Python Fundamentals

Python Fundamentals
Sherif Rasmy
• Python Core Language
• Python Object Oriented Programming
• Python Functional Programming
Python Snippets Series

Contents
Sherif Rasmy 2Python Fundamentals - Overview
• Python Core Language
• Python Object Oriented Programming
• Python Functional Programming
o Data Types: Objects, Numbers, String, Datetime, Bool, None
o Data Structures: Lists, Dictionaries, Sets, Composites, Memory Model, BigO
o Language: Functions, Exceptions, Statements
o Standard Libraries: Files, sys and os, csv, json, math, statistics
o Software Architecture, Object Orientated Design Principles, Classes,
Inheritance, Composition, Dunder Methods
o Functional Design Principles, Higher-Order Functions, Sorting, Filtering,
Mapping, Reducing, Iterators, Generators, Closures, Decorators, Recursion

Python Fundamentals
Sherif Rasmy
Core Data Types
Objects, Numbers, String, Datetime, Bool, None

Objects
Sherif Rasmy 2Python Fundamentals – Core Data Types

Objects

Numbers

String

String
ASCII Codes
http://www.asciitable.com/

Datetime

Boolean

None

Python Fundamentals
Sherif Rasmy
Core Data Structures
Lists, Dictionaries, Sets, Composites, Memory Model, BigO

Lists
Sherif Rasmy 2Python Fundamentals – Core Data Structures

Lists

Dictionaries

Sets

Composites

Memory Model

Big O Notation
Sherif Rasmy 32Python Misc. Topics
https://www.bigocheatsheet.com/

Big O Notation

Python Fundamentals
Sherif Rasmy
Core Language
Functions, Exceptions, Statements

Functions
Sherif Rasmy 2Python Fundamentals – Core Language

Functions

Exceptions

Exceptions
https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html

Exceptions

Statements

Python Fundamentals
Sherif Rasmy
Core Standard Libraries
Files, sys & os, csv, json, math, statistics

Files
Sherif Rasmy 2Python Fundamentals – Core Standard Libraries

Files

sys and os

csv

json

The json Module

The math Module

statistics

Setting Up Projects in PyCharm & Running from Command Prompt

Sherif Rasmy
Object Orientated Design Principles, Classes, Inheritance, Composition, Dunder Methods
Python Fundamentals
Object Oriented Programming

Software Architecture
• Software architecture describes a system through its architectural
elements. Elements description may include:
✓ The elements structure and behavior
✓ The design principles elements emphasize, and
✓ The qualities elements realize into the architecture.
• Architectural elements can be classified into:
✓ Data elements that contain information, and
✓ Processing elements that operate on data elements
• Processing elements can be classified further according to the nature
of their processing into components and connectors:
✓ Components encapsulate application logic that transforms/alters data. Business
objects are typical examples of components
✓ Connectors encapsulate logic that formats and routes data between
components and other connectors; they do not alter the data . Decorators,
proxies, adapters, and data access objects are examples of connectors
Sherif Rasmy 2Python Fundamentals - Object Oriented Programming
• The structure of elements refers to their interfaces, compositions, and relationships.
• The behavior of elements refers to their communication, interaction, control flow, exchange of messages, and state changes over time.
• Design principles refer to guidelines that elements seek to emphasize by imposing constraints on their structure and behavior.
• Architecture qualities refer to those properties, goals, non-functional attributes, and service level objectives collectively realized by the
final structure and behavior of all architectural elements

Object Oriented Design Principles
Abstraction – refers to identifying concepts within a domain as objects. Abstraction can be viewed as the activity of defining at an abstract level the essential
characteristics of objects that distinguish them from other objects, as well as providing crisp conceptual boundaries between them
• Object Oriented Design Principles
Refer to guidelines that objects seek to emphasize by imposing constraints on their structure and behavior in order to realize
desired architecture qualities. The key OOP design principles include:
Encapsulation – refers to compartmentalizing the characteristics of abstractions at a more comprehensive level. Encapsulation can be viewed as the activity of
uncovering more details regarding the information and behavior of the objects, as well as defining each objects’ interface, roles and responsibilities.
• Object Orientated Architecture
Refers to an architecture that realizes its elements through objects. Objects are used to construct both data and processing elements
Hierarchy – refers to the ranking or ordering of abstractions. Hierarchy can be viewed as the activity of defining the relationships and dependencies between
objects. The key types of relationships in OO includes Inheritance (IS-A relationship), Composition (HAS-A relationship) and Association (USES relationship)
Polymorphism – refers to the ability of objects to respond differently when receiving the same message (method call). Polymorphism allows for creating
generalized objects that share common features but allow specialized objects to respond differently because of their unique characteristics. In OO, Polymorphism
is achieved through method and operator overloading as well as method overriding which is facilitated through Inheritance
Modularity – refers to organizing architectural elements into as a set of cohesive, loosely coupled objects, modules and packages It should be noted that
Modularity is a common principle that is not specific to OO.
• Object Oriented Architecture Qualities
Refer to those properties, goals, non-functional attributes collectively realized through the structure and behavior of the objects. The key
qualities OO seek to emphasize include: Extensibility, Reusability, Robustness, Maintainability, Learnability, and Testability

Object Oriented Design Principles
Customer Relationship
Abstraction – Encapsulation – Hierarchy – Polymorphism – Modularity
Order Management Geometry

Classes

Inheritance

Composition

Dunders

Sherif Rasmy
Functional Design Principles, Higher-Order Functions, Sorting, Filtering,
Mapping, Reducing, Iterators, Generators, Closures, Decorators, Recursion
Python Fundamentals
Functional Programming

• Software architecture describes a system through its architectural
elements. Elements description may include:
✓ The elements structure and behavior
✓ The design principles elements emphasize, and
✓ The qualities elements realize into the architecture.
• Architectural elements can be classified into:
✓ Data elements that contain information, and
✓ Processing elements that operate on data elements
• Processing elements can be classified further according to the nature
of their processing into components and connectors:
✓ Components encapsulate application logic that transforms/alters data. Business
objects are typical examples of components
✓ Connectors encapsulate logic that formats and routes data between
components and other connectors; they do not alter the data . Decorators,
proxies, adapters, and data access objects are examples of connectors
Sherif Rasmy 2Python Functional Programming
• The structure of elements refers to their interfaces, compositions, and relationships.
• The behavior of elements refers to their communication, interaction, control flow, exchange of messages, and state changes over time.
• Design principles refer to guidelines that elements seek to emphasize by imposing constraints on their structure and behavior.
• Architecture qualities refer to those properties, goals, non-functional attributes, and service level objectives collectively realized by the
final structure and behavior of all architectural elements

Functional Programming Design Principles
Higher Order Functions – requires functions to have the capability of being assigned to variables and passed as arguments to other functions.
• Functional Programming Design Principles refer to guidelines that functions seek to emphasize by imposing constraints on their
structure and behavior in order to realize desired architecture qualities. The key Functional Programming design principles
include:
Purity or Side-Effect-Free – requires functions not to modify data elements outside of its scope. A function that modifies the state (value) of an argument passed to
it, or any global variable, or even write to an external resource like a file/database is considered not pure.
• Functional Oriented Architecture refers to an architecture that realizes its processing elements through functions.
Referential Transparency – requires functions to accept at least one argument and return a value provided that returned value be the same when the function is
re-called with the same argument(s). A function that reads data from global variables/resource or calls a non-functional function is considered to be not
referentially transparency.
Misc. – Functional functions should always return the same type, return no nulls, and not throw exceptions
• Functional Programming Architecture Qualities refer to those properties, goals, non-functional attributes, collectively realized through the
structure and behavior of functions. The key qualities FP seeks to emphasize include: Performance, Reusability, Predictability, Testability
• Functional Programming Motivation Side-Effect free functions are easier to understand and to predict their behavior. Side-Effect free
functions also facilitate using multi-core parallelism without using locking., because functions no longer interfere with each other. Referential
transparency facilitates save-instead-of-recompute optimization for expensive long-lived operations; this falls under memorization or caching

Higher Order Functions

Python map() Function

Python reduce() Function

Python filter() Function

Python sorted() Function

Iterators

Generators

Closures

Decorators

Recursion

Python Fundamentals

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