponding muscle and so measure the conduction
velocity in a single axon. How do you ascertain that you have stimulated exactly the same
axon?
Stimulate distally and proximally simultaneously. If you stimulate the same axon, no
response will be seen from the proximal stimulation site at dual (dist+prox) stimulation.
Distal and proximal stimulation activates DIFFERENT axons
since dual stimulation does not block the proximal response
Proximal response disappears on dual stimulation, collision
7. You may stimulate one or very few axons at two different sites (prox and dist) and record an
EMG (or SFEMG) response from corresponding muscle and so measure the conduction
velocity in a single axon. How do you ascertain that you have stimulated exactly the same
axon?
Stimulate distally and proximally simultaneously. If you stimulate the same axon, no
response will be seen from the proximal stimulation.
Distal and proximal stimulation activates DIFFERENT axons
since dual stimulation does not block the proximal response
Proximal response disappears on dual stimulation, collision