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1. STATE AND NON-STATE
INSTITUTIONS

2. A. Department of Education (DepEd)
B. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
C. Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA)
D. Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
E. Department of Health (DOH)
F. Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
G. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

3. Any state in the world formulates its
own government agency to achieve the needs
of its people.
However, in most democratic society, the
state government allows business
individuals, corporations, and non-profit
organizations to deliver goods and services
for the citizens (De Leon 2008).

4. • A country can be associated with how a family functions;
there are authoritarian parents who determine the future
of their children. Meanwhile, there are lenient parents
who allow their children to grow with minimum
restrictions.
• In general, parents must do necessary actions to feed the
family, provide proper clothing, send children to school,
give a decent shelter, give medicine in times of sickness,
and save some budget or resources in case of emergency.

5. • On the contrary, family remains as a family no matter how
imperfect they are. They must help one another as a unit or an
entity to avoid problems as much as possible. They must
utilize all resources to make possibilities to happen.
• Meanwhile, children play a vital role in the family by being
responsible and sensitive individuals who do their own share,
like turning off the lights or other appliances when not in use,
do some households chores, or apply for scholarship, for an
instance, to ease the burden of tuition fees, and the likes.
(Halili-Jao 2018)

6. • The government is at its best in providing the
necessity of its people by allocating all its
resources to meet the demands of its citizenry.
• However, like an ordinary family, no matter
how the government work to make both ends
meet, there is always some issues that needs
to be worked upon (Panopio 1995).

7. • On the other hand, non-state institutions are created to
back up the government in filling in the gap between
the state and its people. In order to achieve their
mission, non-state institutions produce results that uplift
the condition of the people in general.
• Banks, corporations, trade unions, cooperatives,
development agencies, civil organizations and
transnational advocacy group are created to lift the
condition of all sectors of the society (Baleña 2016).

8. INSTITUTIONS
• There are different models of social institutions used in
different countries nowadays, most of which are
inspired by the long history of their country while others
are influenced by other nations. There are two major
types of state or social institutions (Panopio 1995):
1.COMMUNIST, based on command economy;
2.DEMOCRACY, based on capitalist economy

9. • Most communist countries, like the former Union of Soviet
Socialist Republic (USSR), and North Korea, are governed by
their respective governments alone. They do not allow private
companies or individuals to do business in their land; thus, the
people have no opportunity to choose because the government
decide what is best for their own citizens (Panopio 1995).
• However, democracy is a kind of government based on
capitalism where the government provides the major industries
but allows private entities or individuals to produce goods and
services for the people; thus, citizens are given much freedom to
choose for themselves (Panopio 1995).

10. • At the time of the initial development of the modern human
rights system, States were the dominant actors in the
international arena.
• A STATE is an organized political community acting under a
government and united by common set of laws. It uses
absolute power in directing the path of a society. It also uses
complete political coerciveness, which may come in the form of
armed forces personnel, stricter laws, and rigid government
policies in order to attain its societal goals and objectives.

11. • The concept of the state is different from the concept of
government. A government is the particular group of people
that controls the state at a given time. In other words,
governments are the means through which the state power us
employed like applying the rule of law.
• The concept of the state is also different from the concept of a
nation, which refers to a large geographical area and the
people therein who perceives themselves as having a common
identity. The state is a political geopolitical entity; the nation is a
cultural or ethnic entity.

12. • As a state, it consists of actors with varying interests and
assertions, social rules are implemented in the forms of
laws. These laws are created to manage the interaction
among individuals and between the individuals and the
state.
• As a citizen of a country, an individual is subjected to the
legal norms in the territory. These norms may include
paying taxes, rendering military services, and
contributing to the political life in the society.

13. • The State intends to be a strong actor in the
performance of the three important political functions.
The state, in full form,
1. maintains control over violence in its domain
2. allocates resources and rewards at its discretion, and
3. stands as the major focus of identity for the large
majority of the people under its authority.

14. Elements of the States
1. Population It is the people who make the state. Population is essential
for the state. Without population there can be no State.
2. Territory There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need
territory to live and organize themselves socially and politically. It may
be remembered that the territory of the states includes land, water and
airspace.
3. Government It is the organization or machinery or agency of the State
which makes, implements, enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the
state.
4. Sovereignty It is the most exclusive elements of State. Without
sovereignty no state can exist. State has the exclusive title and
prerogative to exercise supreme power over all its people and
territory. It is the basis which the State regulates all aspects of the life
of the people living in its territory.

15. • Forms of States
States come in a variety of forms that vary on who holds power, how positions
of leadership are obtained, and how authority is maintained. These are:
I. Authoritarian Government
Authoritarian governments differ in who holds power and in how control they
assume over those who govern. An example of this type is Monarchy.
a. Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is absolutely
lodged with an individual, who is the head of the state, often for life or until
abdication.
b. Totalitarianism is a political system that strives to regulate nearly every aspect
of public and private life. It theoretically permits no individual freedom and that
seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the state.

16. II. Oligarchic Government
An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively
rests with a small-elite segment of society distinguished by royalty,
wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony. An oligarchy does not
have one clear ruler, but several powerful people who rule. One
common example is theocracy.
a. Theocracy is a government by divine guidance or by official who
are regarded as divinely guided. Leaders are members of the
clergy, and the state’s legal system is based on religious law.
Contemporary examples of theocracies include Saudi Arabia, Iran,
and the Vatican.

17. III. Democratic Government
Democracy is a form of government in which the right
to governs is held by the majority of citizens within a
country or a state. The two principles of democracy are that
all citizens have equal access to power and that all citizens
enjoy universally recognized freedoms and liberties.
People can either become country leaders through
electoral process or elect leaders who represent the core
values and beliefs.

18. Roles of the States
1. State provides security against external aggressions and war. For this purpose, the
state maintains an army.
2. State ensures security against internal disturbances disorders and crimes. For this
purpose, the state maintains police.
3. State legally grants and guarantees the rights of the people.
4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage.
5. State undertakes steps for the creation of necessary conditions for the socio-
economic-politico-cultural development of the people.
6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests and rights.
7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and economic relations.
8. State secures the goals of national interest in international relations.

19. NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS are people and/ or
organization that participate in international affairs and
relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation.
These nonstate institutions include the following:
bank and corporations, cooperatives and trade unions,
transnational advocacy groups, and development
agencies and international organizations. These nonstate
institutions are equally capable of influencing policy
formation and implementation.

20. 1. Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide several financial services to
different types of customers. Banks are in operation mainly for their deposits and
lending functions.

21. 2. Corporation is a form of business operation that
declares the business as a separate entity guided by a
group of officers known as the Board of Directors.
They were created by individuals, stockholders or
shareholders, with the purpose of operating for profit.
They have all legal rights of an individual, except for the
right to vote and certain limitations. They are given the
right to exist by the state that issues their charter.

22. •Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are business
organization that extends ownership, management,
production, and sales activities into several or more
countries. MNCs that are already exist in the Philippines:

23. 3. Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled and run by
and for their members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural
needs and aspirations. Cooperatives are businesses governed on the
principle of one member, one vote. There are several common types of co-
ops, including cooperatives owned and operated by:
a. The people working there (worker cooperatives);
b. The people buying the co-op’s goods or services (consumer cooperatives)
c. The people collaborating to process and market their products (producer
cooperatives); and
d. Groups uniting to enhance their purchasing power (purchasing
cooperatives)

24. 4. Trade Unions/Labor Unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that
work for common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay,
good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of workers
and provide a link between the management and workers.
5. Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an increasingly important role in
international and regional politics and have contributed to changing policies of multilateral
organizations and states. They are particularly visible in contentious areas as human rights,
environmental issues, international peace, and women’s rights.
6. Development Agencies have been established to develop the cooperation between the
public sector, private sector, and civil society. These are organizations with specific aims and
goals. The common denominator among these organizations is the term development. These
agencies concentrate on the growth, progression, and advancement of specific concerns,
which can be infrastructure or social institutions.

25. Interrelationship of Government and Non-state Institutions
Government rules society.
This reflects how powerful government institution can be. If
nonstate institutions interfere with the governing body, two
possible things can happen:
1.Integration among these two institutions may take place to
achieve precise solution towards development
2.Conflict and tension may also arise because one could
exceed the other in terms of societal control and influences
(Penninx, 2013)