Small-scale livestock keepers possess valuable traditional ecological knowledge and locally adapted animal breeds that are well-suited to harsh environments. These breeds are genetically diverse and resistant to disease, requiring minimal resources. Public-private partnerships could help conserve this biodiversity and support equitable, sustainable livestock development. Livestock keepers manage natural resources and breed diversity but require enabling policies, capacity building, and market access. Payment for environmental services would allow keepers to profit from their stewardship of the land and breeds. Collaboration across sectors is needed to realize the potential of local breeds for green livestock systems.