QUESTION 1 1. Modern-day, more sophisticated versions of mind-body identity theory a. say that belief in physical science requires as much faith as belief in religion. b. back away from saying that every single mental phenomenon that has a mental description has a physical description. c. deny that there are any nonphysical entities such as minds or souls, so these terms do not refer to anything they are attempting to define or explain. d. allow for the possibility that there may be some mental events--at the sub-atomic level of quarks, leptons, or hadrons, for example--that are not actually physical events. e. believe that experiments in neurophysics prove the truth of mind-body identity theory beyond a shadow of a doubt. 0 points    QUESTION 2 1. The question that philosophers ask about how it can be possible for something physical to causally interact with something nonphysical comes under the heading of a. the law of contradiction. b. the appearance-reality distinction. c. the free will problem. d. the mind-body problem. e. the law of cause and effect. 0 points    QUESTION 3 1. Which of the following best applies to the philosophical position of skepticism? a. Knowledge can be attained only through experience of what is real. b. All knowledge is relative to the knowing subject. c. Some forms of knowledge are constituted by true but unjustified belief. d. The human attainment of certain knowledge is impossible. e. It is false to equate knowledge with power. 0 points    QUESTION 4 1. Identify the epistemological position which claims that the human mind is, at birth, a tabula rasa (a blank slate), onto which the facts of experience are written; moreover, the sum of our experience forms the basis of human knowledge. a. Experiential Epistemology b. Empiricism c. Rational Sensationism d. Conceptualism e. Scientific Realism 0 points    QUESTION 5 1. According to Locke’s “Representational Theory of Knowledge,” a. all empirical propositions are certain. b. ideas are not caused by anything; they are original sources of knowledge. c. only our ideas of primary qualities provide true pictures of the external world. d. only our ideas of secondary qualities provide true pictures of the external world. e. only innate ideas can accurately represent reality. 0 points    QUESTION 6 1. Berkeley’s epistemology leads him to the ontological position that a. reality does not actually exist. b. only God exists. c. minds and ideas constitute a separate world from the physical world of matter. d. mind and matter both exist, but we can perceive only the effects of matter. e. all that exists in realty are minds and ideas in minds. 0 points    QUESTION 7 1. In discussing the controversy in philosophy between the empiricists and the rationalists, Russell explains that although both schools of thought got some things right and some things wrong, the rationalists were right in asserting that a. a priori knowledge is itself a product of exp ...

1. QUESTION 1
1. Modern-day, more sophisticated versions of mind-body
identity theory
a.
say that belief in physical science requires as much faith as
belief in religion.
b.
back away from saying that every single mental phenomenon
that has a mental description has a physical description.
c.
deny that there are any nonphysical entities such as minds or
souls, so these terms do not refer to anything they are
attempting to define or explain.
d.
allow for the possibility that there may be some mental events--
at the sub-atomic level of quarks, leptons, or hadrons, for
example--that are not actually physical events.
e.
believe that experiments in neurophysics prove the truth of
mind-body identity theory beyond a shadow of a doubt.
0 points
QUESTION 2
1. The question that philosophers ask about how it can be
possible for something physical to causally interact with
something nonphysical comes under the heading of
a.
the law of contradiction.

2. b.
the appearance-reality distinction.
c.
the free will problem.
d.
the mind-body problem.
e.
the law of cause and effect.
0 points
QUESTION 3
1. Which of the following best applies to the philosophical
position of skepticism?
a.
Knowledge can be attained only through experience of what is
real.
b.
All knowledge is relative to the knowing subject.
c.
Some forms of knowledge are constituted by true but unjustified
belief.
d.
The human attainment of certain knowledge is impossible.
e.
It is false to equate knowledge with power.
0 points
QUESTION 4
1. Identify the epistemological position which claims that the
human mind is, at birth, a tabula rasa (a blank slate), onto

3. which the facts of experience are written; moreover, the sum of
our experience forms the basis of human knowledge.
a.
Experiential Epistemology
b.
Empiricism
c.
Rational Sensationism
d.
Conceptualism
e.
Scientific Realism
0 points
QUESTION 5
1. According to Locke’s “Representational Theory of
Knowledge,”
a.
all empirical propositions are certain.
b.
ideas are not caused by anything; they are original sources of
knowledge.
c.
only our ideas of primary qualities provide true pictures of the
external world.
d.
only our ideas of secondary qualities provide true pictures of
the external world.

4. e.
only innate ideas can accurately represent reality.
0 points
QUESTION 6
1. Berkeley’s epistemology leads him to the ontological position
that
a.
reality does not actually exist.
b.
only God exists.
c.
minds and ideas constitute a separate world from the physical
world of matter.
d.
mind and matter both exist, but we can perceive only the effects
of matter.
e.
all that exists in realty are minds and ideas in minds.
0 points
QUESTION 7
1. In discussing the controversy in philosophy between the
empiricists and the rationalists, Russell explains that although
both schools of thought got some things right and some things
wrong, the rationalists were right in asserting that
a.
a priori knowledge is itself a product of experience.
b.
all knowledge of existing things comes only through experience.

5. c.
we do in fact have a priori knowledge of logical or general
principles that cannot themselves be proved by experience.
d.
from general consideration as to what must be the case, facts
about existing things in the actual world can be deduced.
e.
only a priori knowledge can inform our judgments of what is
useful or what is virtuous.
0 points
QUESTION 8
1. Not only does Hume revitalize skepticism about the existence
of God; he also provides compelling arguments against there
being any reason to believe in the existence of __________ or
__________.
a.
perception; thought
b.
the mind; the body
c.
plants; animals
d.
enduring substances; causality
e.
logic; mathematics
0 points
QUESTION 9
1. Bertrand Russell gives us the example of the chicken who is

6. surprised one day when the man who has come to fed it every
day instead wrings its neck. What philosophical point or
principle is he attempting to illustrate with this story?
a.
Knowledge by acquaintance necessarily fails.
b.
Only humans have the capacity of rational thought.
c.
Hume’s “problem of induction”: association does not
necessarily entail causation.
d.
Every proposition we can understand must be composed wholly
of constituents with which we are acquainted.
e.
Where we are concerned not merely with what does exist, but
with whatever might exist, no reference to actual particulars is
involved.
0 points
QUESTION 10
1. Hume’s critique of the Principle of Induction (or Hume’s
“Problem of Induction”) may be formulated as follows:
a.
Belief in the principle of induction is based on circular
reasoning.
b.
Belief in the principle of induction is unnecessary for the
conduct of everyday life.
c.

7. The principle of induction is useless in the practice of scientific
investigation.
d.
The human mind never actually reasons inductively.
e.
All reasoning is by definition deductive.
0 points
QUESTION 11
1. Locke, Berkeley, and Hume all agree that
a.
God exists for those who believe strongly enough.
b.
everything is made of ideas.
c.
all substances are combinations of form and matter, or mind and
body.
d.
sensory experience is an important source of our ideas about the
world.
e.
all of the above.
0 points
QUESTION 12
1. Kant’s “Copernican Revolution in Epistemology” is
represented in his claim that
a.
there are many “things in themselves” that we can know through
pure reason.

8. b.
the fact that the Earth circles the sun can be known by the
human mind.
c.
the human mind contributes features to what can be known
about reality.
d.
it is acceptable to humans to remain skeptical about the
possibility of empirical knowledge.
e.
the task of philosophy, rather than building metaphysical
systems, should be to analyze language.
0 points
QUESTION 13
1. Kant uses the terms noumena and phenomena in his account
of the nature and extent of human knowledge. These refer,
respectively, to
a.
a priori and a posteriori
b.
primary qualities and secondary qualities
c.
things in themselves and things as they appear to us.
d.
substances and their properties.
e.
analysis and synthesis.

9. 0 points
QUESTION 14
1. What was the main philosophical problem that Hume left
unsolved and Kant attempted to resolve?
a.
There is no empirical evidence for the existence of the mind, so
Kant must show that we can have non-empirical knowledge of
both the mind and the world.
b.
All the arguments for God’s existence miss the main point;
belief in God must rely on faith alone.
c.
The soul clearly exists as a spiritual substance—we can feel it
and know it with our hearts and minds—but its empirical
existence goes against faith.
d.
The world is made purely of ideas and nothing else, so we must
believe that God exists if we are to think of ourselves as more
than a mere idea.
e.
We have no rationally justified reason for claiming to
have certain knowledge of causation or the existence of material
substance as a ground of sensible properties.
0 points
QUESTION 15
1. Kant’s solution relies on conceiving of the possibility of a
category of knowledge claims denied by other philosophers. For
Kant, we do have experience and hence empirical knowledge of
time and space; such claims are both
a.

10. temporal and spatial
b.
analytic and a posteriori
c.
synthetic and a posteriori
d.
analytic and a priori
e.
synthetic and a priori
0 points
QUESTION 16
1. Philosophers in the analytic tradition value Hume’s
contribution to philosophy for its
a.
adherence to the metaphysics of past generations of both
rationalist and empiricist thinkers.
b.
scathing critiques of philosophical and religious doctrines that
rely on neither logical necessity nor empirical discovery.
c.
enhancement of the Cartesian concept of the self as the one real
thing that can be known, understood, and observed “from the
inside.”
d.
discovery and demonstration of the Principle of Induction,
which states that the future will be like the past.
e.

11. arguments showing that events in nature, and the cosmos in
general, necessarily follow law-like patterns; hence we can feel
certain that our causal predictions rest on firm and certain
grounds.
0 points
QUESTION 17
1. Which of the following best characterizes the central claim
that Frank Jackson argues for in his article, “Epiphenomenal
Qualia”?
a.
Any complete or satisfactory Physicalist theory about reality
entails not only that qualia, as purely mental entities or states,
must themselves be both physical and causally efficacious;
otherwise, they could not exist.
b.
The case of “super-color-perceiver” Fred and the case of Mary,
the brilliant neurophysiologist both prove that perception and
sensation are different for everyone; we have no rational
grounds for assuming what anyone else’s qualia are like.
c.
Someone who has all the physical information about a thing or a
state of affairs knows everything that can possibly be known
about that thing or state of affairs.
d.
The subjective, experiential qualities of perception and
sensation, such as the smell of a rose or the particular color or
taste of a ripe apple, are simply effects of various brain states
which themselves have no causal efficacy.
e.
Qualia, conceived as purely mental states knowable only to the
subject having such states, do not exist; philosophers who

12. believe in such entities should be called “qualia freaks” for
insisting on believing in something that has no physical purpose
and no objectivity.
0 points
QUESTION 18
1. Thomas Nagel claims that conscious experience is a
widespread phenomenon that occurs at many levels of animal
life, and he goes on to say that regardless of the particular form
of animal consciousness, the fact that an organism has
conscious experience at all means that
a.
it has the ability to use language and think in terms of symbols.
b.
it can be thoroughly understood, both objectively and
subjectively, by other conscious beings.
c.
it has a life worth living.
d.
it must have something like a soul, or spiritual existence.
e.
there is something it is like to be that organism—there must be
some sort of particular experiential character or “feel” that goes
along with being conscious.
0 points
QUESTION 19
1. In his “Chinese Room” thought experiment, John Searle
attempts to show that
a.
the Chinese language can never really be understood by English
speakers.

13. b.
knowing the syntax, or formal rules, of a language is sufficient
for understanding that language.
c.
symbol manipulation, as current-day computers can do, does not
amount to understanding, i.e., thinking.
d.
In essence, the human ability to think is nothing more than what
the advanced computing machines of today can do.
e.
The simple explanation of how the brain produces intentionality
is precisely modeled by the way a computer instantiates a
computer program.
0 points
QUESTION 20
1. In "Minds, Brains, and Programs," Searle gives his account of
human intentionality. To say that consciousness is intentional
means that
a.
self-determined behavior is the only clue to the content of
conscious states.
b.
when we are conscious, we must fully intend to be
awake, aware, and "tuned in."
c.
our conscious acts are always about something; that is, directed
towards objects, events, situations, etc.
d.

14. anything done or said by accident should not have moral
implications for a person.
e.
nothing about being conscious necessarily implies ethical
responsibility.