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QA in Civil Engineering 1

QA in Civil Engineering 1 Eng. Sherif Saber

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‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵ  ‫اﻟﻠﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬  ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻃﺸﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮا‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺮﻃﺸﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫وأﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷ  ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻸر‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫واﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻻرﺿﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻴﺎت‬ .  ‫اﻟﺰﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻻرﺿﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺮى‬ ١٠ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫اﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮات‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫وﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰاﺗﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷ  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫وﺻﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻰ‬ ‫وﺣﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﺻـﺔ‬ ‫ﻐـﺎت‬ ‫وﺟـــﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻣــــﻮزوﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻛــــﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻓــﻲ‬ ‫ﺟـﺎف‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺤﻮق‬ ‫ﺷﻜــﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗـﻮرﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ،‫اﻟﺠــﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟــﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺧــﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫وأﺿﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺰة‬ ‫وﻳﺘـــﻤـــﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤـــﺎﺳﻜــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟــﻤــﻮﻧـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼــﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺎء‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘـ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬا‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ـﺞ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻴــــﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫وﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟـﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫وﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠـﻮدة‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ .  ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ام‬ .  ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫وﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰاﺗﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺐء‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ذات‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺠﻔﺎف‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ .  ‫وﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻴﺪت‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫ارﺗــــﺪ‬ ‫ﻗـــــﻮة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﺪاد‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻴﺪت‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠـــﺔ‬ ‫اد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻄﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺘــﻘـــﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴــﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـــﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺳــــﺘﺮﺷـــﺎد‬ ‫ﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـــﺬا‬ ‫اﻻرﺗــﺪاد‬ ‫رﻗــﻢ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨـﺪم‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺮأس‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫زرار‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ .  ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺮأس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻗـﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻛﻮش‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻚ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأس‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺰﻟﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻐﻂ‬ ) ‫ﺻﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ .(  ‫اﻟﺠﻬــﺎز‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺰرار‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻴﺪت‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻ  ‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻼدة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻛﻮش‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻄﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‬ .  ‫اﻻرﺗﺪاد‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺮك‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﺮر‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻘﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأس‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ .  ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫وﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻴﺪت‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻ  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ .  ‫اﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫أرﺧﺺ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫ﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫راﺑﻌﺎ‬  ‫اﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎدﻳﻪ‬ ‫واﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ .  ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻏﺒﺎر‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫اﻋﻄﺎء‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺲ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӽ  ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺐ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬  ‫ﻛﻴﺲ‬ ٥٠ ‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬  ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ٩٫٥ ‫ﻟﺘﺮ‬ : ١٠٫٥ ‫ﻟﺘﺮ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ٢٧ : ٣٥ ‫م‬ ٢ / ‫ﻣﻢ‬ Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӳ  ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ( ١٦ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ( ٣ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ( ٤ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻻﻧﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ( ٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻻﻧﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ( ٣ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ٣ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﺴﺨﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ٤ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﻐﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ٤ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ٦ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢ Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӴ ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬  ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬  ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫أﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ( ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ١٦ ‫ﻣﻢ‬  ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫أﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ( ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ١٤ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫رض‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӵ  ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ .  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ١ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٨٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮط‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӶ ‫ﺣﺘ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻈـﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻮﺻﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗـــﻪ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﺎوﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗـــﺎدم‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻻﺳــــﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗــــﻪ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻪ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ٧٥ ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӷ  ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺆات‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ .  ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﻮت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺧﻠﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎت‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒــﺎر‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӸ  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﺻﺪار‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ( ‫اﻻ‬ ‫وﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﻮاد‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺮﺳــــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫أﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ) ‫زﻳﺖ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ( ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪران‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‬ ( ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ .  ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺳﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨـــــﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻄﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪار‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻮاج‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺪ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎت‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒــﺎر‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӹ  ‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫أﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﺷــــﺪة‬ ‫ﻣــــﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻛــــــﻼ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺳــﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺑـﻌــﺮض‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻌــﺎﻟﺠــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤــﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺟــﻬــﺎز‬ ‫ﻳــﻘــﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟــ‬ ‫ــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ .  ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑــﻠـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫داﺧــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧــﻮع‬ ‫اي‬ ‫وﺟــﻮد‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﻫــــﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣــﺆﺷــﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑــﺪوره‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاق‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎت‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒــﺎر‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӺ  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮه‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫وﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫واﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫راﺑﻌﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮة‬ ‫ذوي‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻨﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺪوي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬ ‫وإﺟﺮاءات‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫واﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ .  ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫رﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬ ، ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫اﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ) ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪأ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ( ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻛـــﺎم‬ ‫ﻣــﻘــﺎس‬ ‫أﻛــﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӻ  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫أﻋﺘﺒﺎرى‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٤٠ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫أﻋﺘﺒﺎرى‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٥٠ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫أﻋﺘﺒﺎرى‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӼ  ‫ﻣﻴﺎه‬ ‫او‬ ‫اوﺳﺎخ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫ﻛﺴﻮر‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫واﻣﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫دﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫دﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻫﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ١٤ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ .  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺠﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮك‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪدﻫﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٢٤ ‫واﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﻔﻘﺪه‬ ‫وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺰوﺟﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӳ  ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬  ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻷﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﻮات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫واﻳﻘﺎف‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﻤﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﺪرة‬ ‫زرﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت‬ .  ‫ﻃﻠﻤﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة‬ ‫وﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻧﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӴ  ‫اﻷﺑﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫اﻷﺑﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻚ‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ٤ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮة‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻦ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ( ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻠﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫دﺑﻼق‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӵ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨـﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺎف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻋﻤـﺎل‬ ‫اﺟـــﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤــﺎﺳـــﻚ‬ ‫اﺣـــــﺪاث‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﺎﻧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺘﻪ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮاﺟﻬﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﺎﻟـــﺔ‬ ‫اء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫أﻧﺘﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӶ  ‫اﻧﺘﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺧﺎم‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫وﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻟــــــﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻄــﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﻠــﻮب‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ) ‫ﺗﺮﺧﻴــﻢ‬ ( ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺤــــــﺎﺋــــﻂ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺨﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫وﻧﺎﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻠﻂ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺧﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﺮق‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺰاوﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫دﻳﻜﻮري‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺠﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻫﺰ‬ . ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬه‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت‬ . Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫أﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӷ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫أﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ٦ ‫أﺳﻴﺎخ‬ Sherif Saber
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӸ  ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻄﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ( ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ٠٫٢٥ % ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧــــــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄـــــــﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣـــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ( ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ٠٫١٥ % ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӹ ‫ﺣــــﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟــــﻮﺗــﺪ‬ ‫ﻃــﻮل‬ ‫ﻓـــــﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸوﺗﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﻴـــﻤــﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺗـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫ﺗـــــــــﺰداد‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ٢٫٥ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﺰراﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӺ ‫ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳـــــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ٨ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤـــﻴﺪة‬ ، ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋـــﻂ‬ ‫اﻋــــﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨـــﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ . ‫اﻟﺰاﺋــــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻗﻄــــﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـــــﺐ‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﺎرج‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟـــﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺟـــﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــــــﺪة‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣــ‬ ‫ــﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻤــﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰراﺟﻴﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮاﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӻ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄـﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻛـــﺎن‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄــﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛـــﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄـﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋــــﺎدة‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤـــــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺸـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ١٢ ‫اﻟﻜـــﺮاﺳـﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ١٤ ‫اﻟﻠــﺒﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄــﺮ‬ ‫ﻛـــﺎن‬ ‫وﻟـﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ١٦ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄــﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻀــﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ١٨ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫وﻳﻔـﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮاﺳـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ١ ‫وﻗـ‬ ‫ﻛـﻔـــــﺎءة‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺪات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮاﺳﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ــﺪرة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮاﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫دﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӼ  ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ) ‫اﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ .(  ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪروم‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺮ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﺎج‬ ‫وان‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ﺑﺪروم‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ .  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ) ‫اﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ .(  ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ .  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ) ‫اﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ . (  ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫ورﻗﺎب‬ ‫وﺷﺪادات‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ ٣ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫دﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӳ  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫رﻗﺎب‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎب‬ ‫ﻧﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎب‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺰل‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ .  ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ٢ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﻜﻨﺪاراﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ٢ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ . Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӴ ‫اﻟﺸﻌــﺮﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوخ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫داﺧــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺎﻫــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻤــﺮار‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺿﺮوري‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـــﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃـــﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻤﺮ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻴﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬  ‫وﻣﺴﺎء‬ ‫ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮش‬  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӵ  ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺮج‬ ‫وﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺰود‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤــــﺮﻛــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟــــﻬـــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤــــﺢ‬ ‫ﺑـــﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺰود‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ـــــــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻣﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ .  ‫ﻋﻠﻴـــﻬـ‬ ‫ﻳـــﻘــﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻌــﺎﻣـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺨﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ـﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤـﺮون‬ .  ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺤــــﻴﺚ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺨــــــﺎرﺟﻬـــــﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗــــــﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪاﺧــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆدﻳـﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرﺻﻔـﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟـﻤﻴــ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨـﺎرج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻮﻃـﻪ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴــﻮب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻮﻗﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮر‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫واﺿﺢ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎرج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆدي‬ ‫اﻟـﺮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ، .  ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺤــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫اﻧﺰﻻق‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺨﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺪرات‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺰﻻق‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻧــﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨــﺪم‬ ‫أن‬ . Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӶ  ‫إﻋـــﺎﻗ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻮل‬، ‫ﻟــــﻬـــــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة‬ ‫وﻗﻮف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ــــﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺮﻛـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺪد‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎع‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻃﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺰود‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ .  ‫وﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎرة‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻃﺎرات‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ـــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ٧٦ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤــﻮﻗــــ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫زواﻳــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨـــﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺄﺑﻌـــﺎد‬ ‫واﻟﺼﺪأ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫زواﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿـﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ــﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻣـــﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎور‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻢ‬ . Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӷ  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫وﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺸﻴﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫وأدﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫وﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫اﻟﻐﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠــــﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟــﻌــــﻮاﻣــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫وﻗﻮف‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧـﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟــﻐـــﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺟــــــ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻫﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ، ‫واﻟﺮﻃـــــﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ــﺎج‬ .  ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪران‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺎرة‬ ‫وﺣﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺮات‬ ‫إﻧﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻏـﺎﺋــــﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻫﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠــﺪران‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺳﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﺳﻨﺖ‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫وﻣﺼﺪر‬ ، ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ . ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӸ  ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄـــــﻮارئ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨــﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧــﺎرة‬ ‫وﺣــﺪات‬ ‫ﺛـــﻠﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻛـــﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘـﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄـﻮارئ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑــﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟــﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣـــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻤﻮاﻗــﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪرات‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻤـــﺮات‬ .  ‫ﻣﻔـﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧــــﺎرة‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋــﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻮر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻼء‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫إﻧﺬار‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻵﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫اﻧﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻬ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤـــﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺮﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛـــﻴﺐ‬ ‫وﻳﻼﺣﻆ‬ ، ‫واﻟﺠﺪران‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻞ‬ . ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӹ  ‫واﻟﺨـ‬ ‫اﻟـﺪﺧــــﻮل‬ ‫ﺣــﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓــــﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜــــــﻢ‬ ‫آﻟــﻴــﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﻮاﺟﺰ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻐـــﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﻤـــﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫وﻣﺨـــﺎرج‬ ‫ﻣﺪاﺧــﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬـــﺰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ـــ‬ ، ‫ﺮوج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫وﺗﻌــــﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫و‬ ، ‫واﻟﻤﺨـﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪاﺧــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋــــــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺒﻴــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺨﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫أﻋــﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳـــﺘـــﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬـﺎ‬ .  ‫ﻣـﻮاﺳ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳــــﺪات‬ ‫ـــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ . ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӺ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻞ‬ ، ‫زي‬ : -  ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ) ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ – ‫ﻟﺒﺸﻪ‬ - ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ( ‫واﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﻣﻼح‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮاد‬ .  ‫وﺟﺪت‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺣﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫ﺟﻴﺮان‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫وﺟﺪت‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫وﻋﺪد‬ ‫وﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫وﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬ .
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدع‬ ‫أرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺪ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӻ Sherif Saber  ‫ازاﻟﺔ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﺟﻴﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺮش‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫رﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ردم‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ .  ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ٨ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .  ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاح‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ٤ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮاح‬ ‫اﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ .  ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬ .  ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪء‬ ٤ ‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫وﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺎرغ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮك‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫ﺑﺄول‬ ‫أول‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ٤٫٥ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدع‬ ‫أرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӼ Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﻌﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ٤ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫وﻫﻜﺬا‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﺑﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎﻋﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ازاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫وﺗﺼﻠﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻔﺎف‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻌﺮض‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ٠٫٥ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӳ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺧـــــﺎرج‬ ‫ﻣــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻓﻀــــــﻞ‬ ‫ﺧــــﻮاص‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑــﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﻳـــﺪ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗـــﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـــﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺒﺪل‬ ‫ﻋـــﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــــﻲ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ﻤـــﻮ‬ ‫ﻗــــﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺤــﻔــﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧــﻼل‬ ‫ازاﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻛــﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺮض‬ ‫ودﻣﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻣــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ .  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬  ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﻔــــــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤــﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗــﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟـــﺰﻳﺎدة‬ ‫اﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺗـــــﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ .  ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻗــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫أﺛــــﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎرﻳﻪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺷﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻀــــــﺮر‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﻣﺪروس‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫وﺗﺆدي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸــﺄ‬ .
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӴ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺣﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻼم‬ .  ‫ﻣﺘﺪرﺟﻪ‬ ‫اﺣﺠﺎم‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﺮاﻋﻰ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻄﻔﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺲ‬ ‫وﺧﺸﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤـــﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌـــﺪى‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ) ‫زﻳـــﺎدﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٥ ‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﺿــــﺎﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬ ٣٠ ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .(  ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫دﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫دﻣﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ .
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӵ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوره‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﺮاس‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ادﻣﻜﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ .  ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺣﻼل‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻧﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‬ .  ‫ال‬ ‫ﻷﺧـﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺎ‬ ‫دﻣﻜﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛـﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻼم‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ Sand Cone Test ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻪ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ٩٥ % ‫ﻗﻠﺖ‬ ‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺮش‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮاس‬ ‫اﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺘﻢ‬ .
‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷدوار‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫أﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӶ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫أﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ) × = ( ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ + ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ = ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ – ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ) ‫اﻻرﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫اﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫او‬ ) ‫اﻟﺒﺪروم‬ ( ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ = ٦٠ × ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫أﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӷ Sherif Saber ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ = ٦٠ × ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋـــﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺣـــــــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ / ‫ﻣــــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻛـــــﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎس‬ ٦٠ ‫ﻣـــﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻄـــﻮل‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﻻرﺗﻜﺎزه‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӸ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ،‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺼﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﺮﺧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪا‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻻ‬  ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺪن‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋـــــــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻀﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ،‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺪن‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫وﻫﺒﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫وﺳﺒﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫وﺗﺒﺨﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﺎم‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӹ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺪه‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧــﺔ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻣﺎﻫﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻗــﻞ‬ ‫ـــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤــــﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ . ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻔﺎف‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫اﻟــﻤـــﻮﺟــ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻤــﺎء‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫ﺗــــﻔـﻘــــﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻔــﺎف‬ ‫اﻟﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌـــﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠــﺪه‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌـﺮض‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـــﺎ‬ ‫ـﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻓــــﻰ‬ ‫ﺠـــﻮات‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨــ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻔــﺎف‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤــﺮ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪأ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻘﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠــــﺪه‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛــــــﺎم‬ ‫وﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ،‫ذاﺗﻬﺎ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӺ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌــــــــــــــــــــﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺰام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـــﺎﻧــــﻴــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠــــﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻴــــﺎه‬ ‫وﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴـﺠـــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎدات‬ . ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫أﺿﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫وﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӻ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫أﺿﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷدﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫رﻛﺎم‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ Core Test ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӼ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﺸﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ " ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ٩٠ % ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ " ٢٨ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ "
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӳ Sherif Saber ‫ﻣــﻨﺎﻃـ‬ ‫ﻋــﻠــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟـــﺰﻻزل‬ ‫أﺣــــﻤــﺎل‬ ‫ﺗـــــﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟــﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟـﻘـﺎﻋــﺪة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ــﻖ‬ ‫اﻹﺗﺼ‬ ‫ــﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗـــ‬ ‫ﻟﺘـــﺸﺘﻴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻـﻼت‬ ‫ﻫـﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴــــﺔ‬ ‫وزﻳـــﺎدة‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻮاﻋـﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﺜـﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫واﻟــﻌـــﻨــﺎﺻــﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﻋـــــﻤـــﺪة‬ ‫ﺑـــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟـﺰﻟ‬ ‫ﺰاﻟﻴــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﺨـﻄــﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃـﻖ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘــﺺ‬ ‫ﻗـــﻮى‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠــﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟـﻚ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӵ Sherif Saber ‫ﻣﻌــــﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ) ‫رش‬ ( ‫وﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺮب‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﺴﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺮا‬ ‫ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋـــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺑﻌـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﻮع‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪة‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӵ Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺼﺎص‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӷ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻌﺎدى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻻﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻮزﻻﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӷ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ذاﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺬوﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺄة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺪرج‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӹ Sherif Saber ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ) ٣٥ – ٣٧ ( ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ٤ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻳﻔﻀـــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺮب‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــــــﺎء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺮا‬ ‫ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӹ Sherif Saber ‫ﻣـــ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧــﻠـــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓــﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮش‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬــﺪف‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒـــ‬ ‫ﻜــــﻮﻧـــﺎت‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓــﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻄـــﻲ‬ . ١ - ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ) ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗــﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺗﻜـﻮن‬ .( ٢ - ‫واﻟﺘﺼﻠــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻜـــﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫وﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻠﺒـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫وﻳﻠـﺰم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗـــﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻧﻘـﺺ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ٩٥ % ‫وال‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫ارﺑﻌـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ١٥ % ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗـﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮات‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼــﻞ‬ .(
‫اﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪة‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӻ Sherif Saber ← ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪة‬ ‫اﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒـــﻘـــﺎ‬ ‫ﺧــﻮاﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫أﻋــــــﺎدة‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻠـــﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻄـــﺮﻳﻘﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ . ← ‫ﻣﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﺳﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﺎرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮب‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӻ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬  ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬  ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻄﺎء‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮب‬  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﺑﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺮش‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎم‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺘ‬ ‫أﻟﻮاح‬ ‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼوت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﺎرة‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺰاﻧﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӽ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺘﺰاﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ :  ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻼف‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺗﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫رج‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫وﺧﺮوج‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤــــﺎر‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳـــﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻟــﻮاح‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وﺟـــﻮد‬ .  ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻄﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺰوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳــﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟــﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨـــﺸﻴﺐ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺠـــﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺗـــﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﻴﻮت‬ ‫وﻧﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻣﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫اﺳﻬـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮدم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫ﻣﻚ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӳ Sherif Saber ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫أﺧﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫أزاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻃﻠﺐ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﺑﺎﻟـــﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫ورﺷﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺳــــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻣــــﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ودﻛﻬﺎ‬ ٩٥ % ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أو‬
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوط‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӵ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺮوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮق‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫واﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӵ Sherif Saber  ‫ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺰم‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪد‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻼب‬ ‫ﻓﻼت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫أﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӷ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت‬ ‫أوﻻ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ = ٢٤ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫أﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ = ٢ x ١٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ = ٢٫٤ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫أﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ = ٢ x ١٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ = ٢٫٤ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮض‬ = ٢٫٥ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫وﺗﺮ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮض‬ = ١٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ = ١٫٢ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ = ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ٢ × ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ – ‫اﻟﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ = ٢٤ – ٢ × ٢٫٥ – ١٫٢ – ٢٫٤ – ٢٫٤ = ١٣ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻼب‬ ‫ﻓﻼت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫أﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӷ Sherif Saber  ‫وﺗﺮ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ = ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ٢ × ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ – ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ = ١٤٫٢ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮم‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻬﻮردي‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӹ Sherif Saber ‫اﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤـــﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﺣـــــــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮم‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛــــﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٤٠ ‫اﻟﺒﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻوزان‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮر‬ ‫وذات‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻃـــﺎت‬
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺖ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӹ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﻼح‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺮوب‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ .  ‫ﻗﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼط‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӻ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Settlement Joints ( ‫اﺑﺘــــــــــﺪاء‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫رأﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫رأﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻻدوار‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮورا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻼﺻﻘﻴـــــــــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ . ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌـﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﺟــﺰاء‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒــﻮط‬ ‫ﻓــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤــﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ٢ ‫اﻟـــﻐــﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟــﺘﺮﺑـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــــﺒــــﻮط‬ ‫ﻣــــﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘــــــــﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺟــــــﺰاء‬ ‫إﺿﺮار‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻇﻬـﻮر‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈــﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺒـﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫وإﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈــﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ :  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӻ Sherif Saber  ‫وﻛــــﺘﻠ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔـــــﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺴــﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎرة‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫أﺟــﺰاء‬ .  ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫وﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳـــــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻮار‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻳﻴﺢ‬ ( ‫أ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤــﺪث‬ ‫ﺟـــﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫ﻓــﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـﺮاري‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻌــــﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﺧﺘـــﻼف‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـﺮارﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫وﻣﻨــــﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤــــﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﺟـﺰاء‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻤـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫إﺟـﻬــﺎدات‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻷﻣـــﺮ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻏﻮب‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫إﺟﻬـﺎدات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻼت‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӽ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫رأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻨـــﻔــــﺬ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ٠ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣـــــﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴــﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼــﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗــــﻤـ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــــــﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻠﻪ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔــــﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻔـــﻮاﺻــ‬ ‫ـــﻸ‬ ‫ـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻄــﺎﻃﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎدة‬ .  ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٤٠ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٤٥ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٣٠ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٣٥ ‫اﻟﺤﺎره‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﺮوق‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮط‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫واﻟﺰﺣﻒ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӳ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫ﻗـــــﺪرة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓـــــﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤــﺪد‬ ‫اﻻﻋﻄــــﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــــﺎﻧـﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﺐ‬ ‫إﻧﺘــﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗــــــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس‬ . - ‫ﹰ‬ ‫وﺧﺼﻮﺻـــــــــﺎ‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻠﺠﺎء‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤــﻞ‬ ‫ﻗـــﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫اﺟﻬـــــﺎدات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔـﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮورة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӴ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ : ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ٤٥ ‫ﻧـــﺼــــﺐ‬ ‫ﺣـــﻴﻨﻤـــﺎ‬ ‫أﻧـــﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺒ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗـــﺰال‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﻒ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛــﺎم‬ ‫ﻹﻇﻬــﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺨــﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘــﻤـــــــﺎﺳـــﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪة‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮش‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫وﻳﻐﺴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﻐـﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛـﻼ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Seismic Joints ( ‫ﻟﻠــﺰﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﻨﺸـﺂت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺑﺂﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫زل‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻨﺸ‬ ‫ﻓــــﺈن‬ ‫ﻛــــﺎف‬ ‫ﻏـــــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤـــــــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫وﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎورﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﻨـــﺎك‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا‬ ‫أﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﺄﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼـﺎدم‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬــــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤــﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌـــﺎﻛﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺠــﺎﻫﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻫﺘﺰازﻫﻤــﺎ‬ ‫أﺛﻨـﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورﺗﻴﻦ‬ .
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӵ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ) Seismic Joints ( - ‫واﻷزاﺣــ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وأﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫واﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء‬ ‫اﻟــﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﺧــﺘﻴــﺎر‬ ‫ﻋــــﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورة‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫أﺗﺴﺎع‬ ‫وﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫أدوار‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ . ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻧﻜــﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋــﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄــﻠﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠــﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫واﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺤــﺎت‬ ‫ﺻـﺐ‬ ‫ﺣــــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔــﻴﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷــﺮاﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄــﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﻫـﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﻘﺴـــﻢ‬ ،‫وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺠـــﺮاﺟﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺼــﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄـــﺎرات‬ ‫ارﺿــﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻘﻘـــﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠـﺎوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻃــﻮﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬ ٢ ‫اﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫وﺑﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺮه‬ ٥ ‫ﻓﻴـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ــﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺎر‬ ٥٠ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣـﺘﺮا‬ ، ‫ﺻــــﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـــــﻢ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻋﻠــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫رأﺳــــــﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻـــﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨـــﻔـــﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻣـــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋــــﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗـــــﻰ‬ ‫ﺻـﺐ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒــــﺎدﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺛـﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﻳﻪ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻔـــﺮدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺮا‬ ‫اﻟﻄــﻮﻟﻴـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺋــــﺢ‬
‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӶ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫وﺑﻌــﺮض‬ ٢ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨـــﻊ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﻠﺰم‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫اى‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟـﻤﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﻤـــﻸ‬ ‫اﻻﻗـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ . ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋــ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴـــﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤــﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫واﺣـﺪه‬ ‫دﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤــﺎت‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ــﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ورﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮه‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻮاﺻـﻞ‬ ٢ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠــــﺎوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑـــــﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻚ‬ ‫زﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻨﺸــــﺎر‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤــــﻚ‬ ‫ﺛﻠﺚ‬ ٣ ‫زﻳــــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـــــﺐ‬ ‫ﻣــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻳــــﺎم‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﻜــــﻤﺎش‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ .
‫اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮاري‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫أوﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӷ Sherif Saber ‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﻟــــﻤﺎﺋـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺰل‬ ‫اﻻﻓــﻀــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟـﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﻤــﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛـــــﻼ‬ ‫ﺒـــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬـــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟــﺪول‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺮارى‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪث‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫اﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ .
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӸ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻂ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤــﻞ‬ ‫ﻃــﻮل‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫ﺣــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﻧــﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ١٠ ‫ﺗﻜــــﻦ‬ ‫ﻟـــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻓــــﺄن‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـــــــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒـﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨــﻊ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴــﻊ‬ ‫ﻟــﻦ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻠﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӹ Sherif Saber  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻗﻄﺎر‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ٣٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ .  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ١٢ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫اﻻﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ .
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬه‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻮﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӺ Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺮارى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ " ‫ﻛﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ " ‫واﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮاري‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺎز‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬  ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬  ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬ " ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮم‬ " ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤــﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏــﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟــﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ٣ ‫ﺑﻤــــﻌـــﺪل‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬه‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳــﻢ‬ ١ ‫وﻳﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ﻣــــﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜــــﻞ‬ ‫ﺳــﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻗ‬ ‫إﺳﻤــﻨﺘﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒــــﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳــــــــﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﺗﺠــﺎه‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤـــــﻚ‬ ٢ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻮﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫رش‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻮﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫رش‬ ٥ ‫ﺑﻄﺒـــﻘـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻫﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣــــﻤــــﺎﻳﺘـــﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘـــﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫واﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣـﻤـــﺎﻳﺔ‬ .
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻮﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 78 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻌﺎزل‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬ ‫اﻟـــﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫ﺗـــﺴــــﺮب‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨــــﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺪادات‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺰارﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻏﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌـــﺰل‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌـــﺎزل‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺴـــﺮب‬ ‫ﺣـﺪوث‬ ‫ﻋـــﺪم‬ ‫ﺣـــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎءوﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫وﺟـــﻮد‬ ‫ﻋــﺪم‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛــــــﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ــﺮوﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻬــﻴﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺒـــﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬ " ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺪ‬ " ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻮل‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ .
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻷﺳﻮار‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻠﻪ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 79 Sherif Saber ‫وﻛﺬﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮدى‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫واﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤــــﺎش‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎء‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ذﻟﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫وﻟﺘﻔﺎدى‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺷــﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻳﺤــﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ .................... ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٤٥ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٤٠ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ " ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ " ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ .................... ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٣٥ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٣٠ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ " ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ " ‫اﻻﺳﻮار‬ ..................... ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ١٢ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ " ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ "
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 80 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺨــﻼ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗـﻮدى‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺧــﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺧــﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﻬــﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫وﺧﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮدى‬ ‫وﻫﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻌــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ - ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ - ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارى‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ - ‫وﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬  ‫ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ - ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺸﺔ‬ - ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺬه‬
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫رأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 81 Sherif Saber ‫ﺗﻌﻠـــﻴﻖ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣــﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨــﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤــﻮد‬ ‫ﻟــﻮزن‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘــﺔ‬ ‫أﻓﻀــﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻄﻴـﻚ‬ ‫أﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫وأﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻮاﻏﻴﻞ‬ ‫أﻛــــﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤــﻘﻖ‬ ‫وﻳﻤــﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫اﻛــﺒﺮ‬ ‫رؤﻳــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺎﺣـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻏﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 82 Sherif Saber ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋــــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــــﻚ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗــــﺄﺧــﺮ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻛـــﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺤـــﺪث‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ١٥ ‫؟؟؟‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌـــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻤـﺎذا‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋــﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺼــــﺐ‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫أﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــــﺎﻧـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻬـــﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜـﻮن‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻗــﻮى‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳــﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨــــﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫زاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ٤٠ ‫اﺳﺘﻜــــﻤــــﺎل‬ ‫ﺣــــﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻘــﺎول‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺒﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗـــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﺪوم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ .
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻷوﺗﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆج‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 83 Sherif Saber ‫واﻻوﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮج‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺒﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻰ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺎر‬
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪران‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 84 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻌــﺰل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪران‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃــــــﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻌـــﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـــــﺎﻋﺪ‬  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮك‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ٣ ‫ﺻﻔﻮف‬ ‫ﻋـــﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﻠـــﻮك‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨــــﺪام‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪران‬ ‫ﻛــــــﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ى‬
‫اﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 85 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺴــﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒـــﺎرد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ " ‫ﻟﺘﺠـــﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﺬﻳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺎف‬ ‫ﻗﻠــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳــﺆدى‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وﺑﺴﻬــﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻗــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺰوﺟـــﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟـــﺰوﺟﺘﻪ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫اﻣﻼح‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺠﺎن‬ ‫وﺑﻴﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺮ‬ ‫دﺧﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮق‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫واﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺸﺮات‬ ‫ﻃﺮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .
‫اﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 86 Sherif Saber ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬  ‫ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬  ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫رﻗﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬  ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎن‬
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪران‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 87 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫دﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺆﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫وﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 88 Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻠﺤــــﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤــﻖ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘـــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟــﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــــﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬــــﺪف‬ ٨٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘــﻌـــﺪدة‬ ‫اﺳـــﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻟــﻌــــﺪة‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤـﻴــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑـــﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟــــﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻮط‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗـــﻜــــﺮار‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺨـــﺮﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺣــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘــﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺻــﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼــــﺮف‬ ‫ﻣــــﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻛـــــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺣــﻮل‬ ‫اﻟــﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ازاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻳﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻋـــﻄـــــﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺰﻻق‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻮى‬ ‫اﻻرﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬور‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬور‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ‬ ‫واﻻﺷﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻔﺎع‬
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮب‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ٣ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻳﺎم‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 89 Sherif Saber ‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻮك‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ٢٨ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ‫ﺑــﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ‬
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺪران‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎت‬ ( ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 90 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻄﻮح‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫إﻋﻄﺎء‬  ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫إن‬  ‫ﻓﺎﺗﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮن‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬  ‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻣﻠﺲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫أﻋﻄﺎء‬  ‫واﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 91 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫وﺣــﺴـــﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺋــــﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠــﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫زﻳــﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗــﻄــﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣــﺜﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻷﻏـــﺮاض‬ ‫ﻛـﺎن‬ ‫ﻓــﺈذا‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻄــﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨـﻬــﺎﺋـﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺬرة‬ ‫زﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟــــﺪﻫــﺎن‬ ‫ﻫــــﺬا‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨــــﺪم‬ ،‫اﻟﺰﻧــﻚ‬ ‫اﻛــﺴـــﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻤــﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺠـــﺪران‬ ‫ودﻫـــﺎن‬ ‫واﻷﺳﻤﻨﺘــﻴـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳـﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻄﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸـــﺐ‬ ‫ﻟــــﻄﻼء‬  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳـــﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫وﻛــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺠﻔــــﺎف‬ ‫وﺳـــﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎوم‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻮان‬ ‫وﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨـــﺪم‬ .
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 92 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻟــــﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺜﺒﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺘﺎز‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛــﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧـــــﺎت‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜــــﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﻬـ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻫــﻦ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ـــﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫واﻵﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻼء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜــﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮزﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮزﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫وأﻫﻢ‬ ،‫اﻷﺧﺸﺎب‬ ‫ﻃﻼء‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ : ١ - ‫اﻟﻮرﻧﻴﺶ‬ ٢ - ‫اﻟﻼﻛﺮ‬  ‫ﺟﻴﻢ‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ٦ ‫ﻃﺒﻘـﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜـﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫وﻫﺬا‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﻄـــﻮح‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـــﺘﺰج‬ ‫وأﺻﺒﺎغ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺞ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‬ ) ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ،‫ﺳـﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ (
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻷدوار‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺿﺮب‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 93 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺿﺮب‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫أﺗﺠﺎة‬ ( ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮط‬ c.g ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ c.g ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 94 Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 95 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻟﻶﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎوره‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ‬ :  ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .  ‫وﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺰوم‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﻴﺎت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻬـــــــﺪﻳﺮ‬ .  ‫ﺣـ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوره‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻬــﺎدات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺳﻴــﺦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮض‬ ‫ﻋــﺪم‬ ‫ـﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫واﻧﺒﻌﺎج‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﻪ‬ .  ‫ﻋــــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻــــﻼت‬ ‫اﻣــــﺎﻛـــﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪروﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛــــﺎﺋﺰ‬ ) ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬ (
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 96 Sherif Saber  ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬ ‫اﻣﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ١ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻮر‬ ٣١ ‫اﻵﺗﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ :  ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ .  ‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻻﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮض‬ ‫رﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻼب‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ) ‫ﺑﻘﻴ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ .(
‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 97 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ) Development Length ( ‫داﺧــــــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻹﻣﺘﺪاد‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘـــــــﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻟــﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟـــﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄــــﺎع‬ ‫إﻧـــﺰﻻق‬ ‫او‬ ‫إﻧـــﻔﺼـــﺎل‬ ‫ﺣــﺪوث‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟــﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳــﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫وﻳﻘﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫وذﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ﺿــﻐـﻂ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫إﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــﺮﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫رﺑــﺎط‬ ‫وﺻـــﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﺢ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋـــــــﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ) ‫أﻣﻠﺲ‬ – ‫ﻧﺘﻮءات‬ ‫ذو‬ ( ، ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ) ‫ﺟﻨﺶ‬ – ‫ﻋﺪل‬ ( ، ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫رﺗﺒﺔ‬ .
©Eng. Sherif Saber 98 Sherif Saber 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽𝜂𝜂 (𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠) 4 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑢𝑢 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑= .𝜙𝜙 ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻹﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺴﺐ‬ :  ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫إﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺎوي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ١٫٣٠ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻰ‬ ٣٠٠ ‫ﻳﺴﺎوي‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ١ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ 𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃𝒖𝒖 𝝓𝝓 𝜶𝜶 𝜷𝜷 𝜼𝜼
©Eng. Sherif Saber 99 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬  ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ) Splice Length ( ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘـــﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤـﺎن‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫وﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺗﺼــﺎل‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫ﻃــﻮل‬ ‫أﻗــﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃـــﻮل‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻬـــــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﺳــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﺻﻠـﺎت‬ ‫ﻋــــﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ،‫ﺑﺄﻣﺎن‬ ‫أﻃﻮال‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪم‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫واﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫وﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻨﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻓــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳـــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫وﺻــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻣـــﻨﺎﻃـــﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻬــﺎدات‬ . ‫اﻟﻮﺻـــــﻼت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أﻛـــــــــــﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟـــﺘﺮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻــﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﻌـــﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ‬
©Eng. Sherif Saber 100 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳــــــﻴﺨــﻴﻦ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻣﺤــــﻮري‬ ‫ﺑــــﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴـــﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗــــــﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺸــــﺮط‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻼﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻼﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻠﻰ‬ ١٥٠ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ‫أو‬ ٢٠ % ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻳﻬﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .( ‫ﻓـــــﻲ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳــــﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺰوم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸـــﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫وﺻــﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃـــﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺧــــﺬ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮاﻛــــــﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎور‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎدل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻـــــﻼت‬ ‫ﺣــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ١٫٣ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻃــــﻮل‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ( ‫ﻋـﺰوم‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـــﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌــﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛـــﺒﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺎوﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄـــﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻳــﺸﺘﺮط‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗــــﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄــﺎع‬ ‫ﻫـﺬا‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤــﻨﺎء‬ ٥٠ % ‫اﻟﻘﻄـــــــــﺎع‬ ‫ﻫـــــﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺳــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـــﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
©Eng. Sherif Saber 101 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬
©Eng. Sherif Saber 102 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬  ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ) Anchorage Length ( ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺴﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫أﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑــﻌـــﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤــﺘﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠـﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺳـــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬه‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـــﺈن‬ ‫اﻟــﻘــﺺ‬ ‫ﻗــﻮى‬ ‫وﺗﺆﺧـــﺬ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘـــﺺ‬ ‫ﻗـﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠــﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫إﺟﻬــﺎدات‬ ‫اﻗﺼــﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺮﺳﺎﻧـــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄـﺎع‬ ‫ﻋــﻤــﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ . ‫ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٩٠ ‫او‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ١٥٠ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫وﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 103 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺤــــﺐ‬ ‫ﺳــﻮف‬ ‫اﻟﺨـﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠـﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺷـــﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﺠــﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀــﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫وﻣﺸـﺎﻛـــﻞ‬ ‫ﺷــــﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴـــﺒﺐ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـــــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑـــﻘــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴــﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔـﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤــﺎرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣـــﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻨﺘــﻔــﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﺠـــﺒــــﺲ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻴــﺎه‬ ‫أﺿـــﺎﻓــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫وﺻــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟــﻮ‬ ‫ﻷﻧــﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤــــﺎرة‬ ‫وﻳﺸــﺮخ‬ .... ‫ﻳﻜــﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻣـــﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣــﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺨـــﺎر‬ ‫او‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻬـــﺎ‬ .
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 104 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻻ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻻ‬  ‫اﻷﺳــﻮاق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬــﺎ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻮاد‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮاﻓــﺮ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫أﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫واﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫وﺷﻜﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ .  ‫أﺑﻌﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬ ‫وﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ .
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎل‬ ‫أﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫وﺿﺢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 105 Sherif Saber
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 106 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺸـــﺪ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣـــﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺿﻌـــﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨــﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺠــﺐ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘــﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺼـــــــــﻒ‬ ‫أﻧﻬــﻴﺎر‬ ‫أﻧﻬﻴــﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻬــــﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜــﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜـﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻴـــــﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ .  ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼــــــﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮات‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺪات‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧــــﻮع‬ ‫ﺣــــﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪات‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ .  ‫وﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸــﺄت‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫وأﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻲء‬ ‫ﺧــــــﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻜـــﻮن‬ .
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 107 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﻧﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫أﺑﻌـــــﺎد‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﻟــﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﻬــــﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣﻘـــﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﻧﻈــﺮا‬ ‫ـﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮر‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺧﺬه‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ .  ‫اﻷﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫أرﺗﻔـــــﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫اﻟــﻮزن‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﻧﻈــــﺮا‬ ‫ﺸـﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰوم‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ‬ .
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﻮب‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮب‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 108 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮب‬ - ‫اﻷﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺟﻮدﺗﻪ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌـــــﻪ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــﺮق‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫وﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺠـﻴﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬  ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮب‬ - ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤــﻠﻪ‬ ‫وﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﻌــــــﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧﺘﻪ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ - ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 109 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ١٢ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬ ٥٦ ‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ٢٥ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬ ٤٤٨ ‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺧﺬ‬ ٥ ‫اﻟﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫وأﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫ورﺑﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮك‬ ‫رﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 110 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﻼك‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻷﺛﻨﻴﻦ‬  ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫رﺑﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة‬  ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺮع‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮك‬ ‫رﺑﺎط‬
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 111 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪا‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫أﺿﺮار‬  ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫أﺣﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 112 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫واﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ .
‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫أﺣﺴﺐ‬ ٢٥ * ٧٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 113 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت‬  ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ = ٢٫٥ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ = ١٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮض‬ ) ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺪى‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ٧٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ (  ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ = ‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻖ‬ x 2 + ‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض‬ x 2 + ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ 190 = 2 x 10 + 2 x 20 + 2 x 65 ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ =
‫اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 114 Sherif Saber  ‫أﺳﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻓــﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــﻰ‬ ) ‫ﺣــﺮاري‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ، ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ( ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻼط‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺮﺟﻮري‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴــــﻮل‬ ‫ﺗــﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟــﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘـــﺎت‬ ‫ﻟـــﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ،‫ﻗــﺮاﻣﻴﺪ‬ ‫او‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 115 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ) ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫وﺑﺮوز‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ( ‫ﺑــــــﺮوز‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻌـــﻮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓــــﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒــﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﺷــﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺎﻫـــــﺮة‬ ‫اﻻﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﺎﻛـﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴــﺆدي‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛــﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺣــﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻨﺎورة‬ ‫ﺑــﻴــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺻــﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 116 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أ‬ - ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ Bored Piles ‫ﺟــــﺰﺋــﻲ‬ ‫اﺧـــﺘﻼط‬ ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺻــــﺐ‬ ‫ﺑـــﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔــــﺮ‬ ‫اﺛﻨــﺎء‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘــﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺨـــﻪ‬ ‫ﺗـﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫داﻓــــﻌـــــــﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻘــﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﺮﺳــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗـﺮﺗﻔــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـﺐ‬ ‫واﺛﻨــﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬــﺪف‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳـــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤــﺎن‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻋﻼﻫـــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧــﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫زﻳــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧــﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫وﺟــﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠـﺎﻧﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﻧﻀـــﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺳﻄــﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﺮﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﺻـــﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠـــﻴﺘــﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤــﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻟﺜــﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔــــﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻻﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫وان‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 117 Sherif Saber ‫ب‬ - ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔـــﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠـﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺷــــﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳــﻴــﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨــﺴـــﻮب‬ ( ‫ﺑــﻴــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪات‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﻄ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺒﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺤﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 118 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎرة‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺒﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ١٠ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ١٠ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎم‬ ‫وﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻣﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 119 Sherif Saber ‫ﻋﻠــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻣﻼح‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺻﺪأ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫وازاﻟﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫وﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﻔﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻣﺎﻃﻪ‬ ‫اﻣـــــﺮار‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺻــﺎروخ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑــﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘــﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻔﺮه‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋــﻢ‬ ‫ورﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺷــﺤﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻣﺎﻃﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‬  ‫ﺑﻴﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻣﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ – ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬ – ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫وﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫واﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ .  ‫ﺣﻤﺮاء‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻣﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ – ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ – ‫اﻟﺪوران‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺷﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻣﺮارﻫﺎ‬ .  ‫ﺳﻮداء‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻣﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻣﺮارﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 120 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻛﺮﺑـــﻮﻧــﺎت‬ ‫وﺟــــﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟــﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪأ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠــﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻮي‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻜــﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــــﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ‫أﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻔــﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ــﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻌﻤﻞ‬ gel ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺪﻫﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳــــﺆدي‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 121 Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟـﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮام‬ ( ‫ﻗﺪر‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫دل‬ ‫ﺟــﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﻄـــﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋـــﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻬــﺎ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐــﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻲ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫وأﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 122 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ٥ ‫درﺟﺔ‬  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﺼﻲ‬ ٣٧ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ٣٧ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬  ‫ﺻﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 123 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫وأﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫وأﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ .  ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺮذاذ‬ ‫رﺷﻪ‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘﺺ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻼت‬ ‫اﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫ﻣﻈﻼ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻃﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪة‬ ‫ارش‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ت‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪء‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺺ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺎه‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ٧ ‫وﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫أﻳﺎم‬ ٢٨ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 124 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺮ‬ ٧ ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫أﻳﺎم‬ ٧٥ % ‫ﻗﻠــــــــﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﻮة‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ٧٥ % ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٢٨ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻗﺼﻲ‬ ‫ول‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ) ٩٥ % - ١٠٠ . ( %  ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ٢٨ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪا‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ٢٨ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ١٠٠ % ‫وﻳﻈــﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ .
‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 125 Sherif Saber  ‫واﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﺣﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻬﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻫﺮوب‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻨﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻗﻮة‬ ‫اﻻﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺸﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ .
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺣﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 126 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي‬  ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻷس‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 127 Sherif Saber ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮاوح‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ) ٠ – ١٤ ( ‫واﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ) ٠ – ٧ ( ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ) ٧ – ١٤ ( ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ) ٧٫٥ – ٨ ( ‫ﻟﻠﺸــﺮب‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻟــــﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 128 Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫أرش‬ ‫اﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬ ٧ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻳﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺪة‬ ‫اﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــــــﻨـﺎك‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟـﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜــﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻐــﻤﺮ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠــﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫واﻟﻌــﻴـــﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺟــــــﺪا‬ ‫ﺿﺨـــــــﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋــﻜــــــﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺟــــﺪا‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﻄــــﺢ‬ ‫ﺟـﺪا‬ ‫ﺻﻐـﻴﺮ‬ ‫وزﻧﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻛـــﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻن‬
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 129 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈــﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎوي‬ ‫او‬ ٢٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﺴﻤــﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎوي‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ٢٥ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ / ‫اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻬﻮﻟﻮﺑﻠﻮك‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎرة‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 130 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺮﻋــــﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧــــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺴﻬﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــــﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟــﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﻮك‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ . ‫اﻟﻌـــﺎﻣــﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻄــــﺮ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗــــﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻓــــﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻠﻄﻪ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرج‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻷﺣﻀﺎر‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜـــﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣـﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜـــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻔـﻮ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬــﻢ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺘــﺞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤــﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻜــﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺿﻤـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ‫أﻟﻤــﻮﻧﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻜـﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎرة‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 131 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎض‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﺮخ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳـﺆدي‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻄـﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺠـﻤﻴﻪ‬ ‫زﻳــﺎدة‬ ‫ﺑﺤـﺪوث‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤــﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ) ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻮش‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎض‬ ( ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺔ‬ ‫وﺿـﻌﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺷـﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺪ‬  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫أﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺲ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻪ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮك‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳﺒﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫زواﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻮا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫ء‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 132 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﺎردة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻲ‬  ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺮع‬ Hydration  Early Strength Development  Accelerating Agent
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 133 Sherif Saber ‫ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫أﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ " ‫واﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬ " ‫اﻷﺳﻤـــﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪاﻣﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم‬ . ‫ﻟﻠﻜـــــﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻘــﺎوم‬ ‫اﺳــﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨـﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛــﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻛـــﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠـــﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛـــــﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮرﻳــــﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﻜــــــﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟـــﺪت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻟﻜــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻴـــﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٧ ‫ل‬ ١٠ ‫ﻣــــــﻦ‬ ٪ ‫ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠــﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌـــــﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻼﻧﺪي‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤـــﻨﺖ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻀﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪئ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻗﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟــﻮب‬
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 134 Sherif Saber ‫ﺧـﺎﻣﺪان‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮا‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻋــﺪم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄــﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﻜـــﻤﻦ‬ ‫وﻟــﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻟــﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻜــﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻠــﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ـﻘـــﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺴــــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌــــﺬب‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤــﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟــﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـــﻮن‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻃـﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻗــﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــــﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــــــﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘـﻮي‬ ‫ﻗــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻪ‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮرد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 135 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺧــــﻼل‬ ‫ﻣـــــﻦ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜـﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻐــﺮض‬ ‫اﺳــﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋــﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋــﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴــﺎت‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ . ‫ﻋـــﻤـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻗـــﺒﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤــــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋــــﻤــﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـــﺪ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺮة‬ ‫ﻣــﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸـــﺮوع‬ ‫ﻓــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤــــﻤـــﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸﺎري‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـــﻌــﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘـﺎوﻻت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛــﺔ‬ ‫ﺧــﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮة‬ ‫أﻣــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛــﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻐــﺮض‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴــﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫أﻋﻤــﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺪء‬ ‫وﻗـﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻼم‬ ‫اﻟــ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛـــﻴﺪﻳــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠـــﺴـــﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫إﺧﺘــــﻼف‬ ‫أي‬ ‫وﺟـــﻮد‬ ‫ﺣــــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮاﻗـــﻊ‬ ‫وﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸﺎري‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ـﺠﺴ‬ ‫ـــﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺸــﺮوع‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸﺎري‬ ‫إل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻮع‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎدﻳﺔ‬ .
‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 136 Sherif Saber ‫ﻣـــﻦ‬ ‫ﺣـــــﻮاﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـــﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫رأﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸـﺮوع‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﺧــﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻔــﺮ‬ ‫إﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤـﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـــﺎت‬ ١٠ ‫إل‬ ١٥ ،‫ﺳــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨــﺮاج‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜــﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴــﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻔـﺮ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨــﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ١ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤـــﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘـــﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸــــﺮوع‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸﺎري‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ١٠ ‫وﻓﻘــــﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑـــ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸــــﺎري‬ ‫ﻳـــﻘـــﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗــــﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮذة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻜـــﻮد‬ ‫ﻹﺷﺘﺮاﻃـــﺎت‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ .(  ‫ﻳﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﺤﺪد‬ : • ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺧﻮاﺻﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ • ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬ . • ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ .
©Eng. Sherif Saber 137 Sherif Saber • ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺰم‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ . • ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ . • ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫إﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ . • ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ .  ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ) ‫واﻟﺰﻟﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬ :( ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق‬ ‫إﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺰﻟـﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣـﻠﻴﺔ‬ ) ( ‫ﻻﺧـــﺘﺮاق‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ٣٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ( ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜــــﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺆﺷﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳــﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺧـﺘﺮاق‬ ‫رﻗــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫واﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎط‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘـﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫و‬ . ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬
©Eng. Sherif Saber 138 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ) ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ :( ‫دﻛﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـــﻌـــﺪم‬ ‫واﻟﺤــــﺬر‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻄـﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻮرا‬ ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗــﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﺲ‬ ‫إدﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ : ‫ﻛـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫وﻫﻜــﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫وأﺧﺮاج‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺑــﻤﻴﺰان‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗــﻮف‬ ‫وﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟـﻤﺎﻛﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐــﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻜــــﺘﻮب‬ ‫ورﻗــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﻠﺼــــﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻛـــﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌـﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﺆﺧـﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ورﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬
©Eng. Sherif Saber 139 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬  ‫وﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ : • ‫ﻣﺴﻄــﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟــﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤــﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٣٠٠ ‫م‬ ٢ ‫ﻣــــﺸـــﺮوع‬ ‫ﻷي‬ ‫اﻷﺣـــﻮال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣـﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺄي‬ ‫اﻟﺠـﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋــﺪد‬ ‫ﻳﻘـﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸــﺮوع‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺴـﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ . • ‫وﻛــﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘـــــﻘــﺎرﺑﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗـﻢ‬ ‫ﻟــﻮ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴــﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔــﺮ‬ ‫ﻧـــﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـﺎﺛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫أﺧﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺰم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ‬ . • ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ . • ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ . • ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫أﺿﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أﻣﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫أﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .
©Eng. Sherif Saber 140 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬  ‫وﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ : • ‫ﻟﻌﻤــﻖ‬ ‫اﻟــﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﺠــﺴﺎت‬ ‫أﺧـﺬ‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻌﺘﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ١٠ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣـــﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛـــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴـــﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫أﻣــﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ٤٠ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴـــﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاق‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴــﺎوي‬ ٥ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﻗﻄـــﺮ‬ ‫ﻣـﺮات‬ ١٠ ‫إﺳﺘﺸــﺎرى‬ ‫ﻳﺮاه‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ . • ‫ا‬ ‫إﻟــﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻀــﻮﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴـــﻔــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟـــﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﺒﻘــﺎت‬ ‫ﻛــﺎﻟﺮدﻣﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻏــﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻤــﻴﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗــﺨﺘﺮق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺑــﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒ‬ ‫ﻘــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋــــــﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺪاد‬ ‫ﻳﻠــﺰم‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﻔــﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻤﻴﻜـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺠـــــﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘـــﺎت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬
©Eng. Sherif Saber 141 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮا‬ ‫ﺿﺮرا‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫ﺗﻤـــــــﺪد‬ ‫ﻓــــﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺼـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫زﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺑﺴــﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺸﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠـــﻘـ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴـــﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﺣــــﺴــﺎب‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫زﻟﺰاﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻔـــــﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺠــــﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎدم‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤــﻮع‬ ‫ــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫أﻣــــﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻌـــﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺣـــﺮﻛـﺔ‬ ٥٠ % ‫اﻟﺘﻤــﺪد‬ ‫ﻓــﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻐــــﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫او‬ .
©Eng. Sherif Saber 142 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﻋﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫أﺷﺮاف‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮاﻋﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫أﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪات‬ ‫ودﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
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QA in Civil Engineering 1

  • 2.
    ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵ  ‫اﻟﻠﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬  ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺮ‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ Sherif Saber
  • 3.
    ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻃﺸﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮا‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺮﻃﺸﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 4.
    ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫وأﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷ  ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻸر‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫واﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻻرﺿﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻴﺎت‬ .  ‫اﻟﺰﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻻرﺿﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺮى‬ ١٠ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫اﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮات‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 5.
    ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫وﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰاﺗﻬـﺎ‬‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷ  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫وﺻﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻰ‬ ‫وﺣﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧـﺎﺻـﺔ‬ ‫ﻐـﺎت‬ ‫وﺟـــﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻣــــﻮزوﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻛــــﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻓــﻲ‬ ‫ﺟـﺎف‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺤﻮق‬ ‫ﺷﻜــﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗـﻮرﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ،‫اﻟﺠــﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟــﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺧــﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫وأﺿﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺰة‬ ‫وﻳﺘـــﻤـــﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤـــﺎﺳﻜــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟــﻤــﻮﻧـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼــﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺎء‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘـ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬا‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ـﺞ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻴــــﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫وﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟـﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫وﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠـﻮدة‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ .  ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ام‬ .  ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 6.
    ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫وﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬـﺎ‬‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰاﺗﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺐء‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ذات‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺠﻔﺎف‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ .  ‫وﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 7.
    ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻴﺪت‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫ارﺗــــﺪ‬ ‫ﻗـــــﻮة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﺪاد‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻴﺪت‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠـــﺔ‬ ‫اد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻄﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻧﺔ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺘــﻘـــﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴــﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـــﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺳــــﺘﺮﺷـــﺎد‬ ‫ﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫ﻫـــﺬا‬ ‫اﻻرﺗــﺪاد‬ ‫رﻗــﻢ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨـﺪم‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺮأس‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮج‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫زرار‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ .  ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺮأس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻗـﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻛﻮش‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻔﻚ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأس‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺰﻟﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻐﻂ‬ ) ‫ﺻﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ .(  ‫اﻟﺠﻬــﺎز‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺰرار‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 8.
    ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻴﺪت‬‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻ  ‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻼدة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎرق‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻛﻮش‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻄﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‬ .  ‫اﻻرﺗﺪاد‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﺮك‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﺮر‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻘﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأس‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺣﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ .  ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫وﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 9.
    ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻴﺪت‬‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӻ  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ .  ‫اﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫أرﺧﺺ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫ﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫راﺑﻌﺎ‬  ‫اﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎدﻳﻪ‬ ‫واﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ .  ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻏﺒﺎر‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫اﻋﻄﺎء‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 10.
    ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺲ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӽ  ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺐ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬  ‫ﻛﻴﺲ‬ ٥٠ ‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬  ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ٩٫٥ ‫ﻟﺘﺮ‬ : ١٠٫٥ ‫ﻟﺘﺮ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ٢٧ : ٣٥ ‫م‬ ٢ / ‫ﻣﻢ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 11.
    ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӳ  ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ( ١٦ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ( ٣ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ( ٤ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻻﻧﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ( ٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻻﻧﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ( ٣ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ٣ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﺴﺨﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ٤ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﻐﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ٤ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢  ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ٦ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢ Sherif Saber
  • 12.
    ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӴ ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬  ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬  ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫أﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ( ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ١٦ ‫ﻣﻢ‬  ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫أﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ( ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ١٤ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 13.
    ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫رض‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӵ  ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ .  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ١ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٨٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 14.
    ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬‫اﻷﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮط‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӶ ‫ﺣﺘ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻈـﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻮﺻﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗـــﻪ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﺎوﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗـــﺎدم‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻻﺳــــﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗــــﻪ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﻪ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ٧٥ ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 15.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮ‬‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӷ  ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺆات‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ .  ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﻮت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺧﻠﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 16.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎت‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒــﺎر‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӸ  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﺻﺪار‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ( ‫اﻻ‬ ‫وﻗﻴﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﻮاد‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺮﺳــــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫أﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ) ‫زﻳﺖ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ( ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪران‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﻊ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‬ ( ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ .  ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺳﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨـــــﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻄﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪار‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻮاج‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺪ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 17.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎت‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒــﺎر‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӹ  ‫اﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫أﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﺷــــﺪة‬ ‫ﻣــــﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻛــــــﻼ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺳــﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺑـﻌــﺮض‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻌــﺎﻟﺠــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤــﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺟــﻬــﺎز‬ ‫ﻳــﻘــﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟــ‬ ‫ــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ .  ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑــﻠـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫داﺧــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧــﻮع‬ ‫اي‬ ‫وﺟــﻮد‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﻫــــﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣــﺆﺷــﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑــﺪوره‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاق‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 18.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـﺎت‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒــﺎر‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӺ  ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮه‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫وﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫واﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫راﺑﻌﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮة‬ ‫ذوي‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻨﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺪوي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ‬ ‫وإﺟﺮاءات‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫واﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ .  ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫رﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬ ، ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫اﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ) ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪأ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ( ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 19.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻛـــﺎم‬‫ﻣــﻘــﺎس‬ ‫أﻛــﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻫــﻮ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӵӻ  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫أﻋﺘﺒﺎرى‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٤٠ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫أﻋﺘﺒﺎرى‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٥٠ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫أﻋﺘﺒﺎرى‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎس‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 20.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӴӼ  ‫ﻣﻴﺎه‬ ‫او‬ ‫اوﺳﺎخ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫ﻛﺴﻮر‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫واﻣﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫دﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫دﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻫﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ١٤ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ .  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺠﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮك‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪدﻫﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ٢٤ ‫واﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻳﻔﻘﺪه‬ ‫وﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺰوﺟﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 21.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӳ  ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬  ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻷﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﻮات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬ ‫واﻳﻘﺎف‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﻤﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﺪرة‬ ‫زرﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت‬ .  ‫ﻃﻠﻤﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة‬ ‫وﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻧﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 22.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӴ  ‫اﻷﺑﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫اﻷﺑﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻚ‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ٤ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮة‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻦ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ( ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻠﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 23.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫دﺑﻼق‬‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӵ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨـﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺎف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻋﻤـﺎل‬ ‫اﺟـــﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤــﺎﺳـــﻚ‬ ‫اﺣـــــﺪاث‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﺎﻧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺘﻪ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮاﺟﻬﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﺎﻟـــﺔ‬ ‫اء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 24.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫أﻧﺘﻴﻜﺔ‬‫ﺳﺘﻮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӶ  ‫اﻧﺘﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺧﺎم‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫وﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻟــــــﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻄــﻴﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﻠــﻮب‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ) ‫ﺗﺮﺧﻴــﻢ‬ ( ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺤــــــﺎﺋــــﻂ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺨﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫وﻧﺎﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻠﻂ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺧﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﺮق‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺰاوﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺎس‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫دﻳﻜﻮري‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺠﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻫﺰ‬ . ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬه‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﻟﻮاح‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 25.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫أﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӷ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫أﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ٦ ‫أﺳﻴﺎخ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 26.
    ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ‬‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӸ  ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻄﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ( ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ٠٫٢٥ % ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧــــــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄـــــــﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣـــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ( ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ٠٫١٥ % ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 27.
    ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӹ ‫ﺣــــﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟــــﻮﺗــﺪ‬ ‫ﻃــﻮل‬ ‫ﻓـــــﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸوﺗﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﻴـــﻤــﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺗـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫ﺗـــــــــﺰداد‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ٢٫٥ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 28.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪي‬‫اﻟﺰراﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӺ ‫ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳـــــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ٨ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤـــﻴﺪة‬ ، ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋـــﻂ‬ ‫اﻋــــﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨـــﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ . ‫اﻟﺰاﺋــــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻗﻄــــﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـــــﺐ‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﺎرج‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟـــﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺟـــﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــــــﺪة‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣــ‬ ‫ــﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻤــﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰراﺟﻴﻦ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 29.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ‬‫ﻛﺮاﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӻ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄـﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻛـــﺎن‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄــﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛـــﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄـﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋــــﺎدة‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤـــــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺸـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ١٢ ‫اﻟﻜـــﺮاﺳـﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ١٤ ‫اﻟﻠــﺒﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄــﺮ‬ ‫ﻛـــﺎن‬ ‫وﻟـﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ١٦ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄــﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻀــﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ١٨ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫وﻳﻔـﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮاﺳـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ١ ‫وﻗـ‬ ‫ﻛـﻔـــــﺎءة‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺪات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮاﺳﻲ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ــﺪرة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮاﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 30.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫دﻓﺎن‬‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӵӼ  ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ) ‫اﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ .(  ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪروم‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺮ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﺎج‬ ‫وان‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ﺑﺪروم‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ .  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ) ‫اﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ .(  ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ .  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ) ‫اﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ . (  ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫ورﻗﺎب‬ ‫وﺷﺪادات‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ ٣ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 31.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫دﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӳ  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫رﻗﺎب‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎب‬ ‫ﻧﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎب‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺰل‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﺸﺎء‬ .  ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ٢ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﻜﻨﺪاراﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ٢ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 32.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӴ ‫اﻟﺸﻌــﺮﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوخ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫داﺧــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺎﻫــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻤــﺮار‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺿﺮوري‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـــﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃـــﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻤﺮ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻴﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬  ‫وﻣﺴﺎء‬ ‫ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮش‬  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ Sherif Saber
  • 33.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӵ  ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺮج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺮج‬ ‫وﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺰود‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤــــﺮﻛــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻟــــﻬـــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤــــﺢ‬ ‫ﺑـــﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺰود‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ـــــــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻣﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ .  ‫ﻋﻠﻴـــﻬـ‬ ‫ﻳـــﻘــﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻌــﺎﻣـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺨﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ـﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤـﺮون‬ .  ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺤــــﻴﺚ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺨــــــﺎرﺟﻬـــــﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗــــــﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪاﺧــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆدﻳـﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرﺻﻔـﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻟـﻤﻴــ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨـﺎرج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻮﻃـﻪ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴــﻮب‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻮﻗﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻮر‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫واﺿﺢ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎرج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆدي‬ ‫اﻟـﺮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ، .  ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺤــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫اﻧﺰﻻق‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺨﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺪرات‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺰﻻق‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻧــﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨــﺪم‬ ‫أن‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 34.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӶ  ‫إﻋـــﺎﻗ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻮل‬، ‫ﻟــــﻬـــــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة‬ ‫وﻗﻮف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ــــﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﻮﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺮﻛـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺪد‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎع‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻃﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺰود‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ .  ‫وﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎرة‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻃﺎرات‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ـــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ٧٦ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤــﻮﻗــــ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫زواﻳــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨـــﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺄﺑﻌـــﺎد‬ ‫واﻟﺼﺪأ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫زواﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿـﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ــﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻣـــﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎور‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻢ‬ . Sherif Saber
  • 35.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӷ  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫وﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺸﻴﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫وأدﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫وﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫اﻟﻐﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠــــﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟــﻌــــﻮاﻣــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫وﻗﻮف‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻧـﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟــﻐـــﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺟــــــ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻫﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ، ‫واﻟﺮﻃـــــﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ــﺎج‬ .  ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪران‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺎرة‬ ‫وﺣﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺮات‬ ‫إﻧﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻏـﺎﺋــــﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻫﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠــﺪران‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺳﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﺜﺒﺖ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﺳﻨﺖ‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫وﻣﺼﺪر‬ ، ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ . ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
  • 36.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӸ  ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄـــــﻮارئ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨــﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧــﺎرة‬ ‫وﺣــﺪات‬ ‫ﺛـــﻠﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻛـــﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘـﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄـﻮارئ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑــﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟــﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣـــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻤﻮاﻗــﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻼﻟﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺼﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪرات‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻤـــﺮات‬ .  ‫ﻣﻔـﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧــــﺎرة‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋــﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺷﻐﻮر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻣﺘﻼء‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫إﻧﺬار‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ .  ‫ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻵﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫اﻧﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻬ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤـــﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺮﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛـــﻴﺐ‬ ‫وﻳﻼﺣﻆ‬ ، ‫واﻟﺠﺪران‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻞ‬ . ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
  • 37.
    ©Eng. Sherif SaberӶӹ  ‫واﻟﺨـ‬ ‫اﻟـﺪﺧــــﻮل‬ ‫ﺣــﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓــــﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜــــــﻢ‬ ‫آﻟــﻴــﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﻮاﺟﺰ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻐـــﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﻤـــﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫وﻣﺨـــﺎرج‬ ‫ﻣﺪاﺧــﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻬـــﺰ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ـــ‬ ، ‫ﺮوج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫وﺗﻌــــﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫و‬ ، ‫واﻟﻤﺨـﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪاﺧــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋــــــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺒﻴــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺨﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫أﻋــﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳـــﺘـــﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬـﺎ‬ .  ‫ﻣـﻮاﺳ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳــــﺪات‬ ‫ـــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ . ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرات‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ Sherif Saber
  • 38.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬‫ﺟﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӺ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻞ‬ ، ‫زي‬ : -  ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ) ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ – ‫ﻟﺒﺸﻪ‬ - ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ( ‫واﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﻣﻼح‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮاد‬ .  ‫وﺟﺪت‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺣﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫ﺟﻴﺮان‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫وﺟﺪت‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫وﻋﺪد‬ ‫وﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫وﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬ .
  • 39.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺟ‬‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدع‬ ‫أرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺪ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӷӻ Sherif Saber  ‫ازاﻟﺔ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﺟﻴﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺮش‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫رﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ردم‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ .  ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ٨ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .  ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاح‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ٤ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮاح‬ ‫اﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ .  ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬ .  ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪء‬ ٤ ‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫وﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺎرغ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮك‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫ﺑﺄول‬ ‫أول‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ٤٫٥ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
  • 40.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدع‬ ‫أرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӶӼ Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﻌﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ٤ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫وﻫﻜﺬا‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻌﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﺑﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎﻋﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮاح‬ ‫ازاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫وﺗﺼﻠﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻔﺎف‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻌﺮض‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ٠٫٥ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .
  • 41.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӳ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺧـــــﺎرج‬ ‫ﻣــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻓﻀــــــﻞ‬ ‫ﺧــــﻮاص‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑــﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﻳـــﺪ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗـــﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟـــﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺒﺪل‬ ‫ﻋـــﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــــﻲ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ﻤـــﻮ‬ ‫ﻗــــﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫اﻟﺤــﻔــﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧــﻼل‬ ‫ازاﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻛــﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺮض‬ ‫ودﻣﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻣــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ .  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬  ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﻔــــــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤــﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗــﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟـــﺰﻳﺎدة‬ ‫اﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺗـــــﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ .  ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻗــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫أﺛــــﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎرﻳﻪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺷﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻀــــــﺮر‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﻣﺪروس‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫وﺗﺆدي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸــﺄ‬ .
  • 42.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӴ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫أﺷﺘﺮاﻃﺎت‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺣﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻼم‬ .  ‫ﻣﺘﺪرﺟﻪ‬ ‫اﺣﺠﺎم‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﺮاﻋﻰ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻄﻔﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺲ‬ ‫وﺧﺸﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤـــﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌـــﺪى‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ) ‫زﻳـــﺎدﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٥ ‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﺿــــﺎﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻚ‬ ٣٠ ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .(  ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫دﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫دﻣﻜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ .
  • 43.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӵ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬  ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوره‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬﺮاس‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﻮﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ادﻣﻜﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ .  ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺣﻼل‬ ‫اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻧﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‬ .  ‫ال‬ ‫ﻷﺧـﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺎ‬ ‫دﻣﻜﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛـﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻼم‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ Sand Cone Test ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﻪ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ٩٥ % ‫ﻗﻠﺖ‬ ‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺮش‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮاس‬ ‫اﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺘﻢ‬ .
  • 44.
    ‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮون‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷدوار‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫أﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӶ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫أﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ) × = ( ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ + ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ = ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ – ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ) ‫اﻻرﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫اﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫او‬ ) ‫اﻟﺒﺪروم‬ ( ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ = ٦٠ × ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
  • 45.
    ‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫أﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӷ Sherif Saber ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ = ٦٠ × ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋـــﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺣـــــــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ / ‫ﻣــــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻛـــــﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎس‬ ٦٠ ‫ﻣـــﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻄـــﻮل‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﻻرﺗﻜﺎزه‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .
  • 46.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬‫أﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӸ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ،‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺼﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﺮﺧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺪا‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻻ‬  ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺪن‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋـــــــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻀﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ،‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺪن‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫وﻫﺒﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫وﺳﺒﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫وﺗﺒﺨﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﺎم‬ .
  • 47.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӹ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺪه‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧــﺔ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻣﺎﻫﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻗــﻞ‬ ‫ـــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤــــﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ . ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻔﺎف‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫اﻟــﻤـــﻮﺟــ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻤــﺎء‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫ﺗــــﻔـﻘــــﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻔــﺎف‬ ‫اﻟﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌـــﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠــﺪه‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌـﺮض‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـــﺎ‬ ‫ـﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻓــــﻰ‬ ‫ﺠـــﻮات‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨــ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻔــﺎف‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤــﺮ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪأ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﻘﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠــــﺪه‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛــــــﺎم‬ ‫وﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ،‫ذاﺗﻬﺎ‬ .
  • 48.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӺ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌــــــــــــــــــــﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺰام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـــﺎﻧــــﻴــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠــــﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻴــــﺎه‬ ‫وﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴـﺠـــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎدات‬ . ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫أﺿﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫وﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ .
  • 49.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӻ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫أﺿﺮار‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮق‬  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷدﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫رﻛﺎم‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ .
  • 50.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ Core Test ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӷӼ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﺸﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ " ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ٩٠ % ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ " ٢٨ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ "
  • 51.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӳ Sherif Saber ‫ﻣــﻨﺎﻃـ‬ ‫ﻋــﻠــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟـــﺰﻻزل‬ ‫أﺣــــﻤــﺎل‬ ‫ﺗـــــﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟــﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟـﻘـﺎﻋــﺪة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ــﻖ‬ ‫اﻹﺗﺼ‬ ‫ــﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗـــ‬ ‫ﻟﺘـــﺸﺘﻴﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻـﻼت‬ ‫ﻫـﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴــــﺔ‬ ‫وزﻳـــﺎدة‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻮاﻋـﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﺜـﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫واﻟــﻌـــﻨــﺎﺻــﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﻋـــــﻤـــﺪة‬ ‫ﺑـــﻴﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻟـﺰﻟ‬ ‫ﺰاﻟﻴــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﺨـﻄــﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃـﻖ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬه‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘــﺺ‬ ‫ﻗـــﻮى‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠــﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟـﻚ‬ .
  • 52.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӵ Sherif Saber ‫ﻣﻌــــﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ) ‫رش‬ ( ‫وﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺮب‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﺴﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺮا‬ ‫ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋـــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺄرﺑﻌـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﻮع‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ .
  • 53.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪة‬ ‫رش‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӵ Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺼﺎص‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬
  • 54.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӷ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻌﺎدى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻻﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻠﻨﺪى‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻮزﻻﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬
  • 55.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӷ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬ ‫ذاﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺬوﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺄة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﺪرج‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
  • 56.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӹ Sherif Saber ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ) ٣٥ – ٣٧ ( ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ٤ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻳﻔﻀـــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺮب‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــــــﺎء‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺮا‬ ‫ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ .
  • 57.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӹ Sherif Saber ‫ﻣـــ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧــﻠـــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓــﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮش‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬــﺪف‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒـــ‬ ‫ﻜــــﻮﻧـــﺎت‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓــﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻄـــﻲ‬ . ١ - ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ) ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗــﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎزاﻟﺖ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺗﻜـﻮن‬ .( ٢ - ‫واﻟﺘﺼﻠــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺨﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻜـــﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫وﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻠﺒـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫وﻳﻠـﺰم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗـــﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻧﻘـﺺ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ٩٥ % ‫وال‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‬ ‫ارﺑﻌـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ١٥ % ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗـﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮات‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼــﻞ‬ .(
  • 58.
    ‫اﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬‫ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪة‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӻ Sherif Saber ← ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪة‬ ‫اﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒـــﻘـــﺎ‬ ‫ﺧــﻮاﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫أﻋــــــﺎدة‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻠـــﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻄـــﺮﻳﻘﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ . ← ‫ﻣﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﺳﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﺎرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮب‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .
  • 59.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ ӻ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬  ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬  ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻄﺎء‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮب‬  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﺑﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺮش‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎم‬ .
  • 60.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺘ‬‫أﻟﻮاح‬ ‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼوت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﺎرة‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺰاﻧﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӹ Ӽ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺘﺰاﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ :  ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻼف‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺗﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫رج‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫وﺧﺮوج‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ .  ‫ﻟﻠﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤــــﺎر‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳـــﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻟــﻮاح‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وﺟـــﻮد‬ .  ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻄﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺰوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳــﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟــﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨـــﺸﻴﺐ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺠـــﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺗـــﺪﻋﻴﻢ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﻴﻮت‬ ‫وﻧﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻣﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫اﺳﻬـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ .
  • 61.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫د‬‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮدم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫ﻣﻚ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӳ Sherif Saber ‫ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫أﺧﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫أزاﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻃﻠﺐ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﺑﺎﻟـــﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫ورﺷﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺳــــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻣــــﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ودﻛﻬﺎ‬ ٩٥ % ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أو‬
  • 62.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوط‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӵ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺮوق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺸﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮق‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻪ‬ .
  • 63.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬‫واﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӵ Sherif Saber  ‫ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺰم‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪد‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ .
  • 64.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻼب‬ ‫ﻓﻼت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫أﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӷ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت‬ ‫أوﻻ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ = ٢٤ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫أﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ = ٢ x ١٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ = ٢٫٤ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫أﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ = ٢ x ١٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ = ٢٫٤ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮض‬ = ٢٫٥ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫وﺗﺮ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮض‬ = ١٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ = ١٫٢ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ = ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ٢ × ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ – ‫اﻟﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ = ٢٤ – ٢ × ٢٫٥ – ١٫٢ – ٢٫٤ – ٢٫٤ = ١٣ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
  • 65.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻼب‬ ‫ﻓﻼت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫أﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӷ Sherif Saber  ‫وﺗﺮ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬  ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرﺗﻔﺎع‬ = ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ٢ × ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ – ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ – ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ = ١٤٫٢ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
  • 66.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟ‬‫اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮم‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻬﻮردي‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӹ Sherif Saber ‫اﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤـــﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﺣـــــــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮم‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛــــﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٤٠ ‫اﻟﺒﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻوزان‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮر‬ ‫وذات‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻃـــﺎت‬
  • 67.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺖ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӹ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﻼح‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺮوب‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ .  ‫ﻗﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼط‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬ .
  • 68.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӻ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Settlement Joints ( ‫اﺑﺘــــــــــﺪاء‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫رأﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫رأﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻻدوار‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮورا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻼﺻﻘﻴـــــــــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ . ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌـﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﺟــﺰاء‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒــﻮط‬ ‫ﻓــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤــﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ٢ ‫اﻟـــﻐــﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟــﺘﺮﺑـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــــﺒــــﻮط‬ ‫ﻣــــﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘــــــــﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺟــــــﺰاء‬ ‫إﺿﺮار‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻇﻬـﻮر‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈــﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺒـﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫وإﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤـﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈــﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ :  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ .
  • 69.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ ӻ Sherif Saber  ‫وﻛــــﺘﻠ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔـــــﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺴــﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎرة‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫أﺟــﺰاء‬ .  ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫وﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳـــــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻮار‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻳﻴﺢ‬ ( ‫أ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺤــﺪث‬ ‫ﺟـــﺪﻳﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫ﻓــﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـﺮاري‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻌــــﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﺧﺘـــﻼف‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـﺮارﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫وﻣﻨــــﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤــــﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﺟـﺰاء‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﺴﻤـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫إﺟـﻬــﺎدات‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻷﻣـــﺮ‬ ،‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻏﻮب‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫إﺟﻬـﺎدات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻼت‬ .
  • 70.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӹ Ӽ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫رأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻨـــﻔــــﺬ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ٠ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣـــــﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴــﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼــﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗــــﻤـ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــــــﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻠﻪ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔــــﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻔـــﻮاﺻــ‬ ‫ـــﻸ‬ ‫ـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻄــﺎﻃﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎدة‬ .  ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٤٠ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٤٥ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٣٠ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٣٥ ‫اﻟﺤﺎره‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﺮوق‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮط‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫واﻟﺰﺣﻒ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬
  • 71.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӳ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫ﻗـــــﺪرة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓـــــﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤــﺪد‬ ‫اﻻﻋﻄــــﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــــﺎﻧـﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﺐ‬ ‫إﻧﺘــﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗــــــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس‬ . - ‫ﹰ‬ ‫وﺧﺼﻮﺻـــــــــﺎ‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻠﺠﺎء‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤــﻞ‬ ‫ﻗـــﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫اﺟﻬـــــﺎدات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔـﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮورة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت‬ .
  • 72.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӴ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ : ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ٤٥ ‫ﻧـــﺼــــﺐ‬ ‫ﺣـــﻴﻨﻤـــﺎ‬ ‫أﻧـــﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺒ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗـــﺰال‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﻒ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛــﺎم‬ ‫ﻹﻇﻬــﺎر‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺨــﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘــﻤـــــــﺎﺳـــﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪة‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮش‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫وﻳﻐﺴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﻐـﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛـﻼ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Seismic Joints ( ‫ﻟﻠــﺰﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﻨﺸـﺂت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺑﺂﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫زل‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻨﺸ‬ ‫ﻓــــﺈن‬ ‫ﻛــــﺎف‬ ‫ﻏـــــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤـــــــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫وﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎورﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﻫﻨـــﺎك‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا‬ ‫أﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﺄﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼـﺎدم‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬــــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤــﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌـــﺎﻛﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺠــﺎﻫﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻫﺘﺰازﻫﻤــﺎ‬ ‫أﺛﻨـﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورﺗﻴﻦ‬ .
  • 73.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӵ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ) Seismic Joints ( - ‫واﻷزاﺣــ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وأﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫واﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء‬ ‫اﻟــﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﺧــﺘﻴــﺎر‬ ‫ﻋــــﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورة‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫أﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫أﺗﺴﺎع‬ ‫وﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫أدوار‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ . ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻧﻜــﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋــﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄــﻠﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠــﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫واﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺤــﺎت‬ ‫ﺻـﺐ‬ ‫ﺣــــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔــﻴﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷــﺮاﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄــﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﻫـﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﻘﺴـــﻢ‬ ،‫وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺠـــﺮاﺟﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺼــﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄـــﺎرات‬ ‫ارﺿــﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻘﻘـــﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠـﺎوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻃــﻮﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬ ٢ ‫اﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫وﺑﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺮه‬ ٥ ‫ﻓﻴـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ــﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺎر‬ ٥٠ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣـﺘﺮا‬ ، ‫ﺻــــﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـــــﻢ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻋﻠــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫رأﺳــــــﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻـــﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨـــﻔـــﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻣـــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋــــﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗـــــﻰ‬ ‫ﺻـﺐ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒــــﺎدﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺛـﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﻳﻪ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻔـــﺮدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺮا‬ ‫اﻟﻄــﻮﻟﻴـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺋــــﺢ‬
  • 74.
    ‫واﻷرﺑﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӶ Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ) Expansion Joints ( ‫وﺑﻌــﺮض‬ ٢ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨـــﻊ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﻠﺰم‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫اى‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟـﻤﺎﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﻤـــﻸ‬ ‫اﻻﻗـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ . ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﺋــ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴـــﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤــﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻔــﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫واﺣـﺪه‬ ‫دﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤــﺎت‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ــﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ورﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮه‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻮاﺻـﻞ‬ ٢ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠــــﺎوز‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑـــــﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻚ‬ ‫زﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻨﺸــــﺎر‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃـﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤــــﻚ‬ ‫ﺛﻠﺚ‬ ٣ ‫زﻳــــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـــــﺐ‬ ‫ﻣــــﻦ‬ ‫اﻳــــﺎم‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﻜــــﻤﺎش‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ .
  • 75.
    ‫اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮاري‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫أوﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӷ Sherif Saber ‫ﻗ‬ ‫اﻟــــﻤﺎﺋـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺰل‬ ‫اﻻﻓــﻀــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟـﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﻤــﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛـــــﻼ‬ ‫ﺒـــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬـــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟــﺪول‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــﺮارى‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪث‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫اﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ .
  • 76.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӸ Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻂ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤــﻞ‬ ‫ﻃــﻮل‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫ﺣــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﻧــﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ١٠ ‫ﺗﻜــــﻦ‬ ‫ﻟـــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻓــــﺄن‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـــــــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒـﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨــﻊ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴــﻊ‬ ‫ﻟــﻦ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬
  • 77.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻠﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber Ӻӹ Sherif Saber  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻗﻄﺎر‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ٣٢ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ .  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ١٢ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ .  ‫اﻻﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ .
  • 78.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬه‬‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻮﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber ӺӺ Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺮارى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ " ‫ﻛﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ " ‫واﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮاري‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺎز‬ ‫وﻫﻰ‬  ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬  ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬ " ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮم‬ " ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤــﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏــﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟــﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ٣ ‫ﺑﻤــــﻌـــﺪل‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬه‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳــﻢ‬ ١ ‫وﻳﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ﻣــــﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜــــﻞ‬ ‫ﺳــﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻗ‬ ‫إﺳﻤــﻨﺘﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒــــﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳــــــــﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﺗﺠــﺎه‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤـــــﻚ‬ ٢ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻮﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫رش‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻮﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫رش‬ ٥ ‫ﺑﻄﺒـــﻘـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻫﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣــــﻤــــﺎﻳﺘـــﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘـــﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫واﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣـﻤـــﺎﻳﺔ‬ .
  • 79.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻮﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 78 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻌﺎزل‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬ ‫اﻟـــﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫ﺗـــﺴــــﺮب‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨــــﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺪادات‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺰارﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻏﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌـــﺰل‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌـــﺎزل‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤـــﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺴـــﺮب‬ ‫ﺣـﺪوث‬ ‫ﻋـــﺪم‬ ‫ﺣـــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎءوﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫وﺟـــﻮد‬ ‫ﻋــﺪم‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛــــــﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـ‬ ‫ــﺮوﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻬــﻴﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺒـــﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬ " ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺪ‬ " ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻮل‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ .
  • 80.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻤ‬‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻷﺳﻮار‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻠﻪ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 79 Sherif Saber ‫وﻛﺬﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮدى‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫واﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﻘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻜﻤــــﺎش‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎء‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ذﻟﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫وﻟﺘﻔﺎدى‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺷــﺮوخ‬ ‫ﻳﺤــﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ .................... ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٤٥ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٤٠ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ " ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ " ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ‬ .................... ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ٣٥ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٣٠ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ " ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ " ‫اﻻﺳﻮار‬ ..................... ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ١٢ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ " ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ "
  • 81.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 80 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺨــﻼ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗـﻮدى‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺧــﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺧــﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﻬــﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫وﺧﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮدى‬ ‫وﻫﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻌــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ - ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ - ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارى‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ - ‫وﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬  ‫ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ - ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺸﺔ‬ - ‫اﻟﻔﻘﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺬه‬
  • 82.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬‫رأﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 81 Sherif Saber ‫ﺗﻌﻠـــﻴﻖ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻣــﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨــﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤــﻮد‬ ‫ﻟــﻮزن‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘــﺔ‬ ‫أﻓﻀــﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻄﻴـﻚ‬ ‫أﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫وأﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻮاﻏﻴﻞ‬ ‫أﻛــــﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤــﻘﻖ‬ ‫وﻳﻤــﻜﻨﻚ‬ ‫اﻛــﺒﺮ‬ ‫رؤﻳــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺎﺣـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻏﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺮاءة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .
  • 83.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 82 Sherif Saber ‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋــــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸــــﻚ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗــــﺄﺧــﺮ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻛـــﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺤـــﺪث‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ١٥ ‫؟؟؟‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌـــــﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻤـﺎذا‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋــﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺼــــﺐ‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫أﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــــﺎﻧـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻬـــﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜـﻮن‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻗــﻮى‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳــﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨــــﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫زاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ٤٠ ‫اﺳﺘﻜــــﻤــــﺎل‬ ‫ﺣــــﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻘــﺎول‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺒﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗـــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﺪوم‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ .
  • 84.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻷوﺗﺎر‬‫اﻟﺒﺆج‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 83 Sherif Saber ‫واﻻوﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮج‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻮاﻃﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺒﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻰ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺎر‬
  • 85.
    ‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﺟﺪران‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 84 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻌــﺰل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪران‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃــــــﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻌـــﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـــــﺎﻋﺪ‬  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮك‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ٣ ‫ﺻﻔﻮف‬ ‫ﻋـــﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﻠـــﻮك‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨــــﺪام‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪران‬ ‫ﻛــــــﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ى‬
  • 86.
    ‫اﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 85 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺴــﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒـــﺎرد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ " ‫ﻟﺘﺠـــﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﻣــﺬﻳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻮاد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺎف‬ ‫ﻗﻠــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳــﺆدى‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫وﺑﺴﻬــﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻗــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺰوﺟـــﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟـــﺰوﺟﺘﻪ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫اﻣﻼح‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺠﺎن‬ ‫وﺑﻴﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺮ‬ ‫دﺧﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮق‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .  ‫واﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺸﺮات‬ ‫ﻃﺮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ .
  • 87.
    ‫اﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 86 Sherif Saber ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬  ‫ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬  ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫رﻗﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬  ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻓﺎن‬
  • 88.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪران‬‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 87 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫دﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺆﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
  • 89.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫وﻟﻤﺎذا‬‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 88 Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻠﺤــــﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤــﻖ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘـــــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟــﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــــﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬــــﺪف‬ ٨٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘــﻌـــﺪدة‬ ‫اﺳـــﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻟــﻌــــﺪة‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤـﻴــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑـــﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟــــﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻮط‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗـــﻜــــﺮار‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻛـــﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺨـــﺮﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺣــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻰ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘــﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺻــﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼــــﺮف‬ ‫ﻣــــﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻛـــــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺣــﻮل‬ ‫اﻟــﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ازاﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻳﺎح‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻋـــﻄـــــﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺰﻻق‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻮى‬ ‫اﻻرﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬور‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬور‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ‬ ‫واﻻﺷﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻔﺎع‬
  • 90.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫أﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮب‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ٣ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻳﺎم‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 89 Sherif Saber ‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻮك‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ٢٨ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ‫ﺑــﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎول‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ‬
  • 91.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺪران‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎت‬ ( ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 90 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻄﻮح‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫إﻋﻄﺎء‬  ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫إن‬  ‫ﻓﺎﺗﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮن‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬  ‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻣﻠﺲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫أﻋﻄﺎء‬  ‫واﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ‬
  • 92.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 91 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫وﺣــﺴـــﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﻼﺋــــﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠــﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫زﻳــﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗــﻄــﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣــﺜﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻷﻏـــﺮاض‬ ‫ﻛـﺎن‬ ‫ﻓــﺈذا‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻄــﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨـﻬــﺎﺋـﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺬرة‬ ‫زﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟــــﺪﻫــﺎن‬ ‫ﻫــــﺬا‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨــــﺪم‬ ،‫اﻟﺰﻧــﻚ‬ ‫اﻛــﺴـــﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻤــﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺠـــﺪران‬ ‫ودﻫـــﺎن‬ ‫واﻷﺳﻤﻨﺘــﻴـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳـﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻄﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸـــﺐ‬ ‫ﻟــــﻄﻼء‬  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳـــﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫وﻛــﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫اﻟﺠﻔــــﺎف‬ ‫وﺳـــﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎوم‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻮان‬ ‫وﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨـــﺪم‬ .
  • 93.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 92 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻟــــﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺜﺒﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺘﺎز‬ ،‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻛــﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧـــــﺎت‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜــــﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﻬـ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻫــﻦ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ـــﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬ ‫واﻵﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻼء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜــﻞ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮزﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮزﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫وأﻫﻢ‬ ،‫اﻷﺧﺸﺎب‬ ‫ﻃﻼء‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ : ١ - ‫اﻟﻮرﻧﻴﺶ‬ ٢ - ‫اﻟﻼﻛﺮ‬  ‫ﺟﻴﻢ‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ٦ ‫ﻃﺒﻘـﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜـﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻫﺎن‬ ‫وﻫﺬا‬ ،‫اﻟﺴﻄـــﻮح‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌـــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـــﺘﺰج‬ ‫وأﺻﺒﺎغ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﻳﺞ‬ ‫وﻫﻮ‬ ) ‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ،‫ﺳـﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ (
  • 94.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬‫اﻷدوار‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺿﺮب‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 93 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺿﺮب‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫أﺗﺠﺎة‬ ( ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮط‬ c.g ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ c.g ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬
  • 95.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮ‬‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 94 Sherif Saber
  • 96.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 95 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻟﻶﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎوره‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻗﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ‬ :  ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .  ‫وﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺰوم‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﻴﺎت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻬـــــــﺪﻳﺮ‬ .  ‫ﺣـ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوره‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻬــﺎدات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺳﻴــﺦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺮض‬ ‫ﻋــﺪم‬ ‫ـﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫واﻧﺒﻌﺎج‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﻪ‬ .  ‫ﻋــــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻــــﻼت‬ ‫اﻣــــﺎﻛـــﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪروﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛــــﺎﺋﺰ‬ ) ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬ (
  • 97.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺮة‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 96 Sherif Saber  ‫ال‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬ ‫اﻣﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ١ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻮر‬ ٣١ ‫اﻵﺗﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ :  ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ .  ‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫اﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫اﻻﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮض‬ ‫رﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﻠﺒﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻼب‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ) ‫ﺑﻘﻴ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ .(
  • 98.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 97 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ) Development Length ( ‫داﺧــــــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻹﻣﺘﺪاد‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘـــــــﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻟــﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟـــﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄــــﺎع‬ ‫إﻧـــﺰﻻق‬ ‫او‬ ‫إﻧـــﻔﺼـــﺎل‬ ‫ﺣــﺪوث‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟــﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴــﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳــﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫وﻳﻘﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫وذﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ﺿــﻐـﻂ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫إﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــﺮﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫رﺑــﺎط‬ ‫وﺻـــﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﺢ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋـــــــﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ) ‫أﻣﻠﺲ‬ – ‫ﻧﺘﻮءات‬ ‫ذو‬ ( ، ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ) ‫ﺟﻨﺶ‬ – ‫ﻋﺪل‬ ( ، ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫رﺗﺒﺔ‬ .
  • 99.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber98 Sherif Saber 𝛼𝛼 𝛽𝛽𝜂𝜂 (𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠) 4 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑢𝑢 𝐿𝐿𝑑𝑑= .𝜙𝜙 ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻹﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺴﺐ‬ :  ‫أن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫إﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮف‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺎوي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ١٫٣٠ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻰ‬ ٣٠٠ ‫ﻳﺴﺎوي‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ١ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ 𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃𝒖𝒖 𝝓𝝓 𝜶𝜶 𝜷𝜷 𝜼𝜼
  • 100.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber99 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬  ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ) Splice Length ( ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘـــﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤـﺎن‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫وﺻﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺗﺼــﺎل‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫ﻃــﻮل‬ ‫أﻗــﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃـــﻮل‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻬـــــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﺳــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫وﺻﻠـﺎت‬ ‫ﻋــــﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ،‫ﺑﺄﻣﺎن‬ ‫أﻃﻮال‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪم‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫واﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫وﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻨﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻓــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳـــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫وﺻــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‬ ‫ﻣـــﻨﺎﻃـــﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻬــﺎدات‬ . ‫اﻟﻮﺻـــــﻼت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أﻛـــــــــــﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟـــﺘﺮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻــﻞ‬ ‫وﻳﻌـــﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ‬
  • 101.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber100 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳــــــﻴﺨــﻴﻦ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻣﺤــــﻮري‬ ‫ﺑــــﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴـــﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗــــــﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺸــــﺮط‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻼﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻼﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻠﻰ‬ ١٥٠ ‫ﻣﻢ‬ ‫أو‬ ٢٠ % ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻳﻬﻤــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ .( ‫ﻓـــــﻲ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳــــﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺰوم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸـــﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫وﺻــﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻃـــﻮل‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺧــــﺬ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮاﻛــــــﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎور‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎدل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻـــــﻼت‬ ‫ﺣــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ١٫٣ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻃــــﻮل‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ( ‫ﻋـﺰوم‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـــﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌــﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛـــﺒﺮ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺎوﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄـــﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣـــــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وﻳــﺸﺘﺮط‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗــــﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄــﺎع‬ ‫ﻫـﺬا‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤــﻨﺎء‬ ٥٠ % ‫اﻟﻘﻄـــــــــﺎع‬ ‫ﻫـــــﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺳــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﺴـــﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
  • 102.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber101 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬
  • 103.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber102 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺴﺘﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬  ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ) Anchorage Length ( ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺴﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫أﺳﻴﺎخ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑــﻌـــﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤــﺘﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠـﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺳـــﻴﺎخ‬ ‫ﻫــﺬه‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـــﺈن‬ ‫اﻟــﻘــﺺ‬ ‫ﻗــﻮى‬ ‫وﺗﺆﺧـــﺬ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘـــﺺ‬ ‫ﻗـﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠــﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‬ ‫إﺟﻬــﺎدات‬ ‫اﻗﺼــﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺮﺳﺎﻧـــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄـﺎع‬ ‫ﻋــﻤــﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ . ‫ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ٩٠ ‫او‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ١٥٠ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﻮب‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬
  • 104.
    ‫اﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫وﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 103 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺤــــﺐ‬ ‫ﺳــﻮف‬ ‫اﻟﺨـﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠـﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺷـــﺮه‬ ‫اﻟﺠــﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀــﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓــﻰ‬ ‫وﻣﺸـﺎﻛـــﻞ‬ ‫ﺷــــﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴـــﺒﺐ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـــــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑـــﻘــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴــﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔـﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤــﺎرة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣـــﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻨﺘــﻔــﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﺠـــﺒــــﺲ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻴــﺎه‬ ‫أﺿـــﺎﻓــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫وﺻــﻞ‬ ‫ﻟــﻮ‬ ‫ﻷﻧــﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤــــﺎرة‬ ‫وﻳﺸــﺮخ‬ .... ‫ﻳﻜــﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻣـــﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣــﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺨـــﺎر‬ ‫او‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻬـــﺎ‬ .
  • 105.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 104 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻻ‬ .  ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻻ‬  ‫اﻷﺳــﻮاق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬــﺎ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻮاد‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮاﻓــﺮ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫أﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫واﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫وﺷﻜﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ .  ‫أﺑﻌﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬ ‫وﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺒﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ .
  • 106.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎل‬‫أﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫وﺿﺢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 105 Sherif Saber
  • 107.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 106 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺸـــﺪ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣـــﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺿﻌـــﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨــﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺠــﺐ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘــﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺼـــــــــﻒ‬ ‫أﻧﻬــﻴﺎر‬ ‫أﻧﻬﻴــﺎرﻫﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻬــــﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜــﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜـﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻴـــــﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ .  ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼــــــﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺮات‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺪات‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧــــﻮع‬ ‫ﺣــــﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪات‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ .  ‫وﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸــﺄت‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫وأﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻲء‬ ‫ﺧــــــﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻜـــﻮن‬ .
  • 108.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 107 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﻧﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫أﺑﻌـــــﺎد‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﻟــﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﻬــــﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣﻘـــﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﻧﻈــﺮا‬ ‫ـﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﻮر‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺧﺬه‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ .  ‫اﻷﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫أرﺗﻔـــــﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫اﻟــﻮزن‬ ‫ﻟـــﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﻧﻈــــﺮا‬ ‫ﺸـﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰوم‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ‬ .
  • 109.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬‫واﻟﻄﻮب‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮب‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 108 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮب‬ - ‫اﻷﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺟﻮدﺗﻪ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌـــــﻪ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــﺮق‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫وﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺠـﻴﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‬  ‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮب‬ - ‫ﻛــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤــﻠﻪ‬ ‫وﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﻌــــــﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧﺘﻪ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ - ‫اﻟﺮدم‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
  • 110.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 109 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ١٢ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬ ٥٦ ‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ٢٥ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺢ‬ ٤٤٨ ‫ﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺧﺬ‬ ٥ ‫اﻟﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .
  • 111.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬‫وأﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫ورﺑﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮك‬ ‫رﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 110 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﻼك‬ ‫رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻷﺛﻨﻴﻦ‬  ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫رﺑﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة‬  ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﺮع‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻮك‬ ‫رﺑﺎط‬
  • 112.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 111 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺪا‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫أﺿﺮار‬  ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫أﺣﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
  • 113.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 112 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫واﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ .
  • 114.
    ‫واﻟﺴﺒﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬‫ﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫أﺣﺴﺐ‬ ٢٥ * ٧٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 113 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت‬  ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ = ٢٫٥ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ = ١٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮض‬ ) ‫ال‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺪى‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ٧٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ (  ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ = ‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻖ‬ x 2 + ‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض‬ x 2 + ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ 190 = 2 x 10 + 2 x 20 + 2 x 65 ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ =
  • 115.
    ‫اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 114 Sherif Saber  ‫أﺳﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻴﻜﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻓــﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــﻰ‬ ) ‫ﺣــﺮاري‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ، ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ( ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻼط‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺮﺟﻮري‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴــــﻮل‬ ‫ﺗــﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟــﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘـــﺎت‬ ‫ﻟـــﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ،‫ﻗــﺮاﻣﻴﺪ‬ ‫او‬ .
  • 116.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺘﺮ‬‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 115 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ) ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫وﺑﺮوز‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ( ‫ﺑــــــﺮوز‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻌـــﻮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓــــﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄــﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒــﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﺷــﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺎﻫـــــﺮة‬ ‫اﻻﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﺎﻛـﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴــﺆدي‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﺎﻛــﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺣــﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣــﻨﺎورة‬ ‫ﺑــﻴــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨـﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺻــﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ .
  • 117.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 116 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أ‬ - ‫ﺧﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ Bored Piles ‫ﺟــــﺰﺋــﻲ‬ ‫اﺧـــﺘﻼط‬ ‫ﻳﺘـــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺻــــﺐ‬ ‫ﺑـــﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋـــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔــــﺮ‬ ‫اﺛﻨــﺎء‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘــﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺨـــﻪ‬ ‫ﺗـﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫داﻓــــﻌـــــــﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻘــﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﺮﺳــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗـﺮﺗﻔــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺼـﺐ‬ ‫واﺛﻨــﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬــﺪف‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳـــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜــﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤــﺎن‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻋﻼﻫـــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧــﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤـﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫زﻳــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧــﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫وﺟــﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠـﺎﻧﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﻧﻀـــﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨـــﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺳﻄــﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﺮﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫وﺻـــﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠـــﻴﺘــﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤــﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻟﺜــﺎﻧﻴﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔــــﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻻﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫وان‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
  • 118.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 117 Sherif Saber ‫ب‬ - ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔـــﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠـﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﺷــــﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳــﻴــﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨــﺴـــﻮب‬ ( ‫ﺑــﻴــﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺷﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪات‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ .
  • 119.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﻄ‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺒﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺤﺔ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 118 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻤﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎرة‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺒﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ١٠ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ١٠ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎم‬ ‫وﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
  • 120.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻣﺎﻃﺔ‬‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 119 Sherif Saber ‫ﻋﻠــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻣﻼح‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺻﺪأ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫وازاﻟﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫وﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﻔﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻣﺎﻃﻪ‬ ‫اﻣـــــﺮار‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺻــﺎروخ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑــﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘــﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻔﺮه‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋــﻢ‬ ‫ورﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺷــﺤﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻣﺎﻃﻪ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـﻢ‬  ‫ﺑﻴﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻣﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ – ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬ – ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫وﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫واﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ .  ‫ﺣﻤﺮاء‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻣﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ – ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺎس‬ – ‫اﻟﺪوران‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺷﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻣﺮارﻫﺎ‬ .  ‫ﺳﻮداء‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻣﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻣﺮارﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ‬ .
  • 121.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 120 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻛﺮﺑـــﻮﻧــﺎت‬ ‫وﺟــــﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟــﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫وﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪأ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛــﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠــﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻮي‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻜــﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــــﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ‫أﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻔــﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ــﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻌﻤﻞ‬ gel ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺪﻫﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳــــﺆدي‬ .
  • 122.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬‫اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬ ‫أﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮض‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 121 Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟـﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮام‬ ( ‫ﻗﺪر‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨــﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫دل‬ ‫ﺟــﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﻄـــﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋـــﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳـﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜــﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻬــﺎ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐــﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻲ‬
  • 123.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫وأﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 122 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ٥ ‫درﺟﺔ‬  ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﺼﻲ‬ ٣٧ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ٣٧ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬  ‫ﺻﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
  • 124.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬‫أم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎرد‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 123 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫وأﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫وأﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ .  ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﺮذاذ‬ ‫رﺷﻪ‬ ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘﺺ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻛﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻼت‬ ‫اﺿﻊ‬ .  ‫ﻣﻈﻼ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻃﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺪة‬ ‫ارش‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ت‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ .  ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪء‬ .  ‫اﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺺ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺎه‬ .
  • 125.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ٧ ‫وﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫أﻳﺎم‬ ٢٨ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 124 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺮ‬ ٧ ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫أﻳﺎم‬ ٧٥ % ‫ﻗﻠــــــــﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﻗﻮة‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ٧٥ % ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .  ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٢٨ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻗﺼﻲ‬ ‫ول‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ) ٩٥ % - ١٠٠ . ( %  ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ٢٨ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪا‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ٢٨ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‬ ١٠٠ % ‫وﻳﻈــﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ .
  • 126.
    ‫واﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 125 Sherif Saber  ‫واﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ .  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﺣﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ .  ‫اﻟﻬﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻫﺮوب‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻨﻊ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﻗﻮة‬ ‫اﻻﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺸﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ .
  • 127.
    ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫واﻷﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺣﻒ‬‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 126 Sherif Saber  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي‬  ‫ﺷﺮوخ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
  • 128.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه‬‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻷس‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 127 Sherif Saber ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮاوح‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ) ٠ – ١٤ ( ‫واﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ) ٠ – ٧ ( ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬  ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ) ٧ – ١٤ ( ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ) ٧٫٥ – ٨ ( ‫ﻟﻠﺸــﺮب‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻟــــﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬
  • 129.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟ‬‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 128 Sherif Saber ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫أرش‬ ‫اﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬ ٧ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻳﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺪة‬ ‫اﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــــــﻨـﺎك‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟـﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜــﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﻐــﻤﺮ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠــﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫واﻟﻌــﻴـــﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺟــــــﺪا‬ ‫ﺿﺨـــــــﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋــﻜــــــﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟـــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒـــﺔ‬ ‫ﺟــــﺪا‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﻄــــﺢ‬ ‫ﺟـﺪا‬ ‫ﺻﻐـﻴﺮ‬ ‫وزﻧﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻛـــﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﺿﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻن‬
  • 130.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 129 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻣــﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻚ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈــﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎوي‬ ‫او‬ ٢٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﺴﻤــﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎوي‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ٢٥ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬  ‫اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ / ‫اﻻﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬  ‫اﻟﻬﻮﻟﻮﺑﻠﻮك‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
  • 131.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎرة‬‫ﺑﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 130 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺮﻋــــﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧــــــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺴﻬﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤـــــﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟــﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﻮك‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ . ‫اﻟﻌـــﺎﻣــﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻄــــﺮ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗــــﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻓــــﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻠﻄﻪ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرج‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻷﺣﻀﺎر‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟـﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜـــﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣـﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴــﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜـــﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻔـﻮ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬــﻢ‬ ‫وﻳﻨﺘــﺞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤــﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻜــﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺿﻤـﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟــﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ‫أﻟﻤــﻮﻧﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣــﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻜـﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬
  • 132.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎرة‬‫ﺑﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 131 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎض‬ ‫وﺗﺸﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﺮخ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳـﺆدي‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻄـﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺠـﻤﻴﻪ‬ ‫زﻳــﺎدة‬ ‫ﺑﺤـﺪوث‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤــﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ) ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻮش‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎض‬ ( ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺔ‬ ‫وﺿـﻌﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺷـﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـﺪ‬  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫أﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺲ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬  ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻪ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮك‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬  ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎض‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻫﺰة‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳﺒﻴﻜﻮ‬ ‫زواﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
  • 133.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻮا‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫ء‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 132 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬  ‫اﻟﺤﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬  ‫اﻟﺒﺎردة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺻﻲ‬  ‫ال‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺮع‬ Hydration  Early Strength Development  Accelerating Agent
  • 134.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 133 Sherif Saber ‫ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫أﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ " ‫واﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ‬ " ‫اﻷﺳﻤـــﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪاﻣﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم‬ . ‫ﻟﻠﻜـــــﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻘــﺎوم‬ ‫اﺳــﻤﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨـﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛــﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻛـــﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠـــﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛـــــﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮرﻳــــﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﻜــــــﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟـــﺪت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻟﻜــﻦ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓـﻴـــﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٧ ‫ل‬ ١٠ ‫ﻣــــــﻦ‬ ٪ ‫ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠــﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌـــــﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺗﻼﻧﺪي‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤـــﻨﺖ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳــﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻀﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪئ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻗﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺰل‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟــﻮب‬
  • 135.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫أﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻼل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 134 Sherif Saber ‫ﺧـﺎﻣﺪان‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮا‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻋــﺪم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄــﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﻜـــﻤﻦ‬ ‫وﻟــﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻟــﻮرﻳﺪات‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻜــﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻠــﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ـﻘـــﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺴــــﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌــــﺬب‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤــﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻟــﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺴﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـــﻮن‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻃـﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻗــﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻫــــﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤــــــﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤـﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠــﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘـﻮي‬ ‫ﻗــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻪ‬ ‫وﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮرد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬
  • 136.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 135 Sherif Saber  ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺧــــﻼل‬ ‫ﻣـــــﻦ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜـﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘــﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓــﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻐــﺮض‬ ‫اﺳــﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋــﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋــﻦ‬ ‫ﻋــﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴــﺎت‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ـﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ . ‫ﻋـــﻤـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻗـــﺒﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤــــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋــــﻤــﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌـــﺪ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺮة‬ ‫ﻣــﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸـــﺮوع‬ ‫ﻓــﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤــــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤــــﻤـــﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸﺎري‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـــﻌــﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘـﺎوﻻت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛــﺔ‬ ‫ﺧــﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮة‬ ‫أﻣــﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛــﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻐــﺮض‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴــﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫أﻋﻤــﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺪء‬ ‫وﻗـﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﺎﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻼم‬ ‫اﻟــ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻛـــﻴﺪﻳــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠـــﺴـــﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫إﺧﺘــــﻼف‬ ‫أي‬ ‫وﺟـــﻮد‬ ‫ﺣــــﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮاﻗـــﻊ‬ ‫وﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸﺎري‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ـﺠﺴ‬ ‫ـــﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺸــﺮوع‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸﺎري‬ ‫إل‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻮع‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎدﻳﺔ‬ .
  • 137.
    ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ©Eng. Sherif Saber 136 Sherif Saber ‫ﻣـــﻦ‬ ‫ﺣـــــﻮاﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜـــﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫رأﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸـﺮوع‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﺧــﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻔــﺮ‬ ‫إﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤـﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـــﺎت‬ ١٠ ‫إل‬ ١٥ ،‫ﺳــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨــﺮاج‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜــﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴــﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻔـﺮ‬ ‫ﻣـــﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨــﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ١ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤـــﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘـــﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸــــﺮوع‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸﺎري‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤـﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤــﺪﻳﺪ‬ ١٠ ‫وﻓﻘــــﺎ‬ ‫م‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑـــ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺸــــﺎري‬ ‫ﻳـــﻘـــﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗــــﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮذة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘــﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻜـــﻮد‬ ‫ﻹﺷﺘﺮاﻃـــﺎت‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ .(  ‫ﻳﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﺤﺪد‬ : • ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺧﻮاﺻﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ • ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬ . • ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ .
  • 138.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber137 Sherif Saber • ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺰم‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ . • ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ . • ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أم‬ ‫إﺣﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ . • ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ .  ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ) ‫واﻟﺰﻟﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬ :( ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق‬ ‫إﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺰﻟـﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣـﻠﻴﺔ‬ ) ( ‫ﻻﺧـــﺘﺮاق‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣـــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ٣٠ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ( ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜــــﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺆﺷﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳــﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺧـﺘﺮاق‬ ‫رﻗــــﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫واﻹﻧﻀﻐﺎط‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘـﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫و‬ . ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬
  • 139.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber138 Sherif Saber  ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ) ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ :( ‫دﻛﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑـــﻌـــﺪم‬ ‫واﻟﺤــــﺬر‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻄـﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻮرا‬ ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﺘـﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌــﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗــﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﺲ‬ ‫إدﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ .  ‫اﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ : ‫ﻛـــﻞ‬ ‫ﻓـــﻲ‬ ‫وﻫﻜــﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫وأﺧﺮاج‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬ ‫ﺑــﻤﻴﺰان‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗــﻮف‬ ‫وﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟـﻤﺎﻛﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐــﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬــــﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻜــــﺘﻮب‬ ‫ورﻗــــﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـــﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﻠﺼــــﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮل‬ ‫ﻃـﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﻛـــﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌـﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﺆﺧـﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ورﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬
  • 140.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber139 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬  ‫وﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ : • ‫ﻣﺴﻄــﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟــﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤــﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ٣٠٠ ‫م‬ ٢ ‫ﻣــــﺸـــﺮوع‬ ‫ﻷي‬ ‫اﻷﺣـــﻮال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣـﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺄي‬ ‫اﻟﺠـﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋــﺪد‬ ‫ﻳﻘـﻞ‬ ‫أﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸــﺮوع‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮد‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎت‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺴـﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ . • ‫وﻛــﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘـــــﻘــﺎرﺑﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋـﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗـﻢ‬ ‫ﻟــﻮ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴــﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻔــﺮ‬ ‫ﻧـــﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻤـﺎﺛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫أﺧﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻠﺰم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ‬ . • ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ . • ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺳﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ . • ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫أﻳﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫أﺿﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أﻣﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫أﻏﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .
  • 141.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber140 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬  ‫وﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ : • ‫ﻟﻌﻤــﻖ‬ ‫اﻟــﻨﺰول‬ ‫اﻟﺠــﺴﺎت‬ ‫أﺧـﺬ‬ ‫ﻋــﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤــﻌﺘﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ١٠ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣـــﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛـــﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤــــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴـــﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫أﻣــﺘﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ٤٠ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴـــﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاق‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴــﺎوي‬ ٥ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫وأن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﻗﻄـــﺮ‬ ‫ﻣـﺮات‬ ١٠ ‫إﺳﺘﺸــﺎرى‬ ‫ﻳﺮاه‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎزوق‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ . • ‫ا‬ ‫إﻟــﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻀــﻮﻳـــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴـــﻔــﺔ‬ ‫اﻟـــﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬ ‫وﻃﺒﻘــﺎت‬ ‫ﻛــﺎﻟﺮدﻣﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻏــﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻤــﻴﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴـــﺎت‬ ‫ﺗــﺨﺘﺮق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻻﺑــﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒ‬ ‫ﻘــﺎت‬ ‫ﻋــــــﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺪاد‬ ‫ﻳﻠــﺰم‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﻔــﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻤﻴﻜـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺠـــــﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺟﻬﺎدات‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘـــﺎت‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬
  • 142.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber141 Sherif Saber ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮا‬ ‫ﺿﺮرا‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫ﺗﻤـــــــﺪد‬ ‫ﻓــــﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺼـــﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟـــﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫زﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘــﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺑﺴــﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺸﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠـــﻘـ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴـــﻤــﺔ‬ ‫ﺣــــﺴــﺎب‬ ‫وﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫زﻟﺰاﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻔـــــﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻳﺠــــﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎدم‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤــﻮع‬ ‫ــﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫أﻣــــﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻌـــﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺣـــﺮﻛـﺔ‬ ٥٠ % ‫اﻟﺘﻤــﺪد‬ ‫ﻓــﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻐــــﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫او‬ .
  • 143.
    ©Eng. Sherif Saber142 Sherif Saber ‫اﻟﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﻋﻴﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰات‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫أﺷﺮاف‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮاﻋﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺻﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت‬ ‫أﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪات‬ ‫ودﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
  • 144.
    Like Our Page Facebook@ United for Engineering Services & Training Your Way To Success United Sherif Saber