Pyruvate is a molecule produced during glucose breakdown that plays an important role in energy production. It can enter the mitochondria where it is further broken down and converted to acetyl-CoA to be used in the Krebs cycle. Supplementing with pyruvate may help with weight loss by increasing metabolism and fat burning, though more research is needed. Pyruvate supplements are generally well-tolerated but can cause side effects like diarrhea or nausea in some individuals.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Pyruvic acid or Pyruvate glycolic molecule is
found in all living cells. It is neither an acid
nor a base but the intermediary between
the two.
In other words, it can consider a highly
useful and effective antioxidant. Its presence
in cellular tissues has many functions,
benefits, and effects on the body.
The name pyruvate could derive from two
Greek words: pyr (fire) and ovate (acid).
What is pyruvate?
Pyruvate is an organic compound, which is
also known as alpha-ketoglutarate and 2-
oxopropanoic acid. It has a molecular
formula of C3H4O3 and has a boiling
point of 123.2±0.2°C under normal
pressure.
3. Pyruvate is a key intermediate in glycolysis,
the process by which glucose breaks down
into ATP (the energy currency of a cell).
Pyruvate can undergo several derivations to
form other important molecules needed by
the body.
What is pyruvate in biological terms?
Pyruvate biology is the study of the chemical
compound pyruvate and its role in the
body.
Pyruvate is an intermediate metabolite of
glycolysis, which is the process by which
cells break down glucose for energy.
It can also be used as a precursor for
biosynthesis in anaerobic metabolism.
What is the main function of pyruvate?
4. Pyruvate is an important metabolic
intermediate in the glycolytic pathway. It
three-carbon compound produces from
glucose by the enzyme pyruvate
dehydrogenase. Pyruvate is oxidized by
another enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, to
form lactic acid and CO2.
What produces pyruvate?
Pyruvate produces when glucose or other
carbohydrates metabolize by glycolysis,
which occurs during aerobic respiration.
When you exercise, your muscles use stored
glycogen as fuel, and this process produces
pyruvate.
It can then enter the mitochondria to be
converted into acetyl-CoA (acetyl-coenzyme
A), which is then utilized in the Krebs cycle.
5. In addition to being part of this process,
pyruvate also plays a role in amino acid
biosynthesis: it can be converted into
alanine by transamination, which uses -
α
ketoglutarate as a substrate.
How does pyruvate work?
Pyruvate is a substance that produces by the
body during the breakdown of glucose.
Pyruvate is used to produce energy in the
mitochondria, which are tiny organelles that
exist within cells.
It can also convert into other substances
that use various biological processes.
Pyruvate is an important part of the Krebs
cycle, or citric acid cycle, which occurs in
the mitochondria.
6. The Krebs cycle is an important part of
aerobic respiration. Which produces ATP
(adenosine triphosphate), which provides
energy for all living things.
Is pyruvate a lactic acid?
The short answer is no. Pyruvate is a three-
carbon molecule that produces during
glycolysis, the second step of cellular
respiration.
Lactic acid is a two-carbon molecule that’s
produced during anaerobic respiration and
can be found in the body as well as in
foods like yogurt and sauerkraut.
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis,
which means it does not directly involve
producing energy through cellular
respiration.
7. Instead, pyruvate use makes glucose
molecules from amino acids via
gluconeogenesis (the third step of cellular
respiration).
Glucose molecules can use directly by cells
(for example, muscle cells) or convert
glycogen for storage.
Is pyruvate good for weight loss?
Pyruvate is most commonly associated with
weight loss and metabolism, but it also has
other uses.
As an energy source, pyruvate is a
byproduct of glucose metabolism. It
produces when glucose breaks down into
lactic acid, which then breaks down further
into carbon dioxide and water.
8. Pyruvate some benefits on weight loss when
taken supplements form.
However, there are no studies on how much
pyruvate would need to take before it would
have an effect on weight loss.
Therefore, it may not be possible to
determine how effective pyruvate really is at
helping people lose weight. More research
does its effects on humans over long
periods of time (and with different doses).
What time of day should I take pyruvate for
weight loss?
You should take pyruvate at any time of day
since it is a supplement that your body can
use to enhance its own ability to produce
energy.
9. The only thing you need to consider is that
if you take it too close to bedtime, it can
cause insomnia due to the increased energy
levels it produces.
What foods are high in pyruvate?
Pyruvate is a molecule that produces during
the process of glycolysis, which is the
breakdown of glucose.
That pyruvate can use by the body to
produce energy or to convert into another
compound called lactate.
Pyruvate is found in many foods, including
fruits and vegetables.
-Beans
-Vegetables
11. When you add pyruvate to your diet, it can
help you lose weight by increasing your
body’s ability to burn fat.
Pyruvate is a substance that produces by the
liver and kidneys when carbohydrates
break down.
It then travels through the bloodstream to
cells throughout the body, where it helps
convert fat into energy and helps maintain
healthy blood sugar levels.
In addition, pyruvate has been shown to
increase insulin sensitivity and decrease
appetite, which can help people lose weight
(1).
How to use calcium pyruvate for weight
loss?
12. Calcium pyruvate is a supplement that can
help you lose weight. It works by increasing
your metabolism and helping you burn fat,
and it’s also been shown to reduce appetite
(Source).
To use calcium pyruvate for weight loss,
take 1-2 capsules or tablets before each
meal with 8 oz of water.
You can also take 1-2 capsules or tablets
twice daily on an empty stomach.
As a dietary supplement powder, take 1800
mg (3/8 tsp.) up to three times per day, or
as directed by a physician.
Why is pyruvate important in metabolism?
Pyruvate is an important intermediary in the
metabolism of glucose. When you break
13. down a molecule of glucose, your body
produces pyruvate molecules.
The purpose of these pyruvate molecules is
to get break down into acetyl coenzyme A
(acetyl CoA).
Acetyl CoA then gets used in reactions that
create energy in the form of ATP (Source).
Where does pyruvate metabolism occur?
Pyruvate metabolism occurs in the
mitochondria, which are small structures
that exist within your cells.
These structures contain thousands of
enzymes—these enzymes help to convert
food into energy and get rid of waste
products.
14. What is the product of pyruvate
metabolism?
Pyruvate is a product of glycolysis, which is
a metabolic process that occurs in the
cytoplasm of cells.
Glycolysis begins with glucose, which
converts into pyruvate through a series of
reactions.
At the end of glycolysis, pyruvate can use as
an energy source for cellular activities such
as muscle contraction or cell division.
Pyruvate also serves as the starting point for
other metabolic pathways such as aerobic
respiration and fermentation.
Pyruvate is an intermediate product of
glycolysis. It produces by the
15. phosphorylation of glucose, which occurs in
the first step of glycolysis.
The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is
called phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1).
Pyruvate then enters a series of reactions
known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid
cycle.
In these reactions, pyruvate convert acetyl
CoA and CO2 through the use of enzymes
called pyruvate dehydrogenase and lactate
dehydrogenase, respectively.
How many steps are in pyruvate
processing?
Pyruvate process through three steps in
order to produce useful products.
16. The first step is the oxidation of pyruvate,
which occurs in the mitochondria.
This process produces an ATP molecule and
hydrogen atoms.
The second step is the conversion of
pyruvate into acetyl CoA. This occurs when
an enzyme called pyruvate dehydrogenase
converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA and
CO2.
The final step is the conversion of acetyl
CoA into citrate, which involves several
steps:
Citrate synthase converts acetyl CoA into
oxaloacetate; then malate dehydrogenase
converts oxaloacetate into malic acid;
finally, fumarase converts malic acid into
fumarate.
17. How does pyruvate get into mitochondria?
Pyruvate can get into mitochondria in one
of two ways:
The first way is through a transporter, which
is basically a protein that binds to pyruvate
and allows it to pass through the
mitochondrial membrane.
This process takes place in the cytosol of
the cell, where pyruvate can convert into
acetyl-CoA during glycolysis.
When this occurs, some pyruvate converts
into lactate through anaerobic fermentation
while some convert into ethanol through
alcoholic fermentation. Both of these
processes occur in the cytosol as well.
The second way is by simple diffusion
across the mitochondrial membrane, which
18. occurs when pyruvate levels are high
enough or when there are enough enzymes
present to help facilitate this process (such
as PEP carboxylase) (Source).
What are the benefits of calcium pyruvate?
Calcium pyruvate is a naturally-occurring
substance that has many benefits.
That is a natural element that helps to
promote healthy hair, skin, and nails, as
well as good bone density, muscle mass,
and energy production.
It helps your body maintain healthy blood
sugar levels, which means it can be useful
in preventing diabetes and lowering your
risk of developing it.
It also helps you burn fat more efficiently,
which may be helpful for people who are
trying to lose weight.
it’s improving energy production, which can
make it easier for you to exercise and
19. perform everyday tasks.
It can also use to treat certain types of
cancer, including leukemia and breast
cancer.
This helps prevent bone loss in
postmenopausal women or men who have
low testosterone levels.
It also strengthens bones and reduces pain
from osteoarthritis.
It also helps to reduce cravings and hunger
pains.
What are the side effects of calcium
pyruvate?
Side effects of calcium pyruvate may
include
Constipation,
Diarrhea,
Bloating and gas.
Nausea,
Vomiting,
20. Dizziness,
Stomach pain.
Cramps
If you have kidney disease or high blood
pressure, talk to your doctor before taking
calcium pyruvate.
You should avoid eating large amounts of
protein while taking calcium pyruvate, as
this can cause nausea, vomiting or
diarrhea.
You should also avoid taking calcium
pyruvate with other medications that
contain vitamin B6 (pyridoxine).
Conclusion
Pyruvate, a precursor to an important
enzyme in the metabolism of sugars,
consider one of the most important
compounds for life. It helps every cell in our
21. bodies utilize carbohydrates to produce
energy.
However, Pyruvate is not one-size-fits-all! If
it’s working for someone doesn’t mean it
can work for everyone.
If you are regularly overweight and have
diabetes, heart disease, or high cholesterol.
It high recommends to find out about your
genetic makeup before going for calcium
Pyruvate for weight loss.
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22. Pyruvate might not be suitable for every
individual on a weight loss program and
therefore, knowing your genetic makeup
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