Public Service Announcement about Human Trafficking

1. Human Trafficking –
The Modern Day Slavery
Insights from the EU and Germany
Public Service Announcement 2014
Dr. Carsten Weerth, Bremen/Germany
Ohio State University

2. Public Service Announcement
The Public Service Announcement is
the final project of the Ohio State
University‘s MOOC on Trafficking:
Human Trafficking by
Prof. Dr. Jacquelyn Meshelemiah.
The aim was to create an artefact on
Trafficking in the public domain…

3. What is Modern Slavery?
There are an estimated 27 million people living in
slavery today…
“"Slavery," "forced labour," "bonded labour," "child labour," and "human
trafficking" are commonly used terms. Though there are differences, by
and large, these are conditions where a person's freedom is restricted
and forced to render labour or services, regardless of compensation.
Simply, this is modern day slavery. With the low cost of transportation,
the trading of slaves is a thriving global business where individuals are
acquired through force, fraud, or other means in order to transport
them to a location where they are exploited as slaves, or sold to those
who exploit them as slaves. This happens both within national borders
and across international borders, in both developed and developing
countries. There are more slaves today than at any point in history,
and the highest number of slaves is found in Asia; See more at:
http://www.emancipasia.org/slavery/#sthash.LpwNBi7A.dpuf“
(http://www.emancipasia.org/slavery/, 2014)

4. The UN Report on Human Trafficking…
has been published in the internet under the
URL: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/
glotip.html (December 2012)
“According to UNODC - Global Report on Trafficking in
Persons (2009), an estimated 25 million people are
trafficked globally annually.
79 % of all victims are sexually exploited.
46 % know their recruiter.
22 % of them are minors (below the age of 18).”
See more at URL:
http://www.emancipasia.org/slavery/#sthash.LpwNBi7A.dpuf

5. Human Trafficking…
- is about paid help in migration
- is about the illegal channeling of migrants over
state borders
- is about the forced migration
- is about being bound by force and not being
allowed to leave…
- is about forced labor, sex work or abuse…
- is nicknamed “modern slavery“
- is in the hands of the organized crime…
- is more profitable than the drug trade…

6. A legal definition of Trafficking…
“Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress
and Punish Trafficking in Persons defines Trafficking in Persons
as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt
of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms
of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of
power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving
of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person
having control over another person, for the purpose of exploita-tion.
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of
the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation,
forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery,
servitude or the removal of organs.” (UNDOC, 2014)

7. Most important facts…
According to www.Wikipedia.org human trafficking
represents an estimated value of US$ 31.6 billion of
international trade per annum in 2010.
Human trafficking is thought to be one of the fastest-growing
activities of transnational criminal organizations.
Trafficking can be divided for the reasons:
Sex Trafficking, Labor Trafficking, Organ Trafficking.
At least 20.9 million adults and children are bought and
sold worldwide into commercial sexual servitude, forced
labor and bonded labor (International Labor Organization).
UNICEF estimates that about 50 % of Trafficking cases
children are the victims.

8. Most important facts…
Why Trafficking happens (Wikipedia.org):
“A complex set of factors fuel sex trafficking,
including poverty, unemployment, social norms
that discriminate against women, demand for
commercial sex, institutional challenges, and
globalization.”
One problem is that sometimes the trafficked
persons are regarded to be illegal...
The state should be giving security and protection
but is regarding the victims as criminals… (Open
University).

9. Most important facts…
Source: http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/md/awi/humantrafficking/combined.pdf

10. Most important facts…
The 3P-strategy for the prevention of Human Trafficking
tackles:
Prevention, Protection and Prosecution
An index can be prepared for the implementation level in all
countries and a ranking has been done and published
Implications and findings for the European Union (EU-28)
which is consisting out of 28 Members states that are
forming a common market and a borderless area with
(mostly) no border controls between the Member states.
There is a race to the bottom – the country with the
lowest 3P-level is most likely the entrance point to the
EU… And the 3P-levels are varying strongly…

11. Most important facts…
The 3P-strategy country ranking is available under the
URL: http://www.human-trafficking-research.org/
No. 1 is Sweden (15 Points out of 15)
No. 2 are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Italy, the Netherlands (14 Points).
No. 13 are Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, Finland, UK, Ireland,
Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia [and also the USA] (13 Points).
No. 32 are Bulgaria, France, Greece, Portugal, Romania, Slovak
Republic (12 Points).
No. 60 are Denmark, Croatia, Hungary, Luxembourg (11 Points).
No. 82 are Estonia, Latvia and Malta (10 Points)
Rembember my point: there is a race to the bottom – the country
with the lowest 3P-level is most likely the entrance point to the EU…
And the 3P-levels are varying strongly…

12. Most important facts…
Within the EU the EU itself has no legal power about
immigration matters. This is still a national member state
issue. Therefore the levels of legal prevention, protection
and prosecution are different.
The level can also differ over time – e.g. for Germany from
13 to 15 and back to 13:
DEU Germany 2000 5 4 4 13
DEU Germany 2001 5 5 5 15
DEU Germany 2002 5 5 5 15
DEU Germany 2003 5 5 5 15
DEU Germany 2004 5 5 5 15
DEU Germany 2005 5 5 5 15
DEU Germany 2006 5 5 5 15
DEU Germany 2007 5 5 5 15
DEU Germany 2008 5 5 5 15
DEU Germany 2009 5 5 5 15
DEU Germany 2010 5 3 5 13
DEU Germany 2011 5 3 5 13
DEU Germany 2012 5 3 5 13

13. Most important facts…
The EU is heavily targeted by migrants from Asia and
Africa.
The major points of entry are Greece (over Turkey),
Bulgaria (over Turkey), Italy (over the Mediterranean Sea)
and Spain (over the Mediterranean Sea).

14. Conclusion
Trafficking is occurring in almost all parts of the world.
In the EU Trafficking mostly occurs as forced sex work.
Trafficking is having higher money repayment rates than
weapon smuggling or drugs smuggling.
The legal enforcement differs between EU Member states.
Often the trafficked persons (the victims) are considered to
be the problems or actively law breaking persons.
The state and law enforcement should take care of victims
but often does not regard the victims as such but regards
them as evil doers… - STOP TRAFFICKING NOW -
The problem of human trafficking can only be solved
by raising the living standard in most parts of the
world…

15. References I
- Open Learning from the Open University in England:
http://search.open.ac.uk/openlearn/search/C.view=default/results?q
=trafficking
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/society/politics-policy-people/
politics/human-trafficking-introduction
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/society/international-development/
international-studies/can-we-ever-be...
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/society/politics-policy-people/
politics/human-trafficking-perspectives
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/
politics/human-trafficking-...

16. References II
- Human Trafficking in www.wikipedia.org, see URL:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking
- UNDOC on Human Trafficking, see URL:
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/index.html
- Universität Heidelberg, Project on Human Trafficking, see URL:
http://www.human-trafficking-research.org/
- EMANCIP Asia, see URL: http://www.emancipasia.org/slavery/
- International Labor Organization, ILO global estimate of forced
labour: results and methodology (2012)

17. References III
Human Trafficking fact sheets in the internet
- http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/resource/fact-sheet-human-trafficking
- http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/resource/fact-sheet-sex-trafficking-english
- http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNVTF_fs_HT_EN.pdf
- http://www.servingourworld.org/images/dohhs-trafficking-facts.pdf
- http://www.worldvision.com.au/Libraries/DTL_fact_sheets/Factsheet_Huma
n_trafficking.pdf
- https://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Other-Resources/School-
Safety/Safe-and-Supportive-Learning/Human-Trafficking-Prevention/Fact-
Sheet-Child-Victims-of-Human-Trafficking.pdf.aspx
- http://www.unicef.org/protection/files/ipuglobaltrafficking.pdf
- http://www.antislavery.org.au/resources/fact-sheets/104-fact-sheet-3-what-is-
human-trafficking.html
- http://www.equalitynow.org/node/1010