Pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms among petrol station workers in debre tabor town, northwest ethiopia, 2023
Authors:Deribew Abebaw Abuhay
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7724-7730
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/articles.php
Evaluation of Haematological, Hepatic and Renal Function of Auto Drivers in T...IOSRJPBS
Background: Episodes of severe air pollution in Asia have been reported in the scientific literature of recent times. The WHO 2005 report Health effects of transport-related air pollution provides the first comprehensive assessment of air pollution related to road transport and of the risks it presents to human health. Environmental pollution has many facets, and the resultant health risks include diseases in almost all organ systems. In this respect, auto rickshaw drivers are at risk, since they are continuously exposed to emissions from vehicles, due to the nature of their job. In view of this, this study is undertaken. Aim And Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the haematological, renal and liver functions of auto drivers in Tirunelveli city and compare it with age and socio demographically matched controls. Materials And Methods: Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty five auto drivers and twenty five controls were investigated for haematological, renal and liver functions. Results: Red blood cell count, haemoglobin level, and Haematocrit level were significantly lower in auto drivers than the control group. Liver enzymes and renal functions showed statistically non significant difference between both groups except for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) which was significantly higher in auto drivers. Conclusion: Work exposure to petroleum products inhalation has health implications as seen by the haematological, and liver function changes. Such group of workers need to be sensitized about the hazards of exposure, appropriate preventive strategies and periodic medical examination.
Potential health implications of exposure to non-combusted liquefied petroleu...Innspub Net
Exposures to environmental pollutants have been associated with respiratory diseases in humans and Continuous exposure to non-combusted liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is suspected as a leading hazardous factor that might result in the development of impaired pulmonary functions. The study is aimed at assessing the effects of chronic exposure to non-combusted LPG on the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and appraising the potential pulmonary impairments among LPG vendors. Seventy five (75) apparently healthy LPG vendors and Seventy five (75) apparently healthy non LPG vendors, aged 18 to 50 years were recruited into this study. The Forced expiratory volume in 1second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were obtained using a Spirometer while FEV1/FVC was calculated. Independent t-test was applied to determine the mean difference between the exposed and control groups at 5% level of significance. Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test was used to investigate all forms of associations in the study. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms in LPG vendors was highest in nasal irritation/sneezing (56%), followed by cough (53.3%), wheeze (40%) and chest tightness (26.7%), respectively. Only the symptoms of nasal irritation/sneezing and cough showed significant association with the LPG vendors (P<0.05). Association between respiratory symptoms and age, association between respiratory symptoms and duration of exposure were not significant (P >0.05). There was a recorded significant decrease in FEV1, FVC, PEF except FEV1/FVC for the LPG vendors (P <0.05) compared to the non LPG vendors. The health implications of exposure to LPG are high prevalence rate of respiratory symptoms (nasal irritation/sneezing and cough) and impaired pulmonary functions.
Evaluation of Haematological, Hepatic and Renal Function of Auto Drivers in T...IOSRJPBS
Background: Episodes of severe air pollution in Asia have been reported in the scientific literature of recent times. The WHO 2005 report Health effects of transport-related air pollution provides the first comprehensive assessment of air pollution related to road transport and of the risks it presents to human health. Environmental pollution has many facets, and the resultant health risks include diseases in almost all organ systems. In this respect, auto rickshaw drivers are at risk, since they are continuously exposed to emissions from vehicles, due to the nature of their job. In view of this, this study is undertaken. Aim And Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the haematological, renal and liver functions of auto drivers in Tirunelveli city and compare it with age and socio demographically matched controls. Materials And Methods: Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty five auto drivers and twenty five controls were investigated for haematological, renal and liver functions. Results: Red blood cell count, haemoglobin level, and Haematocrit level were significantly lower in auto drivers than the control group. Liver enzymes and renal functions showed statistically non significant difference between both groups except for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) which was significantly higher in auto drivers. Conclusion: Work exposure to petroleum products inhalation has health implications as seen by the haematological, and liver function changes. Such group of workers need to be sensitized about the hazards of exposure, appropriate preventive strategies and periodic medical examination.
Potential health implications of exposure to non-combusted liquefied petroleu...Innspub Net
Exposures to environmental pollutants have been associated with respiratory diseases in humans and Continuous exposure to non-combusted liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is suspected as a leading hazardous factor that might result in the development of impaired pulmonary functions. The study is aimed at assessing the effects of chronic exposure to non-combusted LPG on the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and appraising the potential pulmonary impairments among LPG vendors. Seventy five (75) apparently healthy LPG vendors and Seventy five (75) apparently healthy non LPG vendors, aged 18 to 50 years were recruited into this study. The Forced expiratory volume in 1second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were obtained using a Spirometer while FEV1/FVC was calculated. Independent t-test was applied to determine the mean difference between the exposed and control groups at 5% level of significance. Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test was used to investigate all forms of associations in the study. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms in LPG vendors was highest in nasal irritation/sneezing (56%), followed by cough (53.3%), wheeze (40%) and chest tightness (26.7%), respectively. Only the symptoms of nasal irritation/sneezing and cough showed significant association with the LPG vendors (P<0.05). Association between respiratory symptoms and age, association between respiratory symptoms and duration of exposure were not significant (P >0.05). There was a recorded significant decrease in FEV1, FVC, PEF except FEV1/FVC for the LPG vendors (P <0.05) compared to the non LPG vendors. The health implications of exposure to LPG are high prevalence rate of respiratory symptoms (nasal irritation/sneezing and cough) and impaired pulmonary functions.
Activity Relatedness of Environment and Distribution of Air borne Biocontamin...Premier Publishers
Airborne indoor and outdoor bacteria and fungi were assessed during the spring season using conventional methods to investigate the enumeration and identification of airborne micro-organisms taking into consideration anthropogenic variation of the environment. This was determined through air quality sampling using microbial air sampler (M.A.Q.S.II-90, OXOID, UK). The air samples were collected during the onset of harmattan in Nov 2017. four different zones located in Owerri local Govt, were chosen for the collection of airborne bacteria and fungi. These zones were Owerri downtown (Zone A), Imo State University (Zone B), Naze building material layout (Zone C) and the Open unoccupied area along Obinze Port Harcourt road (Zone D). were selected for air bio-pollutant measurement. Cultivation and total microscopic enumeration methods were employed for the sample analysis. Identification of isolates was done using conventional biochemical test and 16S Rrna. Twenty-six groups of bacteria and fungi, either of human or environmental origin were detected. Microbial count ranges from 20-2056 CFU/m-3 of air, with statistical significant variation (P<0.05) across locations which is proportional to human, other biological and physical activities. Environmental agents generally predominated while significantly higher counts were detected as the level of anthropogenic activities increases. Seven genera of fungi, mainly members of the genus Aspergillum, were isolated from all locations. Results correlated with data obtained from treatment centres establishes a link between the presence of these airborne bacteria and fungi and development of respiratory diseases.
The Effect of Obesity on Pulmonary Function among Healthy Non-smoking AdultsBRNSS Publication Hub
Background: Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat which is associated with comorbidities. It is a growing health issue worldwide. Obesity is known to have significant effects on respiratory function and obese patients commonly report respiratory complaints requiring pulmonary function tests. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of obesity on pulmonary function in overweight and obese adults who were non-smokers and did not have any respiratory diseases. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 181 healthy adults of both sexes between 20 and 60 years, those attended master health check-up and medicine outpatient department. The study participants were divided into three body mass index (BMI) groups according to the WHO BMI classification. Forced vital capacity in liters (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second in liters (FEV1), FVC/FEV1, peak expiratory flow rate in liter/min (PEFR), and forced expiratory flow (FEF)25–75% were recorded. These three BMI groups were compared using one-way ANOVA, correlation was assessed by Pearson’s “r.” Linear regression analysis was applied. Results: Significant differences in lung volumes were found in three BMI groups. Obese and overweight subjects had significantly lower FVC, FEV1, FEF25%–75%, and PEFR (P < 0.0001) as compared to normal weight subjects. However, there was no statistically significant difference found in FEV1/FVC ratio. There were significant linear relationships between obesity and pulmonary function. BMI had significant negative linear association at the level of P < 0.001 with FVC% (r = −0.355), FEV1% (r = −0.361), FEF25%–75% (−0.432), and PEFR (r = −0.501). FEV1/FVC ratio was negatively correlated, but statistically not significant. Conclusion: BMI has a detrimental effect on pulmonary functions in overweight and obese subjects. Reduction in FVC and FEV1 was the most representative findings among the overweight and obese subjects, suggesting the presence of a restrictive respiratory pattern associated with obesity. It might be due to decrease in lung and chest wall compliance and increase in work of breathing.
Significance of patient occupations and oral diseases. The environment is one of the many determinants of
human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.[1]Occupational environment’ means the sum of external
conditions and influences, that prevail at the place of work
and which have a bearing on the health of the working population.[1]
The interaction of the individual with the physical, chemical and
biological agents of the workplace place a great bearing on his physical and psychological health.
The environment is one among the many determinants of
the human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is really the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The effects of laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal tube on atelectasis in patients undergoing general anesthesia assessed by lung ultrasound: A protocol for a prospective, randomized controlled trial
The study was planned to assess the correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers and level of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and other biochemical parameters among workers of two companies (Kafr El-Zayat Company for pesticides and El-Malyia Company for fertilizers and chemicals) in KafrEl-Zayat district, Egypt. Nineteen participants from pesticides factory (1st group), 17 participants from fertilizers factory (2nd group) and 8 healthy persons were selected from rural region for the study. 8-OHdG levels of pesticide's exposed workers revealed the mean value 10.29 ± 1.60 ng/mg creatinine, but the 2nd group exhibited the
mean value 12.47 ± 2.61 ng/mg creatinine compared with reference group (4.58± 1.03 ng/mg creatinine). The urea level revealed mean values 8.39 ± 0.84 and 13.89 ± 1.63 mg/dl for the 1st and 2nd group, respectively, compared with control group which did not exceed 8.37 ± 1.70 mg/dl. No signifi cant difference obtained in case of uric acid and bilirubin assays, but creatinine levels exhibited lower values than those of control subjects. The correlations between biochemical variables and personal characteristics displayed positive concept with occupational lifespan, exposure period and smoking habits. These fi ndings indicate that 8-OHdG and kidney function measurements may be good and simple biomarkers for assessing occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Ventilator...ijtsrd
INTRODUCTION Mechanical ventilation has become the most commonly used mode of life support in medicine today. Mechanical ventilation is life saving, but like other interventions, it is not without complications. Physiologic complications associated with mechanical ventilation include ventilator induced lung injury, cardiovascular compromise gastrointestinal disturbances, pneumothorax and the most importantly ventilator associated pneumonia. Patients in the intensive care unit ICU are at risk for dying not only from their critical illness but also from secondary process such as nosocomial infection. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia is the second most common nosocomial infection in critically ill patient’s affecting 27 of all critically ill patients. Ventilator associated pneumonia VAP is a form of nosocomial pneumonia that occurs in patients receiving mechanical ventilation within 48 hours of intubation.AIM The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge and practice regarding ventilator associated pneumonia VAP critical care bundle among nursing students.MATERIAL AND METHODS The conceptual framework of the study was based on Health Belief Model. A quantitative research approach with descriptive design was adopted for the study. Non probability convenience sampling technique was used and 150 samples from selected colleges were selected. The data was collected by using Sociodemographic variables, self structured questionnaire regarding ventilator and checklist was prepared. RESULTS The study finding were as 75 respondents has excellent knowledge, 22 had good knowledge, 3 had average and no one had poor knowledge regarding Ventilator Associative Pneumonia VAP . Practice score of study shows that 73 of study subjects had Good practice, 25 had excellent practice, 2 had average practice and no one had poor practice regarding ventilator associated pneumonia VAP critical care bundle among nursing students. It shows that there is significant association between knowledge score and practice score with gender, there is no significant association between the level of knowledge and practice score regarding VAP with other demographic variablesCONCLUSION The present study was undertaken to evaluate knowledge and practice regarding Ventilator Associated Pneumonia VAP critical care bundle among nursing students. The study revealed that nursing students had excellent knowledge and good practice regarding Ventilator Associated Pneumonia VAP critical care bundle. Anuradha | Dr. Narinder Kaur Walia | Mrs. Manu Nagra | Mrs. Manpreet Kaur "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Critical Care Bundle among Students of Selected Nursing Colleges of Distt. Mohali, Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd48028.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursin
Porocarcinoma of the nose- reconstructed with seagull flap
Authors:Balasubramaniam, Ramanandham, Pradeep, Sivakumar, Kalpa Pandya
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7760-7763
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/2847/porocarcinoma-of-the-nose-reconstructed-with-seagull-flap
Abstract: Of all the cutaneous tumours, the reported incidence of porocarcinoma is as low as 0.005-0.01%. Very few cases of porocarcinoma of the nose have been described in English literature. Median forehead flap, also known as seagull flap is an excellent reconstruction modality for the nasal defect. We describe here an interesting case of porocarcinoma of the dorsum of the nose which was reconstructed in the first stage using a seagull flap providing the patient with a pleasing nasal profile.
Adapting to adversity: insights from a stand-alone human immunodeficiency virus testing centre in india during the covid-19 pandemic
Authors:Sumathi Muralidhar*, Abhishek Lachyan
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7750-7755
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/articles.php
Abstract:
Background: The global healthcare landscape confronted unprecedented challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Materials and Methods: This study explores how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare services in India, with a focus on the Stand-alone HIV Testing Centre (SA-ICTC) at Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, during the period from April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021. Amid the pandemic, specialized clinics for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) saw a decline in outpatient attendance, while the SA-ICTC faced unique challenges. Results: To address these challenges, innovative solutions were implemented, including alternate-day duty rosters, leading to increased staff efficiency and reduced errors. The study noted a 47.9% reduction in the total number of HIV tests conducted, although the proportion of HIV-positive clients accessing services remained stable. Referrals from STI clinics and Targeted Intervention sites decreased, while referrals from the Tuberculosis (TB) center remained consistent. Client categories accessing ICTC services decreased, except for referrals from Facility Integrated Counseling and Testing Centres (F-ICTC). Conclusions: This research underscores the intricate interplay between COVID-19 and HIV, prompting positive changes in healthcare work ethics, documentation practices, and service delivery. It emphasizes the significance of strategic supply chain management, recommending a 1-2-month buffer of testing kits and consumables in HIV testing facilities to ensure uninterrupted service delivery during crises, thus safeguarding the healthcare needs of vulnerable populations.
More Related Content
Similar to Pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms among petrol station workers in debre tabor town, northwest ethiopia, 2023.pdf
Activity Relatedness of Environment and Distribution of Air borne Biocontamin...Premier Publishers
Airborne indoor and outdoor bacteria and fungi were assessed during the spring season using conventional methods to investigate the enumeration and identification of airborne micro-organisms taking into consideration anthropogenic variation of the environment. This was determined through air quality sampling using microbial air sampler (M.A.Q.S.II-90, OXOID, UK). The air samples were collected during the onset of harmattan in Nov 2017. four different zones located in Owerri local Govt, were chosen for the collection of airborne bacteria and fungi. These zones were Owerri downtown (Zone A), Imo State University (Zone B), Naze building material layout (Zone C) and the Open unoccupied area along Obinze Port Harcourt road (Zone D). were selected for air bio-pollutant measurement. Cultivation and total microscopic enumeration methods were employed for the sample analysis. Identification of isolates was done using conventional biochemical test and 16S Rrna. Twenty-six groups of bacteria and fungi, either of human or environmental origin were detected. Microbial count ranges from 20-2056 CFU/m-3 of air, with statistical significant variation (P<0.05) across locations which is proportional to human, other biological and physical activities. Environmental agents generally predominated while significantly higher counts were detected as the level of anthropogenic activities increases. Seven genera of fungi, mainly members of the genus Aspergillum, were isolated from all locations. Results correlated with data obtained from treatment centres establishes a link between the presence of these airborne bacteria and fungi and development of respiratory diseases.
The Effect of Obesity on Pulmonary Function among Healthy Non-smoking AdultsBRNSS Publication Hub
Background: Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat which is associated with comorbidities. It is a growing health issue worldwide. Obesity is known to have significant effects on respiratory function and obese patients commonly report respiratory complaints requiring pulmonary function tests. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of obesity on pulmonary function in overweight and obese adults who were non-smokers and did not have any respiratory diseases. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 181 healthy adults of both sexes between 20 and 60 years, those attended master health check-up and medicine outpatient department. The study participants were divided into three body mass index (BMI) groups according to the WHO BMI classification. Forced vital capacity in liters (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second in liters (FEV1), FVC/FEV1, peak expiratory flow rate in liter/min (PEFR), and forced expiratory flow (FEF)25–75% were recorded. These three BMI groups were compared using one-way ANOVA, correlation was assessed by Pearson’s “r.” Linear regression analysis was applied. Results: Significant differences in lung volumes were found in three BMI groups. Obese and overweight subjects had significantly lower FVC, FEV1, FEF25%–75%, and PEFR (P < 0.0001) as compared to normal weight subjects. However, there was no statistically significant difference found in FEV1/FVC ratio. There were significant linear relationships between obesity and pulmonary function. BMI had significant negative linear association at the level of P < 0.001 with FVC% (r = −0.355), FEV1% (r = −0.361), FEF25%–75% (−0.432), and PEFR (r = −0.501). FEV1/FVC ratio was negatively correlated, but statistically not significant. Conclusion: BMI has a detrimental effect on pulmonary functions in overweight and obese subjects. Reduction in FVC and FEV1 was the most representative findings among the overweight and obese subjects, suggesting the presence of a restrictive respiratory pattern associated with obesity. It might be due to decrease in lung and chest wall compliance and increase in work of breathing.
Significance of patient occupations and oral diseases. The environment is one of the many determinants of
human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.[1]Occupational environment’ means the sum of external
conditions and influences, that prevail at the place of work
and which have a bearing on the health of the working population.[1]
The interaction of the individual with the physical, chemical and
biological agents of the workplace place a great bearing on his physical and psychological health.
The environment is one among the many determinants of
the human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is really the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The effects of laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal tube on atelectasis in patients undergoing general anesthesia assessed by lung ultrasound: A protocol for a prospective, randomized controlled trial
The study was planned to assess the correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers and level of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and other biochemical parameters among workers of two companies (Kafr El-Zayat Company for pesticides and El-Malyia Company for fertilizers and chemicals) in KafrEl-Zayat district, Egypt. Nineteen participants from pesticides factory (1st group), 17 participants from fertilizers factory (2nd group) and 8 healthy persons were selected from rural region for the study. 8-OHdG levels of pesticide's exposed workers revealed the mean value 10.29 ± 1.60 ng/mg creatinine, but the 2nd group exhibited the
mean value 12.47 ± 2.61 ng/mg creatinine compared with reference group (4.58± 1.03 ng/mg creatinine). The urea level revealed mean values 8.39 ± 0.84 and 13.89 ± 1.63 mg/dl for the 1st and 2nd group, respectively, compared with control group which did not exceed 8.37 ± 1.70 mg/dl. No signifi cant difference obtained in case of uric acid and bilirubin assays, but creatinine levels exhibited lower values than those of control subjects. The correlations between biochemical variables and personal characteristics displayed positive concept with occupational lifespan, exposure period and smoking habits. These fi ndings indicate that 8-OHdG and kidney function measurements may be good and simple biomarkers for assessing occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Ventilator...ijtsrd
INTRODUCTION Mechanical ventilation has become the most commonly used mode of life support in medicine today. Mechanical ventilation is life saving, but like other interventions, it is not without complications. Physiologic complications associated with mechanical ventilation include ventilator induced lung injury, cardiovascular compromise gastrointestinal disturbances, pneumothorax and the most importantly ventilator associated pneumonia. Patients in the intensive care unit ICU are at risk for dying not only from their critical illness but also from secondary process such as nosocomial infection. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia is the second most common nosocomial infection in critically ill patient’s affecting 27 of all critically ill patients. Ventilator associated pneumonia VAP is a form of nosocomial pneumonia that occurs in patients receiving mechanical ventilation within 48 hours of intubation.AIM The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge and practice regarding ventilator associated pneumonia VAP critical care bundle among nursing students.MATERIAL AND METHODS The conceptual framework of the study was based on Health Belief Model. A quantitative research approach with descriptive design was adopted for the study. Non probability convenience sampling technique was used and 150 samples from selected colleges were selected. The data was collected by using Sociodemographic variables, self structured questionnaire regarding ventilator and checklist was prepared. RESULTS The study finding were as 75 respondents has excellent knowledge, 22 had good knowledge, 3 had average and no one had poor knowledge regarding Ventilator Associative Pneumonia VAP . Practice score of study shows that 73 of study subjects had Good practice, 25 had excellent practice, 2 had average practice and no one had poor practice regarding ventilator associated pneumonia VAP critical care bundle among nursing students. It shows that there is significant association between knowledge score and practice score with gender, there is no significant association between the level of knowledge and practice score regarding VAP with other demographic variablesCONCLUSION The present study was undertaken to evaluate knowledge and practice regarding Ventilator Associated Pneumonia VAP critical care bundle among nursing students. The study revealed that nursing students had excellent knowledge and good practice regarding Ventilator Associated Pneumonia VAP critical care bundle. Anuradha | Dr. Narinder Kaur Walia | Mrs. Manu Nagra | Mrs. Manpreet Kaur "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Critical Care Bundle among Students of Selected Nursing Colleges of Distt. Mohali, Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd48028.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursin
Porocarcinoma of the nose- reconstructed with seagull flap
Authors:Balasubramaniam, Ramanandham, Pradeep, Sivakumar, Kalpa Pandya
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7760-7763
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/2847/porocarcinoma-of-the-nose-reconstructed-with-seagull-flap
Abstract: Of all the cutaneous tumours, the reported incidence of porocarcinoma is as low as 0.005-0.01%. Very few cases of porocarcinoma of the nose have been described in English literature. Median forehead flap, also known as seagull flap is an excellent reconstruction modality for the nasal defect. We describe here an interesting case of porocarcinoma of the dorsum of the nose which was reconstructed in the first stage using a seagull flap providing the patient with a pleasing nasal profile.
Adapting to adversity: insights from a stand-alone human immunodeficiency virus testing centre in india during the covid-19 pandemic
Authors:Sumathi Muralidhar*, Abhishek Lachyan
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7750-7755
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/articles.php
Abstract:
Background: The global healthcare landscape confronted unprecedented challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Materials and Methods: This study explores how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare services in India, with a focus on the Stand-alone HIV Testing Centre (SA-ICTC) at Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, during the period from April 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021. Amid the pandemic, specialized clinics for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) saw a decline in outpatient attendance, while the SA-ICTC faced unique challenges. Results: To address these challenges, innovative solutions were implemented, including alternate-day duty rosters, leading to increased staff efficiency and reduced errors. The study noted a 47.9% reduction in the total number of HIV tests conducted, although the proportion of HIV-positive clients accessing services remained stable. Referrals from STI clinics and Targeted Intervention sites decreased, while referrals from the Tuberculosis (TB) center remained consistent. Client categories accessing ICTC services decreased, except for referrals from Facility Integrated Counseling and Testing Centres (F-ICTC). Conclusions: This research underscores the intricate interplay between COVID-19 and HIV, prompting positive changes in healthcare work ethics, documentation practices, and service delivery. It emphasizes the significance of strategic supply chain management, recommending a 1-2-month buffer of testing kits and consumables in HIV testing facilities to ensure uninterrupted service delivery during crises, thus safeguarding the healthcare needs of vulnerable populations.
Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of elisa method in the detection of anti-nuclear antibodies compared to immunofluorescence
Authors:N.Sudha, P.Balapriya, P.S. Arul Raja Murugan
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7746-7749
Abstract:
Autoimmune connective tissue diseases are group of disorders in which autoantibodies are formed against self-antigen present in the nucleus and other component of the cell. The most common methods to detect antinuclear antibodies are ELISA and indirect Immunofluorescence. This study aims to evaluate the validity of ANA ELISA method as compared to Indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay which is considered as the gold standard test. This is a descriptive study conducted in the department of Immunology, Madras Medical College Chennai, during the period of October 2021 to December 2021 with 110 samples. ANA ELISA and Indirect Immunofluorescence were done as per the instructions provided by manufacturer of kit. Out of the 110 samples 75 cases were positive, in this 29 were positive by Immunofluorescence alone, 43 cases were positive by both and 3 cases were positive by ELISA alone. The Pearson Correlation coefficient value showed positive correlation between the grading of intensity of the positive immunofluorescence pattern and optical density of antinuclear antibodies by ELISA. So both the methods can be used but in centers with appropriate facilities Immunofluorescence proves to be the gold standard in the diagnosis.
Development of structured orthopedic manual therapy assessment proforma for diagnosing subjects on the basis of orthopedic manual therapy
Authors:Radhika Chintamani*, G. Varadharajulu, Amrutkuvar Rayjade
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7735-7740
Abstract:
Background: Proper Diagnosis of orthopedic conditions in the early stage may reduce prevalence of missed diagnosis or wrong diagnosis, thus helping in early and proper intervention and early recovery. Utilizing the highly specified assessment technique for each tissue given in specific manual therapy is limited. Study Design: Validation study to define validity and reliability of Structured Orthopedic Manual Therapy Assessment Proforma. Objective: To analyze the Structured Orthopedic Manual Therapy Assessment Proforma and to assess it’s concurrent validity and reliability. Subjects and Methods: To assess reliability, 100 referred non-operated orthopedic subjects with mean age, 55±2 years were assessed on 2 separate occasions (Group 1). To assess concurrent validity, 200 subjects were assessed with the new format and the old existing format (Group 2). Internal consistency, reproducibility and concurrent validity were determined with Cronbach’s ? coefficient, interclass correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation coefficient, respectively. Results: Cronbach’s ? coefficient for the 10 major domains (Pain, Selective tissue tension testing, Balanced ligamentous tension, Soft tissue assessment, End feel, bony assessment, neural assessment and diagnostic criteria) were high. Intraclass correlation was excellent for all domains along with good concurrent validity and internal consistency. Conclusions: The Structured OMT assessment format outcome instrument has satisfactory internal consistency and excellent reproducibility. It is ready for use in clinical studies on non-operated orthopedic conditions who are capable of physiotherapy treatment. The outcome measure provides a convenient brief measure that can be used to and evaluate and diagnose improvements in Physiotherapy referred subjects with non-operated orthopedic conditions and could potentially be adapted for other painful conditions.
Propofol versus dexmedetomidine in reducing emergence agitation after sevoflurane anaesthesia
Authors:Anurag kondum , SS kang , Ajit Bhardwaj, Shivinder Singh
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7731-7734
Abstract:
Propofol versus Dexmedetomidine in Reducing Emergence Agitation after Sevoflurane Anaesthesia Original Article Abstract Introduction - Emergence agitation (EA) is defined as a state of disorientation associated with confusion, restlessness, involuntary movements, and inconsolability. EA causes an increased risk of postoperative complications. This study compares the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine and propofol in preventing EA in children undergoing surgeries using sevoflurane anesthesia. Methods -This prospective randomized double-blind study was conducted from March 2022 to Oct 2023. A total of one hundred were included in the study and randomized to two groups. One group received dexmedetomidine and the other propofol to prevent EA. Pain scores, agitation scores, and sedation levels were compared as per study protocol between the two groups. Results- In our study incidence of EA was higher in the dexmedetomidine (n = 13) group in comparison to the propofol group (n = 5) (p<0.05). A significantly lower mean Observational Pain Score (OPS)was observed among the dexmedetomidine group as compared to the propofol group after extubation (p < 0.05). Also, . Post extubation mean heart rate was significantly lower in Dexmedetomidine group as compared to Propofol Group. Conclusion- Dexmedetomidine may provide significant benefits in providing post-op pain relief in comparison to propofol however incidence of emergence agitation appears to be higher with dexmedetomodine when compared to propofol as found in this study. Larger, randomized multicentre trials with appropriate sample sizes will be required to further evaluate the efficiency of these drugs in the prevention of EA.
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Pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms among petrol station workers in debre tabor town, northwest ethiopia, 2023.pdf
1. Contents lists available at BioMedSciDirect Publications
Journal homepage: www.biomedscidirect.com
International Journal of Biological & Medical Research
Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7724-7730
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
keywords
Petrol station workers
pulmonary function impairments
respiratory symptoms
Introduction: Petrol station workers are prone to pulmonary function impairment and respiratory
symptoms acquired during filling fuels and to the gases from vehicular exhaust. Decreased
pulmonary function parameters and abnormal respiratory symptoms such as cough, wheezing, and
breathlessness were reported among petrol station workers. Objective: The study was aimed to
assess pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms; and identify associated factors among petrol
station workers in Debre Tabor town.Methods and Materials: A comparative cross-sectional study
design was conducted among 66 petrol station workers and 66 Debre Tabor University workers
(controls) between March and May, 2023. Data on socio-demographics, occupational history,
utilization of personal protective equipment and respiratory symptoms were collected using an
interviewer- administered questionnaire. A digital Spirometer (Model Contec SP10) was used to
assess pulmonary function impairments. An independent sample t-test was used to compare
spirometerresultsoftheexposedandcontrols.Levelofsignificancewassetatp<0.05.Results:From
petrol station workers, the mean± SD of Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in
the first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC%, Forced Mid-Expiratory Flow (FEF25-75%) and Forced
Expiratory Flow Rate (FEFR) were 3.72±0.64, 3.14±0.53, 81.16±10.44, 3.85±0.97 and 6.87±1.53
respectively. There was a significant decrease in these pulmonary function test scores as compared
withcontrols.Respiratorysymptomssuchascough,phlegm,wheezingandshortnessofbreathwere
developed in 41.4%, 26.7%, 30.4% and 16.7% petrol station study participants respectively.
Exposure to petrol fumes for more than 10 years was 3.18 times (AOR= 3.18; 95%CI=1.62- 9.73)
more prone to develop lung function impairment compared with those worked for <5 years.
Conclusion: Exposure to petrol fumes causes a significant reduction in pulmonary function among
petrol station workers. Respiratory symptoms were higher among petrol station study participants
comparedwiththecontrols.
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BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH
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Int J Biol Med Res
Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Symptoms among Petrol Station workers in
Debre Tabor Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2023.
Deribew Abebaw Abuhay*
Department of Biomedical Science, Human Physiology unit, College of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia
Original article
Introduction
Copyright 2023 BioMedSciDirect Publications IJBMR - All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0976:6685.
c
A petrol station, also known as a gas station sells fuel and
lubricant. Currently, regular gasoline, gasoil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil,
light fuel oil and JTA-1 are imported in to Ethiopian Petroleum
Supplies. Heavy and light fueloilsare imported for industrialuse, and
JTA-1 for aviation purposes. Gasoil and gasoline are used for
transportation, construction, industry, power generation,
agriculture,householdcookingandlightinginruralareas.
With the expansion of urbanization and increasing number of
automobiles in Ethiopia, a number of petrol stations are currently
found in most towns. Petrol, also known as gasoline is a complex
combination of hydrocarbons, additives, and blending agents . The
composition of gasoline varies widely, depending on the crude oils
used, refinery processes available, overall balance of product
demand, and product specifications. Its typical composition
includes hydrocarbons (alkanes and alkenes) and aromatic
compounds,suchasbenzene.
Petrol station workers dispense gasoline, diesel, and others
intotankswithinvehiclesandcalculatethefinancialcostofthefuel
transferred to the vehicle . These workers are exposed to such
products through inhalation of vapors, contamination of fume
particles during eating and drinking, skin contact from petrol
vapor, and vehicular exhaust. Occupational exposure to petrol
vapor affects the normal function of different body systems,
includingtherespiratory,liver,andrenalsystems().
Exposure to harmful substances is a major cause of pulmonary
function impairments and death worldwide. The International
Labor Organization indicates that 13,000 deaths worldwide were
caused by exposure to different chemicals, fuel vapor and dust in
* Corresponding Author : Dr. Deribew Abebaw Abuhay
Department of Biomedical Science, Human Physiology unit, College of Medicine and
Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia
E-mail: amendere23@gmail.com
Copyright 2023 BioMedSciDirect Publications. All rights reserved.
c
2. Deribew Abebaw Abuhay et al. Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7724-7730
7725
the work place. Workers involved in petrol filling, mining,
construction, and dust generation are at high risk of developing
work- related respiratory illnesses . Consequently, occupational
respiratory diseases lead to premature mortality, loss of
productivity and disability . In India, respiratory diseases account
for 17% of the 11 million occupational diseases, and obstructive
lung diseases are responsible for 87% of work- related respiratory
diseasesmortality.
Petrol station workers typically work under unhygienic
conditions and perform hazardous tasks. They are prone to
pulmonary function impairment and respiratory symptoms
resulting from occupational inhalation exposure . Decreased
pulmonary function parameters such as Forced Expiratory Volume
in the first second (FEV1), Forced Vital capacity (FVC), Forced
Expiratory Volume in the first second to Forced Vital capacity
(FEV1/FVC %), and Forced Expiratory Flow Rate (FEFR) have been
reported in several studies. Dry cough, cough with phlegm,
wheezing and breathlessness are common occupation- related
diseasesamongpetrolfillingworkers.
Respiratory diseases are the sixth most common causes of
death in developing countries is more prevalent in developing
countries, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, petrol station
workers do not take any measures for occupational safety because
of limited resources, skills, and training of employers, technologies,
lowsocio-economicstatusandloweducationallevel .
Despite these health problems, a significant number of studies
have not been conducted on pulmonary function impairments and
respiratory symptoms among petrol station workers in Ethiopia.
Thisstudyaimedtofillthisinformationgapbyassessingpulmonary
function status and respiratory symptoms among petrol station
workersinDebreTabortown.
Pathogenesisofobstructiveandrestrictivelungdiseases
During the dispensing process, fuel vapor enters and is
deposited in different parts of the respiratory airways according to
their aerodynamic diameter, airway dimensions and breathing
patterns . Large dust particles (>5 μm) are deposited in the
conducting zone of the respiratory tract, including the nose and
trachea. Medium- sized dust particles (1-5 μm) are deposited in
smaller airways, including the terminal bronchioles, while smaller
particles(<0.1μm)aredepositedinthealveolithroughdiffusion.
Once inhaled fuel vapor particles are deposited in the
respiratory tract, they activate epithelial cells, including natural
killer cells and mast cells. Respiratory epithelial cells act as a
physical barrier in the lungs and play an important role in the
immune response to dust. These cells express different receptors
such as TOLL- like receptors, c- type lecitin receptors, and protease-
activated receptors, which can be triggered by environmental
allergensandmicrobialcomponents.
After receptor- mediated activation, epithelial cells produce
pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 in response to
allergens . This mechanism stimulates the lymphocytes, dendritic
cells,andgranulocytes.Activationofthesecellsreleasesproteases
that irritate the airway, prostaglandins that cause bronchospasm,
increased mucus secretion, and oxygen radicals that destroy the
alveolar wall and exacerbate inflammation . Finally, it leads to
mucus exudates (edema), lung parenchymal destruction (fibrosis),
bronchospasm, impaired muco-cilliary function, and air-flow
limitation.
Fig. 1: A conceptual framework of pulmonary function status
and respiratory symptoms and the associated factors among
studyparticipants.
MethodsandMaterials
Studydesign
Acomparativecross-sectionalstudydesignwasemployedfrom
MarchtoMay,2023atDebreTabortown.
Studyareaandperiod
The study was conducted in Debre Tabor town, located in South
Gondar Zone of Amhara National Regional State, Northwest
Ethiopia. It is 97 kms from Bahir Dar, the capital of the region, and
665 km away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Currently, it
has ten petrol stations owned by private companies, comprising
morethan72workers.
Source population: All petrol station workers working at
DebreTabortown.
Study group: Petrol station workers in Debre Tabor town who
fulfilledtheinclusioncriteria.
Control group: Residents of Debre Tabor University who had
similar baseline characteristics (age, sex, weight and height) as the
study groups; did not live, and had never worked in petrol stations
inthepast.
Inclusioncriteria
· Apparently healthy workers daily working in the petrol station
forsixmonthsormore
· Petrol station workers present at their working site during data
collectionperiod
· Petrol station workers who were willing to participate and
signedconsent.
Conceptual Framework
3. 7726
Predictorvariables
·Socio-demographic parameters (sex, age, marital status,
religion,levelofeducation,monthlyincome)
·Workingduration
·Historyofpastexposuretogasolinefumes
·Trainingsgivenonthehealthimpactofpetrolexposure
·Availabilityofpersonalprotectiveequipment
·Useofpersonalprotectiveequipment
Operationaldefinition
FVC: Maximum volume of air forcefully expired after deep
inhalation. The person should continue expiring for a minimum of
sixseconds.
FEV1: The volume of air forcefully expired in the first one
secondofmaneuver.
FEV1/FVC%: Percentage of vital capacity expired forcefully
withinonesecondofdeepinspiration.
Forced mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75%): the mean forced
expiratoryflowduringthemiddlehalfoftheFVC.
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate: Maximum air-flow rate during
FVCmaneuveratL/min.
Obstructive lung disease: FEV1/FVC ratio < 70% and percent
predicted FEV1<80%, (FEV1 much lower than FVC), however, FVC
valuesarenormalorincreased.
Restrictive lung disease: FVC and FEV1 are reduced in
proportion, however, FEV1/FVC ratio may be normal (80%) or
increased .
Respiratory symptoms: the presence of one or more
symptoms of cough, phlegm, wheezing, shortness of breath, and
chestpain .
Cough: occurring more than 4-6 times per day, >4 days in a
week,andatleastthreemonthsinayear.
Chestpain:Inthepastyear,chestpainpersistedduringworkor
dailyactivities.
Phlegm is classified as sputum expectoration twice a day, 4 days
aweek,andatleastthreemonthsinayear.
Wheezing:chestsoundwhistlingonexpiration.
Dyspnea:shortnessofbreathatrestoratexertion.
· Debre Tabor University workers with similar demographic and
socioeconomic characteristics to petrol station workers, except for
theriskofexposure.
Exclusioncriteria
Petrol station workers and Debre Tabor University workers
whosmokedtobacco,khatchewers,knownTuberculosiscases.
After adding a 10% non-response rate, 66 study participants
from each group were included making the total number of study
participants 132. Every petrol station worker was sampled until a
sample size was reached. Control groups were selected at their
officeusinglotterymethod.
Variablesofthestudy
Outcomevariable
· Pulmonaryfunctionparametersandrespiratorysymptoms
Double- population proportion formula with 95% confidence
intervaland80%powerwasusedtoselectstudyparticipants
n=(Za/2+Zß)2P(1-P)(r+1)
r(P1-P2)2
Wheren=samplesizerequiredforeachgroup
Zα/2=thecriticalvalueat95%confidenceinterval=1.96
Zβ=power=0.84.
P1=prevalenceofrespiratorysymptomsamongexposedgroups
P2= prevalence of respiratory symptoms among non- exposed
groups
P=average=(P1+P2)/2betweenthetwogroup
r = ratio of exposed to non- exposed =1 because equal number were
used
A similar study in Jimma Town, Ethiopia pulmonary function
impairment was found among 37.9% petrol filling workers and
15.2%controlgroups.Therefore,
P1=0.379 P2=0.152
P=(0.379+0.152)/2=0.2655
n=(1.96+0.84)20.2655(0.7345)(1+1)=60
(0.379-0.152)2
Sample size determination and sampling techniques
Deribew Abebaw Abuhay et al. Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7724-7730
4. 7727
Data collection instruments and procedures
Three Nurses were used to collect the data with close
supervision by the researcher. Two day training with practical
demonstrations on the interview techniques and measurement
procedures was provided to the data collectors. An interviewer-
administered structured questionnaire based on the American
Thoracic Society was used to collect data on socio-demography,
occupational history, use of personal protective equipment, and
respiratorysymptoms.
Pulmonary function status of petrol station workers and controls
was assessed using a digital spirometer (Contec SP10) in a sitting
position, wearing a nose clip, and breathing through the mouth
piece. Before performing pulmonary function tests, study
participants were informed to avoid heavy exercise. Study
participants were asked to sit on a chair and asked to take a normal
3-4 breathes through the mouth piece. Inspire slowly and deeply,
and then breathe out forcefully and rapidly. Three consecutive
readings were taken with five minutes interval in between the
readings. The highest score of the three readings were taken as the
final readings for pulmonary function status parameters. Daily
calibration of the spirometer, and disinfection of the mouth piece
was done after every measurement and kept clean for the next
maneuver .
The quality of data was controlled through providing training
for data collectors, pre-testing the questionnaire, spirometric
measurements at a fixed time, calibration of the spirometer before
performing the test, and repeating the measurements. For
consistency,theEnglishversionofthequestionnairewastranslated
in Amharic, native language. All data from the study participants
werekeptconfidential.
Dataanalysis
Data was entered in to Epi-data version 4.6 then analyzed using
Stata-14. Descriptive statistical values (mean, proportion and
standard deviation) were computed, and the results are presented
in the tables and figures. Comparison of pulmonary function scores
(FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, FEF25-75% and PEFR) of the two groups was
done by independent sample t-test. Bivariable and multivariable
logistic regression analyses were employed to show any
association between independent and dependent variables using
oddsratio.Inallcases,statisticalsignificancewassetatp<0.05 .
Ethicalconsideration
Ethical approval was obtained from Ethical Review Board,
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University,
Ethiopia. Permission was obtained from the managers at each
petrol station. Written informed consent was obtained from every
study participant upon explaining the purpose and benefits of the
study.
Resultsofthestudy
Descriptiveanalysesofstudyparticipants
Onehundredthirtytwoparticipantswereenrolledinthisstudy.
Among petrol station workers, 62.1% were males. They were
between 22 - 47 years old (mean ± SD: 30.46 ± 7.31 and 28.71± 4.25
in petrol station workers and controls respectively). The majority
(68.2%)ofthepetrolstationworkersweremarried(Table1).
Noneofthepersonnelprotectiveequipmentwasavailableandused
by 91% of the petrol station workers. This increased the rate of
exposure to volatile products. Only six (9.1%) petrol station
workers occasionally used gloves during their life time. Almost half
(51.5%) of the study participants had worked in petrol stations for
five - ten years. None of the study participants had received training
or awareness regarding the hazardous effects of petrol fumes or
waystoreducetheirexposuretotheseproducts(Table2).
Table 2: Work related data of petrol station workers in Debre
Tabortown,NorthwestEthiopia,2023
Contec SP10 Spirometer
Mouse piece and nose clip
Fig. 2: Equipments for assessing pulmonary function
Data quality control and management
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of petrol station
workers and controls at Debre Tabor, 2023.
Deribew Abebaw Abuhay et al. Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7724-7730
5. 7728
Pulmonary function impairments and Respiratory symptoms
among petrol station workers and controls in Debre Tabor,
2023.
Accordingly to the independent sample t-test output, the
mean±SDofFVC,FEV1,FEV1/FVC%,FEF25-75%,andPEFRamong
petrol station workers was 3.72±0.64, 3.14±0.53, 81.16±10.44,
3.85±0.97 and 6.87±1.53, respectively. The mean scores were
4.46±0.81, 3.95±0.27, 86.72±8.32, 4.16±2.05 and 7.94±1.19 among
controls; and the change was statistically significant (p<0.05)
(Table3).
Table 3: Spirometer measurements of petrol station workers
andtheircontrolsinDebre
Tabortown,NorthwestEthiopia,2023.
FVC= Forced Vital Capacity, FEV1=Forced Expiratory Volume in
the first second, PEFR=Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, FEF25-75%=
Forced mid-expiratory flow, = Mean, SD= Standard Deviation, * =p <
0.05,**=p<0.001
Pulmonary function impairment among the study participants
was classified as obstructive or restrictive. Approximately,
29(43.9%), 17(25.75%), and 5(7.5%) petrol station workers
developed obstructive, restrictive and mixed pulmonary function
impairment, respectively (figure 4). Similarly, 10(15.15%) and 8
(12.12%) control groups developed restrictive and obstructive
pulmonaryimpairments,respectively.
Fig. 3: Obstructive, restrictive and mixed pulmonary function
impairmentsamongpetrolstationworkers,2023
The presence or absence of respiratory symptoms among study
participants was also analyzed. The result indicated that 41.4%,
26.7%, 30.4%, 16.7%, and 2.03% of petrol station workers
developed cough, phlegm, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest
pain respectively. Similarly, the symptoms were found among
20.85%,11.62%,12.34%,and4.72%ofcontrols(Figure5).
Fig. 4: Respiratory symptoms of study participants at Debre
Tabortown,2023.
Factors associated with pulmonary function impairments and
Respiratorysymptomsamongstudyparticipants
Predictor variables with a statistically significant association (p
<0.25) in bivariable analyses were analyzed using multivariable
logistic regression to identify those factors statistically associated
withpulmonaryfunctionimpairments.
The findings showed that exposure to petrol fumes for five or
more years and the use of personnel protective equipment were
statistically associated with pulmonary function impairment
(p<0.05). Accordingtothisstudy,petrolstationworkersexposedto
petrol fumes for more than ten years were 3.18 times more prone to
pulmonary function impairments compared to those exposed for
less than 5 years (AOR= 3.18; 95%CI=1.62- 9.73). Similarly, study
participants working for 5-10 years were 2.56 times more prone to
pulmonary function impairments than to those working for less
thanfiveyears(AOR=2.56;95%CI=1.42-7.50).
The use of personnel protective equipment was also
statistically associated with pulmonary function status. Petrol
station workers who did not use these equipment were 2.3 times
more risky to develop pulmonary function impairments (AOR= 2.3;
95%CI=1.45-5.65)(Table4).
Table 4: Predictor variables associated with pulmonary
functionscoresinpetrolstationworkersinDebretabor,2023.
Deribew Abebaw Abuhay et al. Int J Biol Med Res. 2024; 15(1): 7724-7730
6. 7729
Discussion
The findings of this study revealed that exposure of petrol
station workers to petrol vapors resulted in compromised
pulmonary function. This was consistent with similar studies
conducted in India , Malaysia , Nigeria , Khartoum City, Sudan ' and
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia . These findings could be because petrol
station workers are constantly exposed to petrol vapors that might
cause widespread peroxidation processes, decrease body
antioxidant defense system, and induce oxidative stress, resulting
in non-specific free radical attacks and inflammatory responses .
However, this was not in agreement with a study from Indonesia
where there was no significant difference on FVC, FEV1, and %FVC
scores of the two groups of study participants. The difference might
arise from the spirometric method used as well as socio-
demographicdifferencesamongthestudyparticipants.
In this study, higher number of petrol station participants
experienced respiratory symptoms of varies severity compared
with controls. This was in agreement with similar study conducted
in Pakistan and Nigeria' . However, this finding was contrary to
those of studies from Indonesia and Tanzania where the majority
of respondentsdidnotexperiencerespiratorycomplaints.
The logistic regression analyses also indicated that duration of
exposure and use of personnel protective equipments were
associated with pulmonary function impairments. Similar findings
were obtained from several studies . Exposure to petrol fumes for
longer periods may increase the risk of pulmonary impairment and
associatedrespiratorysymptoms.
Conclusion
People who work at petrol station areas were constantly
exposed to the hazardous toxin vapors of gasoline, kerosene, and
diesel during their daily activities. Exposure to such harmful
substances resulted in a significant reduction in the pulmonary
function test results. Pulmonary function impairments as well as
the development of respiratory symptoms was higher in petrol
station study participants compared with those in the control
groups. Exposure to petrol vapors for longer periods and the
absence of personnel protective equipments at the working site
were found to be statistically associated with impaired pulmonary
function.
Recommendations
The study suggested regular screening of petrol station
workers for pulmonary functions for early detection and
management of pulmonary diseases. Proper use of protective
equipment, such as face masks and gowns at work- places can
decreasetheriskofexposure.
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