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Public Library + Plaza Design Case Study

The document presents case studies of three public libraries: Green Square Library in Sydney, Vancouver Public Library, and Halifax Public Library, highlighting their design, functionality, and community integration. Each case emphasizes the use of open spaces, connectivity, and innovative architectural features to cater to diverse user needs while fostering community engagement. The analysis includes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for each library, along with site considerations and user allowances for public spaces.

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PUBLIC LIBRARY. CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL 1
CONTENTS. • GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY & PLAZA, SYDNEY – STUDIO HOLLENSTEIN EXAMPLE OF HOW LIBRARY AND PLAZA CAN CO-EXIST AT THE SAME TIME. • VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY, VANCOUVER - MOSHE SAFDIE EXAMPLE OF HOW DIFFERENT SPACES LIKE EXHIBITION, PLAZA, READING, PRODUCTIVE AND PRIVACY LEVELS CAN BE ACOMMODATED IN A LIBRARY • HALIFAX LIBRARY, HALIFAX - FOWLER BOWLD & MITCHEL OPEN PLANS AND CONNECTIVITY AMONGST DIFFERENT SPACES • CONCLUSION – POINTS TO BE TAKEN AS INPUTS • SITE ANALYSIS • QUALITIES OF A PLAZA – USER ALLOWANCE, INTANGIBLE/FELT ASPECTS, CLASSIFICATION 2 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL
GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY & PLAZA SYDNEY YEAR - 2017 LOCATION – SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA AREA – 8000 SQM. CLIMATE – HUMID SUBTROPICAL 3 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL STATUS - BUILT A PUBLIC PLAZA AND A LIBRARY. THE UNIQUE DESIGN RESPONSE FUSES THESE ELEMENTS TOGETHER BY PLACING THE LIBRARY LARGELY UNDERGROUND AND MAXIMISING THE PUBLIC OPEN SPACE AT GROUND LEVEL. THIS ARRANGEMENT ALLOWS THE COMMUNITY TO GATHER OUTDOORS AND ENJOY THE PLEASANT SYDNEY CLIMATE, WHILST PROVIDING A LIGHT-FILLED, COMMUNITY HAVEN BELOW WITH 42 LARGE SKYLIGHTS DELIVERING LIGHT TO THE SPACE BELOW AND WHERE VISITORS CAN RETREAT FROM THE NOISE OF THE CITY. • THE OPEN LAYOUT ALOWS IT TO CONNECT WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS EASILY • CONNCETIVITY OF TRANSPORT IS ALSO ENHANCED. • READERS ARE NOT DISTURBED WHILE THE PLAZA IS BEING UTILIZED • THE PLAZA IS NEARLY 8000 SQM. WHILE THE LIBRARY IS ABOUT 3000 SQM. • ALMOST THE ENTIRE LIBRARY IS SITUATED UNDER THE PLAZA WHICH RECIEVES SUNLIGHT VIA SKYLIGHTS WITH FROSTED GLAZING • THE HUGE PLAZA IS CAPABLE OF HOSTING FAIRS AND FESTIVALS MAKING IT A POTENTIAL CULTURAL HUB AT TIMES
GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY & PLAZA, SYDNEY 4 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PLAZA ENTRY TRIANGLE LIBRARY GARDEN TOWER AMPHITHEATRE ZONING PLAZA FLOOR PLAN ENTRY TRIANGLE LIBRARY GARDEN TOWER AMPHITHEATRE PARKING SEATING entry entry entry entry entry entry entry wc CAFE FOYER OUTDOOR SEATING GAR DEN TOWER AMPHITHEAT RE PLAZA STAIRS LIFTS CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN VEHICULAR OVERALL
GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY & PLAZA, SYDNEY 5 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY ENTRY ENTRY GARDEN READING AREA LOUNGE STORE COMPUTER READING CHILDRENS TOILETS STAFF AMPHITHEATRE
GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY & PLAZA, SYDNEY 6 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY LIBRARY FLOOR PLAN SITE SECTION AA PLAZA LIBRARY CAFE GAR DEN AMPHITHEATRE GREEN ROOM AND TOILETS AMPHITHEATRE STAFF AND SERVICES (TOILETS, STORE ETC) TOWER PRIVATE PUBLIC PRIVACY AMPHITHEATRE READING, CHILDREN, DIGITAL LOUNGE, RECEPTION, TOWER GARDEN PRIVACY PRIVATE PUBLIC
7 GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY & PLAZA, SYDNEY 7 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY LIBRARY(3000 SQM) PLAZA(8000 SQM) PVT(300 SQM) SEMI PVT(900 SQM) SEMI PUBLIC(770 SQM) PUBLIC(300 SQM) PUBLIC PLAZA(8000 SQM) wc CAFE FOYER STAIR SLIFTS LIBRARY TOWER AMPHITHEATRE PLAZA(8000 SQM) PVT(300 SQM) SEMI PVT(900 SQM) SEMI PUBLIC(770 SQM) PUBLIC(300 SQM) THE PRIVATE PART (STAFF, MEETING ROOMS, STORAGE, SORTING AREA, ADMIN) IS SEPARATED FROM THE SEMI PVT AREA BY A WALL WITH DOORS AS ACCESS THE SEMI PVT (STACKS AND READING AREAS, STUDY AREAS, E- LIBRARY/COMPUTER ZONES) ARE OPENLY JOINT WITH THE SEMI PUBLIC (LIBRARY LOUNGE, ACCESS TO LIBRARY TOWER, MORE STUDY AND STACK). BETWEEN BOTH, LIES A GARDEN WITH VISUAL ACCESS TO THE PUBLIC PLAZA PUBLIC THE PUBLIC AMPHITHEATRE IS SEPARATED FROM THE SEMI PUBLIC REGION VIA A GLAZED WALL AND ALLOWS ACCESS THROUGH TWO DOORS ENTRY TRIANGLE 350 GARDEN 150 LIBRARY TOWER 118 AMPHITHEATRE 300 PLAZA (8000 sqm) TOILET 66 AMPHITHEATRE 180 DESK 50 LOUNGE 160 CHILDREN 104 GARDEN 150 READING 360 MEETING 30 SERVICES 300 COMP. ZONE 55 LIBRARY (3000 sqm) FARTHEST CLOSEST CLOSE
GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY & PLAZA, SYDNEY 8 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT • THE OPEN-NESS OF THE PLAN FORM INVITES MORE PEOPLE APART FROM READERS. • ALLOWS PEOPLE TO USE THE PLAZA AS CROSSING. • ALSO THE PLAZA CAN ACCOMMODATE ANY FAIR OR ANY FUNCTION WITHOUT HAMPERING THE AMBIANCE OF THE LIBRARY • TEMPERATURE REGULATION AND SECURITY • READERS DO NOT GET ANY VIEW OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD. • MECHANICAL VENTILLATION WILL BE REQUIRED • COST OF CONSTRUCTION WILL BE MORE • VISIBILITY AND IMPRESSION OF THE LIBRARY WOULD BE LESS • THE UNDERGROUND NATURE OF LIBRARY WOULD LEAVE A LOT OF SPACE UP ABOVE IN THE PLAZA FOR EVENTS • WOULD LEAD TO A DISTURBANCE FREE ENVIRONMENT INSIDE THE LIBRARY. THE UNDERGROUND LIBRARY COULD SERVE AS A RETREAT FROM THE HUSTLE AND BUSTLE OF URBAN LIFE • SAFETY CONCERNS MAY ARISE REGARDING STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY, AIR QUALITY AND EMERGENCY EVACUATION PROCESSES • RISK OF FACING NATURAL DISASTERS LIKE SETTLEMENT. • LACK OF AVAILABILITY OF EXPANSION • MAINTAINANCE COMPLEXITY AND POOR SUSTAINABILITY
VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY VANCOUVER YEAR - 2017 LOCATION – SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA AREA – 8000 SQM. CLIMATE – HUMID SUBTROPICAL 9 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL STATUS - BUILT THE HEART OF THE VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY IS A SPIRALING GRAND URBAN ROOM THAT DRAWS THE PUBLIC INTO LIBRARY SQUARE AS BOTH A QUIET PLACE FOR STUDY AND CONTEMPLATION AND A VITAL COMMUNITY MEETING PLACE. THE BOOK STACKS AND SERVICES ARE ORGANIZED WITHIN A NINE-STOREY RECTILINEAR CENTRAL VOLUME, WRAPPED BY A MULTI- STOREY COLONNADE CONTAINING READING AND STUDY AREAS, AS WELL AS RETAIL AND COMMUNITY-FACING PROGRAMMING. THE LIBRARY IS TOPPED BY A PUBLIC PARK AND GRAND READING ROOM. - LIBRARY SQUARE DESIGN INCLUDES LIBRARY, FEDERAL OFFICE TOWER, AND INTEGRATED RETAIL FACILITIES ON A CITY BLOCK IN VANCOUVER'S DOWNTOWN. - LIBRARY'S GLASS FAÇADE OVERLOOKS ENCLOSED CONCOURSE, WITH AN ELLIPTICAL WALL DEFINING THE EAST SIDE. - COLONNADE DESIGN WRAPS BUILDING, MARKING LIBRARY'S MAIN ENTRANCE. - PUBLIC SPACES AND PARKING BELOW GRADE CREATE A CONTINUOUS PIAZZA. - LIBRARY'S URBAN ROOM HOSTS LARGE COMMUNITY EVENTS. BRIDGES LINK CENTRAL STACKS TO READING CAROUSELS IN MULTI-STOREY COLONNADE.
10CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL SITE LEVEL PARKING LIBRARY BLOCK ATRIUM / PLAZA PLAZA OFFICES READING CAROUSELS CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN VEHICULAR VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY
VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY 11CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL CIRCULATION VERTICAL STAIRS ELEVATORS ESCALATORS TOILETS THE BUILDING IS CONNECTED VERTICALLY AT DIFFERENT LEVELS VIA DIFFERENT CIRCULATIONS. • THE MAIN ESCALATOR RUNS CENTRALLY TILL THE TOP FLOOR • FOUR OTHER STAIRWELLS AT FOUR CORNERS • LIFTS AT 10 DIFFERENT POINTS
VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY 12CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL INSIDE CAROUSELS READING CAROUSELS STACK SHOPS/CAFES OFFICE TOWERS RECEPTION PARKING PIAZZA CIRCULATION • THE DOUBLE HEIGHT GLAZED CAROUSELS ALLOWS WNOUGH LIGHT TO PASS ON TO THE READING AREAS • THE FUNCTIONS ARE ALTERNATIVELY DISTRIBUTED IN DIFFERENT FLOORS SO THAT THE READING SPACE RECIEVES MORE SUNLIGHT THAN THE STACK AREAS. AS SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAM SPACE PROGRAM VERTICAL
VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY 13CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL INSIDE CAROUSELS PARKING CHILDREN DVD+TEEN+CHECKOUT INSPIRATION LAB LIBRARY + READING ROOM MAGAZINE + LOUNGE PRINT ARCHIVE + LIBRARY HISTORY EXHIBITION ROOFTOP GARDEN CAROUSELS ENTRANCE EXHIBITION SPACE PROGRAM VERTICAL • THE PEDESTRIAN ENTRY IS ON FIRST FLOOR DIRECTLY INTO THE TEEN/DVD ZONE WITH RECEPTION AND ALL • THE CHILDREN ZONE IS LOCATED AT THE GROUND FLOOR • ABOVE THE 2ND FLOOR ARE MORE FUNCTION SPECIFIC PRIVATE ZONES WITH THE MOST PRIORITIZED, SEPARATE MEMBERSHIP EXCLUSIVE HISTORY ZONE AND THE EXHIBITION ZONE PRIVACY
VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY 14CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL STAIR S STAIR S STAIR S STAIR S CAROUSELS CAROUSELS CENTRAL ESCALATORS AND LIFTS BLOCK TOILET S STAFF LOUNGE STACK + READING SPACES STACK + READING SPACES SPECIAL READERS SPECIAL READERS INNOVATION ZONES EXHIBITION AREAS SPECIAL SECTIONS THAT NEED MEMBERSHI P TYPICAL BUBBLE DIAGRAM PER FLOOR (SINCE PROPER PLANS AND SECTIONS FOR ALL FLOORS WAS NOT AVAILABLE) SPACE PROGRAM FLOOR LEVEL 8TH FLOOR : 2400 M2 ROOM AREA FLOOR:FURN READING 250 250:25 READING 180 180:12 AUDI 85 ADMIN 640 EXHIBITION 640 TOILET 45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A B C 8TH FLOOR : 2400 M2 ROOM DESC AREA FLOOR:FURN/ GARDEN INFORMAL 770 READING SEMI FORMAL 180 180:12 RECEPTION 100 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D
SPECIAL ZONES LIKE INNOVATION CENTRES – THESE SPACES ARE BASICLLY COMPUTER SECTIONS THAT ARE EQUIPPED WITH HIGH END TECHNOLOGIES MEANT FOR TASKS LIKE VIDEO EDITING, AUDIO PRODUCTION AND RECORDING, GRAPHIC DESIGN,ETC FOR INNOVATIVE PEOPLE TO COME TOGETHER AND HAVE A SHARED SPACE.
VANCOUVER LIBRARY, VANCOUVER 16CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT •THE CENTRAL LIBRARY'S UNIQUE AND INNOVATIVE DESIGN BY ARCHITECT MOSHE SAFDIE MAKES IT A STANDOUT ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARK, ATTRACTING ATTENTION AND VISITORS. •tHE LIBRARY'S VISUALLY STRIKING EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR SPACES CREATE A SENSE OF WONDER AND INTRIGUE, CONTRIBUTING TO A MEMORABLE USER EXPERIENCE. • THE LIBRARY'S INTERIOR SPACES ARE WELL-DESIGNED AND ORGANIZED, PROVIDING EFFICIENT NAVIGATION FOR USERS AND FACILITATING THE VARIOUS ACTIVITIES THEY ENGAGE IN •ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS LIKE THE CENTRAL ATRIUM, ROOFTOP GARDEN, AND DISTINCT USE OF GLASS CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT THAT ENCOURAGES EXPLORATION AND LEARNING. • THE INTRICATE DESIGN AND USE OF DIVERSE MATERIALS MIGHT LEAD TO HIGHER MAINTENANCE COSTS AND THE NEED FOR SPECIALIZED CARE TO PRESERVE THE BUILDING'S INTEGRITY. • NOT MUCH OPTIONS FOR THE PUBLIC TO TRAVERSE THROUGH. VERY DEDICATED CIRCULATION MOVEMENTS • THE ATRIUM IS CAPABLE OF HOSTING SEVERAL EXHIBITIONS AND FAIRS • THE INSPIRATION LAB AND OTHER EXCITING ZONES CAN DRAW MORE VISITORS. • THE CAROUSEL SEATING ARRANGEMENT AROUND THE BUILDING CREATES NEW SPACES FOR THE READERS. • THE CAROUSELS AT SOMETIME OF THE DAY OR THE YEAR WOULD RECEIVE A LOT OF GLARE CAUSING DISCOMFORT. • SIMILARLY SOME PARTS MIGHT NOT RECEIVE ANY SUN AT ALL. • MAINTAINING DESIRED TEMPERATURES THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE BUILDING WOULD REQUIRE A LOT OF ENERGY.
HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY HALIFAX YEAR - 2014 LOCATION – HALIFAX, CANADA AREA – 15000 SQM. CLIMATE – HUMID SUBTROPICAL 17CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL STATUS - BUILT THE NEW HALIFAX CENTRAL LIBRARY HAS AN OPEN, WELCOMING DESIGN WHICH REFLECTS THE CITY’S DIVERSE POPULATION AND HERITAGE. THE BUILDING IS A CATALYST FOR THE REGENERATION OF THE DOWNTOWN AREA AND THE PRODUCT OF AN EXTENSIVE CO-CREATION PROCESS INVOLVING MONTHLY PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND WORKSHOPS WITH VARIOUS FOCUS GROUPS. • HALIFAX LIBRARY'S MODERN DESIGN SETS IT APART, INCORPORATING CUTTING-EDGE ELEMENTS THAT DEFINE ITS AESTHETIC CHARACTER. • FUNCTIONING AS A VIBRANT GATHERING PLACE, THE LIBRARY HOSTS A SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITIES, FOSTERING CONNECTIONS AMONG DIVERSE GROUPS. • SEAMLESSLY WEAVING TECHNOLOGY INTO ITS SPACES, THE LIBRARY OFFERS MODERN EXPERIENCES AND RESOURCES, REFLECTING EVOLVING USER NEEDS. • DESIGNED WITH INCLUSIVITY IN MIND, THE LIBRARY ENSURES ACCESSIBILITY FOR EVERYONE, PROMOTING A SENSE OF BELONGING AND ENGAGEMENT. • THROUGH THOUGHTFUL ARCHITECTURE, THE LIBRARY CREATES AN INVITING ATMOSPHERE, ALIGNING WITH BOTH CURRENT ARCHITECTURAL TRENDS AND COMMUNITY ASPIRATIONS.
HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY , HALIFAX 18CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PARKING LIBRARY BLOCK PLAZA/ GARDEN
HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY , HALIFAX 19CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN VEHICULAR CIRCULATION VERTICAL
HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY , HALIFAX 20CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PRIVACY
21CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL ENTRY NEW ARRIVALS/ BEST SELLERS SERVICE BLOC : TOILETS, STAFFS, LOADING UNLOADING, STORE, STAIRCASES STAIRC ASE /LIFTS CAFE MAGAZI NE AREA HALL READIN G AREA SPACE AREA STAIRWAYS 57 CAFÉ 64 SERVICE BLOCK 380 AUDI 250 OPEN READING AREA 780 STACK:SEATING 100:6 80 RECEPTION 42 PROGR AM/MEE TING ROOM LOUNGE / COMPU TER ZONE CENTRAL STAIRCASE SERVICE BLOC : TOILETS, STAFFS, LOADING UNLOADING, STORE, STAIRCASES STAIRCA SE /LIFTS MAGAZI NE AREA PROGRAM/MEETIN G ROOM READIN G AREA SPACE AREA STAIRWAYS 57 CHILDREN 168 SERVICE BLOCK 380 ADMIN 38 OPEN READING AREA 793 STACK:SEATING 78:612 PROGR AM/MEE TING ROOM LOUNG E/ COMPU TER ZONE CENTRAL STAIRCASE SERVICE BLOC : TOILETS, STAFFS, LOADING UNLOADING, STORE, STAIRCASES STAIRC ASE /LIFTS MAGAZI NE AREA PROGRAM/MEETIN G ROOM READIN G AREA HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY , HALIFAX SPACE AREA LIVING 115 CAFÉ 86 LAPTOP AREA 104 STAIRWAY 380 GROUND FLOOR FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR TERRACE
HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY , HALIFAX THE MAIN ATTRACTION OF THIS BUILDING LIES IN ITS JAGGERED AND FUTURISTIC STAIRCASES AND BRIDGES CONNECTING EACH FLOORS AT THE COURTYARD. ALSO THE OPEN CORRIDORS CREATE A VISUAL CONNECTIVITY AMONGST ALL THE FLOORS BRINGING IN THE SENSE OF UNITY AND HOMELINESS 22CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL
HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY, HALIFAX 23CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT •MODERN AND DISTINCTIVE ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY. •MODERN AND DISTINCTIVE ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY. •MAINTAINED PRIVACY GRADIENT •OPENNESS WITH VISUAL CONNECTIVITY ACROSS THE FLOORS • LIMITED SPACE FOR POTENTIAL FUTURE EXPANSIONS. • NEGLIGIBLE CLIMATE RESPONSIVE INPUT. • FORMATION OF NEGATIVE SPACES • THE LIBRARY CAN BRING THE COMMUNITY TOGETHER THROUGH THE INTENDED DESIGN • THE OPEN DESIGN CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF INTERACTION AND ENGAGEMENT • MAINTAINING DESIRED TEMPERATURES THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE BUILDING WOULD REQUIRE A LOT OF ENERGY AS A LOT OF GLAZING IS USED AT THE EXTERIOR. • LACK OF SECURITY FEATURES MIGHT TURN HARMFUL
CONCLUSION. POINTS THAT CAN BE TAKEN AS INPUTS 24 24CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL VANCOUVER LIBRARY GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY HALIFAX LIBRARY UTILIZATION OF NATURAL LIGHT VIA VERTICAL SPACE PROGRAM IDEA OF HAVING PLAZA ON TOP OF LIBRARY SEPARATING THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACES YET CONNECTING AT SOME PARTS VERTICALLY SEPARATING PRIVACY GRADIENT. VERTICAL CONNECTIVITY AND VERTICAL SPACE PROGRAMMING FOR PRIVACY SEPARATION IDEA OF SEPARATING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE AREAS WITH AN INACCESSIBLE YET VISIBLE PUBLIC PART COMMUNITY INCLUSIVE DESIGN ACHIEVED VIA AN OPEN PLAN IDEA OF ATRIUM WITH INTERNAL PLAZA AND SHOPS AMPHITHEATRE ACTING AS A CONNECTION BETWEEN UNDERGROUND LIBRARY AND ABOVE GROUND PLAZA ALL SPACES ARE INTERCONNECTED WITH EACH OTHER IDEA OF SPACES LIKE INSPIRATION LAB TO FACILITATE CREATIVITY LEVELS VISUALLY AND PHYSICALLY CONNECTED USING BRIDGES AND STAIRS RUNNING CENTRALLY ACFROSS THE COURTYARD
SITE ANALYSIS. 25 25CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL CONTEXT OF SITE PLACES NEARBY REACHABILITY ADDRESS : BRATACHARI GRAM, JOKA, KOLKATA, WEST BENGAL 700104 MEANS OF ACCESSES : • VIA DIAMON HARBOUR ROAD • JAMES LONG SARANI • METRO-JOKA METRO STATION LANDMARKS : • ESI-PGMSR INSTITUTE • JOKA METRO STATION • JOKA POST OFFICE ESI COLLEGE CAMPUS JOKA METRO STATION IIM KOLKATA VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE THE SITE DIRECTLY FACES THE MAIN ROAD WITH THE ESI BUILDING AND METRO STATION AS ITS PRIME FRONT AND SIDE VIEWS VISIBILITY SITE
SITE ANALYSIS. 26 26CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL BYE LAWS AREA : 31318.7 SQ M. WIDTH OF ROAD: 36M. ● F.A.R = 2.75 ● MAX GROUND COVERAGE = 40% ● NO HEIGHT LIMITATION ● FLOOR HEIGHT : 3.6M CLIMATOLOGICAL FACTORS MOVEMENT OF SHADOW DURING APRIL-THE HOTTEST MONTH IN JOKA MOVEMENT OF SHADOW DURING JANUARY-THE COOLEST MONTH IN JOKA
SITE ANALYSIS. 27 27CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL EFECT OF SUNPATH WINTER SOLSTICE AUTUMN EQUINOX SUMMER SOLSTICE REGIONS OF THE SITE BASED ON HOW MUCH SHADE THEY GET: • NO SHADE GETS NO SHADE AT ALL THROUGH OUT THE YEAR- FIT FOR WINTER AS SUN IS DESIRED AT THAT TIME. UNFIT FOR MAJORLY PUBLIC AREAS • SEMI SHADE RECIEVES SUN TO SOME EXTENT. • MODERATELY BETTER SHADE RECIEVES SHADE FOR A LONGER POINT OF TIME THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. FIT FOR PUBLIC OPEN SPACES WIND THE SITE BEING OPEN ON 2 SIDES WOULD FACILITATE WIND MOVEMENT BETTER WINDROSE SUNPATH SUMMER WINDS WINTER WINDS
SITE ANALYSIS. 28 28CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PEDESTRIAN ENTRY VEHICULAR ENTRY SERVICES DISTRIBUTION TANNK WATER SUPPLY OVERHEAD LINES ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SEWER LINES UDER THE DIAMOND HARBOUR ROAD TARGET USERS: • RESIDENTS LIVING UNDER 2.5- 3 KM AROUND-METRO WOULD BE THE PRIME MODE OF TRANSPORT FOR THEM. HAVING AN ENTRANCE NEAR METRO EXIT IS PREFERABLE • STUDENTS FROM NEARBY COLLEGES • VISITORS – VERY FEW. MIGHT BRING CAR. MAIN AND VEHICULAR ENTRANCE IS THE DESIRED ONE FOR THEM. SITE ACCESS PARAMETER DESCRIPTION INPUT SUN REGIONS OF THE SITE RECEIVING SUN AND SHADE PUBLIC AREAS TO BE PLACED IN A WAY TO MAXIMIZE SHADE DURING SUMMER AND MORE SUN TO BE RECEIVED IN WINTER. ALSO BUILDINGS SHOULD BE PLACED ACCORDINGLY TO REDUCE SOLAR HEAT GAIN WIND AMOUNT OF WIND WHICH CAN BE WELCOMED A LOT OF WIND CAN BE RECEIVED FROM THE NORTHEN END AND SOUTHERN END. SPACES AND MASSES SHOULD BEPLACED ACCORDINGLY TO ALLOW MORE WINDFLOW DFEEP INTO THE SITE CLIMATE OVERALL EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL PUBLIC PLACES MUST HAVE SHADED RETREATS AGAINST SUN AND RAIN. LARGER OPENING IN BUILDINGS TO TACKLE HUMIDITY. SEVERALPASSIVE COOLING MECHANISMS CAN BE APPLIED TO SOLVE COOLING. VISIBILITY VISIBILITY OF THE STRUCTURE AND APPEARANCE FROM THE ROAD MOSTLY THE STRUCTURE WOULD BE VERY LESS VISIBLE EXCEPT FOR THE VERTICAL ASPECT. FOR THAT IT CAN BE KEPT CLOSER TO THE ROAD. IT WOULD ALSO ACT AS A NOISE SCREEN. FROM METRO EVERYTHING WOULD BE VISIBLE NOISE SCREENING AGAINST NOISE PRIMARY SOURCE OF NOISE WOULD BE THE ROAD. HAVING READING SPACES AS AWAY FROM ROAD POSSIBLE IS PREFFERED. SCREENING MEDIUMS CAN ALSO HELP
QUALITIES OF PUBLIC PLACES 29 29CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL USER ALLOWANCES • ALL PUBLIC SPACE USERS HAVE THE RIGHT TO ROAM FREELY • REST AND RELAX UNMOLESTED • ASSOCIATE WITH OTHERS • USE PUBLIC SPACE WITHOUT THE IMPOSITION OF PETTY LOCAL CONTROLS UNLESS CAREFULLY DRINKING, SMOKING, SAFE CYCLING, SKATING, AND DOG WALKING • COLLECT FOR REGISTERED CHARITIES • TAKE PHOTOGRAPHS • PUT UP EXHIBITIONS • DISCUSS AND SHARE IDEAS • TRADE (IF GRANTED A PUBLIC LICENSE) • BUSK OR OTHERWISE PERFORM (IN NON RESIDENTIAL LOCATIONS) • HAVE FOOD THESE USER LEVEL FUNCTIONS IF ALLOWED MAKES SOMEONE WANT TO ENGAGE IN A PUBLIC PLACE. ENGAGEMENT ONLY BRINGS THE PUBLIC AND MAKES THE PLACE A ‘PUBLIC PLACE’, THESE ACTIVITIES RESPECT TO CONTEXT MUST BE ALLOWED. ALSO THE PLACE MUST FOSTER UNFORSEEN
QUALITIES OF PUBLIC PLACES 30 30CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL INTANGIBLE/FELT ASPECTS 1. ACCESSIBILITY: PUBLIC PLACES SHOULD BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYONE, REGARDLESS OF AGE, PHYSICAL ABILITY, OR SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. ADEQUATE PATHWAYS, RAMPS, AND FACILITIES SHOULD BE IN PLACE TO ACCOMMODATE A DIVERSE RANGE OF PEOPLE. 2. OPENNESS: PUBLIC PLACES OFTEN HAVE OPEN LAYOUTS THAT ENCOURAGE A FEELING OF SPACE AND FREEDOM. AVOIDING BARRIERS AND OVERLY SEGMENTED AREAS HELPS CREATE AN INVITING AND UNCONFINED ATMOSPHERE. ALSO THIS SHOULDNOT HAMPER THE SEGREGATION OF ACTIVITIES AND PRIVACY. 3. MIX OF ACTIVITIES: A SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC PLACE OFFERS A MIX OF ACTIVITIES TO CATER TO DIFFERENT INTERESTS AND AGE GROUPS. SPACES FOR SOCIALIZING, RELAXATION, RECREATION, AND CULTURAL EVENTS CAN ATTRACT A DIVERSE CROWD. 4. SEATING AND GATHERING AREAS: COMFORTABLE SEATING ARRANGEMENTS, SUCH AS BENCHES, CHAIRS, PROVIDE PLACES FOR PEOPLE TO RELAX, CHAT, AND OBSERVE THEIR SURROUNDINGS. THESE SEATING AREAS ENCOURAGE A SENSE OF COMMUNITY INTERACTION. 5. SAFETY AND SECURITY: WELL-LIT SPACES, CLEAR SIGHTLINES, AND APPROPRIATE SECURITY MEASURES MAKE PEOPLE FEEL SAFE AND COMFORTABLE. ADEQUATE LIGHTING AND THE PRESENCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OR SECURITY PERSONNEL CONTRIBUTE TO THIS FEELING. 6. SOCIAL INTERACTION: DESIGN ELEMENTS THAT PROMOTE SPONTANEOUS SOCIAL INTERACTION, SUCH AS PLAZAS, GATHERING SPACES, AND INTERACTIVE FEATURES, ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO ENGAGE WITH ONE ANOTHER. INTANGIBLE/FELT ASPECTS 1.PROGRAMMING AND EVENTS: ORGANIZING REGULAR EVENTS, MARKETS, PERFORMANCES, AND GATHERINGS IN PUBLIC PLACES MAKES THEM VIBRANT AND DYNAMIC, DRAWING PEOPLE FROM VARIOUS BACKGROUNDS. 2.VARIETY OF USERS: A PUBLIC PLACE THAT CATERS TO PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT AGES, INTERESTS, AND CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS CREATES A SENSE OF INCLUSIVITY. CHILDREN'S PLAY AREAS, FITNESS ZONES, AND SPACES FOR SENIORS CONTRIBUTE TO THIS DIVERSITY. 3.PUBLIC FACILITIES: PROVIDING PUBLIC RESTROOMS, WATER FOUNTAINS, AND OTHER ESSENTIAL FACILITIES ENSURES PEOPLE'S COMFORT DURING THEIR VISIT. 4.SENSE OF OWNERSHIP: A SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC PLACE OFTEN EVOKES A FEELING OF OWNERSHIP AMONG ITS USERS. WHEN PEOPLE FEEL LIKE THEY HAVE A STAKE IN THE PLACE, THEY'RE MORE LIKELY TO RESPECT AND CONTRIBUTE POSITIVELY TO ITS UPKEEP. HOWEVER IT SHOULD NOW EVOKE VANDALISM. 5.SCALE AND PROPORTION: THOUGHTFUL CONSIDERATION OF SCALE AND PROPORTION HELPS CREATE A HUMAN-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT. A SMALL TINY ROOM CANNOT BE CALLED AS A PUBLIC SPACE AS ALL OTHER ASPECTS MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY FALL SHORT UNDER SUCH DIMENSIONS. LIKE PRIVACY, ABILITY TO ACCOMMODATE A VARIETY OF USERS ETC.
QUALITIES OF PUBLIC PLACES 31 31CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PUBLIC PLACE CLASSIFICATION • ENGAGING PUBLIC SPACE (DESIGNING IN ACTIVE USES) • MEANINGFUL PUBLIC SPACE (INCORPORATING NOTABLE AMENITIES AND FEATURES) Jallianwala Bagh, New Delhi. The place serves as a memoir to a tragic incident that happened in past. People come here to pay homage, learn, recreate. The place after the renovation has become very much public and socially interactive • SOCIAL PUBLIC SPACE (ENCOURAGING SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT) • BALANCED PUBLIC SPACE (BETWEEN TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIANS) • COMFORTABLE PUBLIC SPACE (FEELING SAFE AND RELAXING) -Principles for public space design, planning to do better, Matthew Carmona-2018 EMOTIONAL ASPECT 1. EVOLVING (WHETHER FORMAL OR INFORMAL IN NATURE). 2. DIVERSE (AVOIDING ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL). 3. FREE (WITH SECURE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES). 4. DELINEATED (CLEARLY PUBLIC IN THEIR USE). 5. ENGAGING (DESIGNING IN ACTIVE USES). 6. MEANINGFUL (INCORPORATING NOTABLE AMENITIES AND FEATURES). 7. SOCIAL (ENCOURAGING SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT). 8. BALANCED (BETWEEN TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIANS).
THANK YOU. 32

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Public Library + Plaza Design Case Study

  • 1.
    PUBLIC LIBRARY. CASE STUDIES |2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL 1
  • 2.
    CONTENTS. • GREEN SQUARELIBRARY & PLAZA, SYDNEY – STUDIO HOLLENSTEIN EXAMPLE OF HOW LIBRARY AND PLAZA CAN CO-EXIST AT THE SAME TIME. • VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY, VANCOUVER - MOSHE SAFDIE EXAMPLE OF HOW DIFFERENT SPACES LIKE EXHIBITION, PLAZA, READING, PRODUCTIVE AND PRIVACY LEVELS CAN BE ACOMMODATED IN A LIBRARY • HALIFAX LIBRARY, HALIFAX - FOWLER BOWLD & MITCHEL OPEN PLANS AND CONNECTIVITY AMONGST DIFFERENT SPACES • CONCLUSION – POINTS TO BE TAKEN AS INPUTS • SITE ANALYSIS • QUALITIES OF A PLAZA – USER ALLOWANCE, INTANGIBLE/FELT ASPECTS, CLASSIFICATION 2 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL
  • 3.
    GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY &PLAZA SYDNEY YEAR - 2017 LOCATION – SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA AREA – 8000 SQM. CLIMATE – HUMID SUBTROPICAL 3 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL STATUS - BUILT A PUBLIC PLAZA AND A LIBRARY. THE UNIQUE DESIGN RESPONSE FUSES THESE ELEMENTS TOGETHER BY PLACING THE LIBRARY LARGELY UNDERGROUND AND MAXIMISING THE PUBLIC OPEN SPACE AT GROUND LEVEL. THIS ARRANGEMENT ALLOWS THE COMMUNITY TO GATHER OUTDOORS AND ENJOY THE PLEASANT SYDNEY CLIMATE, WHILST PROVIDING A LIGHT-FILLED, COMMUNITY HAVEN BELOW WITH 42 LARGE SKYLIGHTS DELIVERING LIGHT TO THE SPACE BELOW AND WHERE VISITORS CAN RETREAT FROM THE NOISE OF THE CITY. • THE OPEN LAYOUT ALOWS IT TO CONNECT WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS EASILY • CONNCETIVITY OF TRANSPORT IS ALSO ENHANCED. • READERS ARE NOT DISTURBED WHILE THE PLAZA IS BEING UTILIZED • THE PLAZA IS NEARLY 8000 SQM. WHILE THE LIBRARY IS ABOUT 3000 SQM. • ALMOST THE ENTIRE LIBRARY IS SITUATED UNDER THE PLAZA WHICH RECIEVES SUNLIGHT VIA SKYLIGHTS WITH FROSTED GLAZING • THE HUGE PLAZA IS CAPABLE OF HOSTING FAIRS AND FESTIVALS MAKING IT A POTENTIAL CULTURAL HUB AT TIMES
  • 4.
    GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY& PLAZA, SYDNEY 4 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PLAZA ENTRY TRIANGLE LIBRARY GARDEN TOWER AMPHITHEATRE ZONING PLAZA FLOOR PLAN ENTRY TRIANGLE LIBRARY GARDEN TOWER AMPHITHEATRE PARKING SEATING entry entry entry entry entry entry entry wc CAFE FOYER OUTDOOR SEATING GAR DEN TOWER AMPHITHEAT RE PLAZA STAIRS LIFTS CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN VEHICULAR OVERALL
  • 5.
    GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY& PLAZA, SYDNEY 5 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY ENTRY ENTRY GARDEN READING AREA LOUNGE STORE COMPUTER READING CHILDRENS TOILETS STAFF AMPHITHEATRE
  • 6.
    GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY& PLAZA, SYDNEY 6 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY LIBRARY FLOOR PLAN SITE SECTION AA PLAZA LIBRARY CAFE GAR DEN AMPHITHEATRE GREEN ROOM AND TOILETS AMPHITHEATRE STAFF AND SERVICES (TOILETS, STORE ETC) TOWER PRIVATE PUBLIC PRIVACY AMPHITHEATRE READING, CHILDREN, DIGITAL LOUNGE, RECEPTION, TOWER GARDEN PRIVACY PRIVATE PUBLIC
  • 7.
    7 GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY& PLAZA, SYDNEY 7 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY LIBRARY(3000 SQM) PLAZA(8000 SQM) PVT(300 SQM) SEMI PVT(900 SQM) SEMI PUBLIC(770 SQM) PUBLIC(300 SQM) PUBLIC PLAZA(8000 SQM) wc CAFE FOYER STAIR SLIFTS LIBRARY TOWER AMPHITHEATRE PLAZA(8000 SQM) PVT(300 SQM) SEMI PVT(900 SQM) SEMI PUBLIC(770 SQM) PUBLIC(300 SQM) THE PRIVATE PART (STAFF, MEETING ROOMS, STORAGE, SORTING AREA, ADMIN) IS SEPARATED FROM THE SEMI PVT AREA BY A WALL WITH DOORS AS ACCESS THE SEMI PVT (STACKS AND READING AREAS, STUDY AREAS, E- LIBRARY/COMPUTER ZONES) ARE OPENLY JOINT WITH THE SEMI PUBLIC (LIBRARY LOUNGE, ACCESS TO LIBRARY TOWER, MORE STUDY AND STACK). BETWEEN BOTH, LIES A GARDEN WITH VISUAL ACCESS TO THE PUBLIC PLAZA PUBLIC THE PUBLIC AMPHITHEATRE IS SEPARATED FROM THE SEMI PUBLIC REGION VIA A GLAZED WALL AND ALLOWS ACCESS THROUGH TWO DOORS ENTRY TRIANGLE 350 GARDEN 150 LIBRARY TOWER 118 AMPHITHEATRE 300 PLAZA (8000 sqm) TOILET 66 AMPHITHEATRE 180 DESK 50 LOUNGE 160 CHILDREN 104 GARDEN 150 READING 360 MEETING 30 SERVICES 300 COMP. ZONE 55 LIBRARY (3000 sqm) FARTHEST CLOSEST CLOSE
  • 8.
    GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY& PLAZA, SYDNEY 8 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT • THE OPEN-NESS OF THE PLAN FORM INVITES MORE PEOPLE APART FROM READERS. • ALLOWS PEOPLE TO USE THE PLAZA AS CROSSING. • ALSO THE PLAZA CAN ACCOMMODATE ANY FAIR OR ANY FUNCTION WITHOUT HAMPERING THE AMBIANCE OF THE LIBRARY • TEMPERATURE REGULATION AND SECURITY • READERS DO NOT GET ANY VIEW OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD. • MECHANICAL VENTILLATION WILL BE REQUIRED • COST OF CONSTRUCTION WILL BE MORE • VISIBILITY AND IMPRESSION OF THE LIBRARY WOULD BE LESS • THE UNDERGROUND NATURE OF LIBRARY WOULD LEAVE A LOT OF SPACE UP ABOVE IN THE PLAZA FOR EVENTS • WOULD LEAD TO A DISTURBANCE FREE ENVIRONMENT INSIDE THE LIBRARY. THE UNDERGROUND LIBRARY COULD SERVE AS A RETREAT FROM THE HUSTLE AND BUSTLE OF URBAN LIFE • SAFETY CONCERNS MAY ARISE REGARDING STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY, AIR QUALITY AND EMERGENCY EVACUATION PROCESSES • RISK OF FACING NATURAL DISASTERS LIKE SETTLEMENT. • LACK OF AVAILABILITY OF EXPANSION • MAINTAINANCE COMPLEXITY AND POOR SUSTAINABILITY
  • 9.
    VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY VANCOUVER YEAR -2017 LOCATION – SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA AREA – 8000 SQM. CLIMATE – HUMID SUBTROPICAL 9 CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL STATUS - BUILT THE HEART OF THE VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY IS A SPIRALING GRAND URBAN ROOM THAT DRAWS THE PUBLIC INTO LIBRARY SQUARE AS BOTH A QUIET PLACE FOR STUDY AND CONTEMPLATION AND A VITAL COMMUNITY MEETING PLACE. THE BOOK STACKS AND SERVICES ARE ORGANIZED WITHIN A NINE-STOREY RECTILINEAR CENTRAL VOLUME, WRAPPED BY A MULTI- STOREY COLONNADE CONTAINING READING AND STUDY AREAS, AS WELL AS RETAIL AND COMMUNITY-FACING PROGRAMMING. THE LIBRARY IS TOPPED BY A PUBLIC PARK AND GRAND READING ROOM. - LIBRARY SQUARE DESIGN INCLUDES LIBRARY, FEDERAL OFFICE TOWER, AND INTEGRATED RETAIL FACILITIES ON A CITY BLOCK IN VANCOUVER'S DOWNTOWN. - LIBRARY'S GLASS FAÇADE OVERLOOKS ENCLOSED CONCOURSE, WITH AN ELLIPTICAL WALL DEFINING THE EAST SIDE. - COLONNADE DESIGN WRAPS BUILDING, MARKING LIBRARY'S MAIN ENTRANCE. - PUBLIC SPACES AND PARKING BELOW GRADE CREATE A CONTINUOUS PIAZZA. - LIBRARY'S URBAN ROOM HOSTS LARGE COMMUNITY EVENTS. BRIDGES LINK CENTRAL STACKS TO READING CAROUSELS IN MULTI-STOREY COLONNADE.
  • 10.
    10CASE STUDIES |2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL SITE LEVEL PARKING LIBRARY BLOCK ATRIUM / PLAZA PLAZA OFFICES READING CAROUSELS CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN VEHICULAR VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY
  • 11.
    VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY 11CASESTUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL CIRCULATION VERTICAL STAIRS ELEVATORS ESCALATORS TOILETS THE BUILDING IS CONNECTED VERTICALLY AT DIFFERENT LEVELS VIA DIFFERENT CIRCULATIONS. • THE MAIN ESCALATOR RUNS CENTRALLY TILL THE TOP FLOOR • FOUR OTHER STAIRWELLS AT FOUR CORNERS • LIFTS AT 10 DIFFERENT POINTS
  • 12.
    VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY 12CASESTUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL INSIDE CAROUSELS READING CAROUSELS STACK SHOPS/CAFES OFFICE TOWERS RECEPTION PARKING PIAZZA CIRCULATION • THE DOUBLE HEIGHT GLAZED CAROUSELS ALLOWS WNOUGH LIGHT TO PASS ON TO THE READING AREAS • THE FUNCTIONS ARE ALTERNATIVELY DISTRIBUTED IN DIFFERENT FLOORS SO THAT THE READING SPACE RECIEVES MORE SUNLIGHT THAN THE STACK AREAS. AS SHOWN IN THE DIAGRAM SPACE PROGRAM VERTICAL
  • 13.
    VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY 13CASESTUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL INSIDE CAROUSELS PARKING CHILDREN DVD+TEEN+CHECKOUT INSPIRATION LAB LIBRARY + READING ROOM MAGAZINE + LOUNGE PRINT ARCHIVE + LIBRARY HISTORY EXHIBITION ROOFTOP GARDEN CAROUSELS ENTRANCE EXHIBITION SPACE PROGRAM VERTICAL • THE PEDESTRIAN ENTRY IS ON FIRST FLOOR DIRECTLY INTO THE TEEN/DVD ZONE WITH RECEPTION AND ALL • THE CHILDREN ZONE IS LOCATED AT THE GROUND FLOOR • ABOVE THE 2ND FLOOR ARE MORE FUNCTION SPECIFIC PRIVATE ZONES WITH THE MOST PRIORITIZED, SEPARATE MEMBERSHIP EXCLUSIVE HISTORY ZONE AND THE EXHIBITION ZONE PRIVACY
  • 14.
    VANCOUVER PUBLIC LIBRARY 14CASESTUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL STAIR S STAIR S STAIR S STAIR S CAROUSELS CAROUSELS CENTRAL ESCALATORS AND LIFTS BLOCK TOILET S STAFF LOUNGE STACK + READING SPACES STACK + READING SPACES SPECIAL READERS SPECIAL READERS INNOVATION ZONES EXHIBITION AREAS SPECIAL SECTIONS THAT NEED MEMBERSHI P TYPICAL BUBBLE DIAGRAM PER FLOOR (SINCE PROPER PLANS AND SECTIONS FOR ALL FLOORS WAS NOT AVAILABLE) SPACE PROGRAM FLOOR LEVEL 8TH FLOOR : 2400 M2 ROOM AREA FLOOR:FURN READING 250 250:25 READING 180 180:12 AUDI 85 ADMIN 640 EXHIBITION 640 TOILET 45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A B C 8TH FLOOR : 2400 M2 ROOM DESC AREA FLOOR:FURN/ GARDEN INFORMAL 770 READING SEMI FORMAL 180 180:12 RECEPTION 100 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D
  • 15.
    SPECIAL ZONES LIKEINNOVATION CENTRES – THESE SPACES ARE BASICLLY COMPUTER SECTIONS THAT ARE EQUIPPED WITH HIGH END TECHNOLOGIES MEANT FOR TASKS LIKE VIDEO EDITING, AUDIO PRODUCTION AND RECORDING, GRAPHIC DESIGN,ETC FOR INNOVATIVE PEOPLE TO COME TOGETHER AND HAVE A SHARED SPACE.
  • 16.
    VANCOUVER LIBRARY, VANCOUVER 16CASESTUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT •THE CENTRAL LIBRARY'S UNIQUE AND INNOVATIVE DESIGN BY ARCHITECT MOSHE SAFDIE MAKES IT A STANDOUT ARCHITECTURAL LANDMARK, ATTRACTING ATTENTION AND VISITORS. •tHE LIBRARY'S VISUALLY STRIKING EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR SPACES CREATE A SENSE OF WONDER AND INTRIGUE, CONTRIBUTING TO A MEMORABLE USER EXPERIENCE. • THE LIBRARY'S INTERIOR SPACES ARE WELL-DESIGNED AND ORGANIZED, PROVIDING EFFICIENT NAVIGATION FOR USERS AND FACILITATING THE VARIOUS ACTIVITIES THEY ENGAGE IN •ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS LIKE THE CENTRAL ATRIUM, ROOFTOP GARDEN, AND DISTINCT USE OF GLASS CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT THAT ENCOURAGES EXPLORATION AND LEARNING. • THE INTRICATE DESIGN AND USE OF DIVERSE MATERIALS MIGHT LEAD TO HIGHER MAINTENANCE COSTS AND THE NEED FOR SPECIALIZED CARE TO PRESERVE THE BUILDING'S INTEGRITY. • NOT MUCH OPTIONS FOR THE PUBLIC TO TRAVERSE THROUGH. VERY DEDICATED CIRCULATION MOVEMENTS • THE ATRIUM IS CAPABLE OF HOSTING SEVERAL EXHIBITIONS AND FAIRS • THE INSPIRATION LAB AND OTHER EXCITING ZONES CAN DRAW MORE VISITORS. • THE CAROUSEL SEATING ARRANGEMENT AROUND THE BUILDING CREATES NEW SPACES FOR THE READERS. • THE CAROUSELS AT SOMETIME OF THE DAY OR THE YEAR WOULD RECEIVE A LOT OF GLARE CAUSING DISCOMFORT. • SIMILARLY SOME PARTS MIGHT NOT RECEIVE ANY SUN AT ALL. • MAINTAINING DESIRED TEMPERATURES THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE BUILDING WOULD REQUIRE A LOT OF ENERGY.
  • 17.
    HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY HALIFAX YEAR -2014 LOCATION – HALIFAX, CANADA AREA – 15000 SQM. CLIMATE – HUMID SUBTROPICAL 17CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL STATUS - BUILT THE NEW HALIFAX CENTRAL LIBRARY HAS AN OPEN, WELCOMING DESIGN WHICH REFLECTS THE CITY’S DIVERSE POPULATION AND HERITAGE. THE BUILDING IS A CATALYST FOR THE REGENERATION OF THE DOWNTOWN AREA AND THE PRODUCT OF AN EXTENSIVE CO-CREATION PROCESS INVOLVING MONTHLY PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND WORKSHOPS WITH VARIOUS FOCUS GROUPS. • HALIFAX LIBRARY'S MODERN DESIGN SETS IT APART, INCORPORATING CUTTING-EDGE ELEMENTS THAT DEFINE ITS AESTHETIC CHARACTER. • FUNCTIONING AS A VIBRANT GATHERING PLACE, THE LIBRARY HOSTS A SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITIES, FOSTERING CONNECTIONS AMONG DIVERSE GROUPS. • SEAMLESSLY WEAVING TECHNOLOGY INTO ITS SPACES, THE LIBRARY OFFERS MODERN EXPERIENCES AND RESOURCES, REFLECTING EVOLVING USER NEEDS. • DESIGNED WITH INCLUSIVITY IN MIND, THE LIBRARY ENSURES ACCESSIBILITY FOR EVERYONE, PROMOTING A SENSE OF BELONGING AND ENGAGEMENT. • THROUGH THOUGHTFUL ARCHITECTURE, THE LIBRARY CREATES AN INVITING ATMOSPHERE, ALIGNING WITH BOTH CURRENT ARCHITECTURAL TRENDS AND COMMUNITY ASPIRATIONS.
  • 18.
    HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY ,HALIFAX 18CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PARKING LIBRARY BLOCK PLAZA/ GARDEN
  • 19.
    HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY ,HALIFAX 19CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN VEHICULAR CIRCULATION VERTICAL
  • 20.
    HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY ,HALIFAX 20CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PRIVACY
  • 21.
    21CASE STUDIES |2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL ENTRY NEW ARRIVALS/ BEST SELLERS SERVICE BLOC : TOILETS, STAFFS, LOADING UNLOADING, STORE, STAIRCASES STAIRC ASE /LIFTS CAFE MAGAZI NE AREA HALL READIN G AREA SPACE AREA STAIRWAYS 57 CAFÉ 64 SERVICE BLOCK 380 AUDI 250 OPEN READING AREA 780 STACK:SEATING 100:6 80 RECEPTION 42 PROGR AM/MEE TING ROOM LOUNGE / COMPU TER ZONE CENTRAL STAIRCASE SERVICE BLOC : TOILETS, STAFFS, LOADING UNLOADING, STORE, STAIRCASES STAIRCA SE /LIFTS MAGAZI NE AREA PROGRAM/MEETIN G ROOM READIN G AREA SPACE AREA STAIRWAYS 57 CHILDREN 168 SERVICE BLOCK 380 ADMIN 38 OPEN READING AREA 793 STACK:SEATING 78:612 PROGR AM/MEE TING ROOM LOUNG E/ COMPU TER ZONE CENTRAL STAIRCASE SERVICE BLOC : TOILETS, STAFFS, LOADING UNLOADING, STORE, STAIRCASES STAIRC ASE /LIFTS MAGAZI NE AREA PROGRAM/MEETIN G ROOM READIN G AREA HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY , HALIFAX SPACE AREA LIVING 115 CAFÉ 86 LAPTOP AREA 104 STAIRWAY 380 GROUND FLOOR FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR TERRACE
  • 22.
    HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY ,HALIFAX THE MAIN ATTRACTION OF THIS BUILDING LIES IN ITS JAGGERED AND FUTURISTIC STAIRCASES AND BRIDGES CONNECTING EACH FLOORS AT THE COURTYARD. ALSO THE OPEN CORRIDORS CREATE A VISUAL CONNECTIVITY AMONGST ALL THE FLOORS BRINGING IN THE SENSE OF UNITY AND HOMELINESS 22CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL
  • 23.
    HALIFAX PUBLIC LIBRARY,HALIFAX 23CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL LIBRARY STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT •MODERN AND DISTINCTIVE ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY. •MODERN AND DISTINCTIVE ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY. •MAINTAINED PRIVACY GRADIENT •OPENNESS WITH VISUAL CONNECTIVITY ACROSS THE FLOORS • LIMITED SPACE FOR POTENTIAL FUTURE EXPANSIONS. • NEGLIGIBLE CLIMATE RESPONSIVE INPUT. • FORMATION OF NEGATIVE SPACES • THE LIBRARY CAN BRING THE COMMUNITY TOGETHER THROUGH THE INTENDED DESIGN • THE OPEN DESIGN CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF INTERACTION AND ENGAGEMENT • MAINTAINING DESIRED TEMPERATURES THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE BUILDING WOULD REQUIRE A LOT OF ENERGY AS A LOT OF GLAZING IS USED AT THE EXTERIOR. • LACK OF SECURITY FEATURES MIGHT TURN HARMFUL
  • 24.
    CONCLUSION. POINTS THAT CANBE TAKEN AS INPUTS 24 24CASE STUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL VANCOUVER LIBRARY GREEN SQUARE LIBRARY HALIFAX LIBRARY UTILIZATION OF NATURAL LIGHT VIA VERTICAL SPACE PROGRAM IDEA OF HAVING PLAZA ON TOP OF LIBRARY SEPARATING THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACES YET CONNECTING AT SOME PARTS VERTICALLY SEPARATING PRIVACY GRADIENT. VERTICAL CONNECTIVITY AND VERTICAL SPACE PROGRAMMING FOR PRIVACY SEPARATION IDEA OF SEPARATING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE AREAS WITH AN INACCESSIBLE YET VISIBLE PUBLIC PART COMMUNITY INCLUSIVE DESIGN ACHIEVED VIA AN OPEN PLAN IDEA OF ATRIUM WITH INTERNAL PLAZA AND SHOPS AMPHITHEATRE ACTING AS A CONNECTION BETWEEN UNDERGROUND LIBRARY AND ABOVE GROUND PLAZA ALL SPACES ARE INTERCONNECTED WITH EACH OTHER IDEA OF SPACES LIKE INSPIRATION LAB TO FACILITATE CREATIVITY LEVELS VISUALLY AND PHYSICALLY CONNECTED USING BRIDGES AND STAIRS RUNNING CENTRALLY ACFROSS THE COURTYARD
  • 25.
    SITE ANALYSIS. 25 25CASE STUDIES| 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL CONTEXT OF SITE PLACES NEARBY REACHABILITY ADDRESS : BRATACHARI GRAM, JOKA, KOLKATA, WEST BENGAL 700104 MEANS OF ACCESSES : • VIA DIAMON HARBOUR ROAD • JAMES LONG SARANI • METRO-JOKA METRO STATION LANDMARKS : • ESI-PGMSR INSTITUTE • JOKA METRO STATION • JOKA POST OFFICE ESI COLLEGE CAMPUS JOKA METRO STATION IIM KOLKATA VIVEKANANDA COLLEGE THE SITE DIRECTLY FACES THE MAIN ROAD WITH THE ESI BUILDING AND METRO STATION AS ITS PRIME FRONT AND SIDE VIEWS VISIBILITY SITE
  • 26.
    SITE ANALYSIS. 26 26CASE STUDIES| 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL BYE LAWS AREA : 31318.7 SQ M. WIDTH OF ROAD: 36M. ● F.A.R = 2.75 ● MAX GROUND COVERAGE = 40% ● NO HEIGHT LIMITATION ● FLOOR HEIGHT : 3.6M CLIMATOLOGICAL FACTORS MOVEMENT OF SHADOW DURING APRIL-THE HOTTEST MONTH IN JOKA MOVEMENT OF SHADOW DURING JANUARY-THE COOLEST MONTH IN JOKA
  • 27.
    SITE ANALYSIS. 27 27CASE STUDIES| 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL EFECT OF SUNPATH WINTER SOLSTICE AUTUMN EQUINOX SUMMER SOLSTICE REGIONS OF THE SITE BASED ON HOW MUCH SHADE THEY GET: • NO SHADE GETS NO SHADE AT ALL THROUGH OUT THE YEAR- FIT FOR WINTER AS SUN IS DESIRED AT THAT TIME. UNFIT FOR MAJORLY PUBLIC AREAS • SEMI SHADE RECIEVES SUN TO SOME EXTENT. • MODERATELY BETTER SHADE RECIEVES SHADE FOR A LONGER POINT OF TIME THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. FIT FOR PUBLIC OPEN SPACES WIND THE SITE BEING OPEN ON 2 SIDES WOULD FACILITATE WIND MOVEMENT BETTER WINDROSE SUNPATH SUMMER WINDS WINTER WINDS
  • 28.
    SITE ANALYSIS. 28 28CASE STUDIES| 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PEDESTRIAN ENTRY VEHICULAR ENTRY SERVICES DISTRIBUTION TANNK WATER SUPPLY OVERHEAD LINES ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SEWER LINES UDER THE DIAMOND HARBOUR ROAD TARGET USERS: • RESIDENTS LIVING UNDER 2.5- 3 KM AROUND-METRO WOULD BE THE PRIME MODE OF TRANSPORT FOR THEM. HAVING AN ENTRANCE NEAR METRO EXIT IS PREFERABLE • STUDENTS FROM NEARBY COLLEGES • VISITORS – VERY FEW. MIGHT BRING CAR. MAIN AND VEHICULAR ENTRANCE IS THE DESIRED ONE FOR THEM. SITE ACCESS PARAMETER DESCRIPTION INPUT SUN REGIONS OF THE SITE RECEIVING SUN AND SHADE PUBLIC AREAS TO BE PLACED IN A WAY TO MAXIMIZE SHADE DURING SUMMER AND MORE SUN TO BE RECEIVED IN WINTER. ALSO BUILDINGS SHOULD BE PLACED ACCORDINGLY TO REDUCE SOLAR HEAT GAIN WIND AMOUNT OF WIND WHICH CAN BE WELCOMED A LOT OF WIND CAN BE RECEIVED FROM THE NORTHEN END AND SOUTHERN END. SPACES AND MASSES SHOULD BEPLACED ACCORDINGLY TO ALLOW MORE WINDFLOW DFEEP INTO THE SITE CLIMATE OVERALL EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL PUBLIC PLACES MUST HAVE SHADED RETREATS AGAINST SUN AND RAIN. LARGER OPENING IN BUILDINGS TO TACKLE HUMIDITY. SEVERALPASSIVE COOLING MECHANISMS CAN BE APPLIED TO SOLVE COOLING. VISIBILITY VISIBILITY OF THE STRUCTURE AND APPEARANCE FROM THE ROAD MOSTLY THE STRUCTURE WOULD BE VERY LESS VISIBLE EXCEPT FOR THE VERTICAL ASPECT. FOR THAT IT CAN BE KEPT CLOSER TO THE ROAD. IT WOULD ALSO ACT AS A NOISE SCREEN. FROM METRO EVERYTHING WOULD BE VISIBLE NOISE SCREENING AGAINST NOISE PRIMARY SOURCE OF NOISE WOULD BE THE ROAD. HAVING READING SPACES AS AWAY FROM ROAD POSSIBLE IS PREFFERED. SCREENING MEDIUMS CAN ALSO HELP
  • 29.
    QUALITIES OF PUBLIC PLACES 29 29CASESTUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL USER ALLOWANCES • ALL PUBLIC SPACE USERS HAVE THE RIGHT TO ROAM FREELY • REST AND RELAX UNMOLESTED • ASSOCIATE WITH OTHERS • USE PUBLIC SPACE WITHOUT THE IMPOSITION OF PETTY LOCAL CONTROLS UNLESS CAREFULLY DRINKING, SMOKING, SAFE CYCLING, SKATING, AND DOG WALKING • COLLECT FOR REGISTERED CHARITIES • TAKE PHOTOGRAPHS • PUT UP EXHIBITIONS • DISCUSS AND SHARE IDEAS • TRADE (IF GRANTED A PUBLIC LICENSE) • BUSK OR OTHERWISE PERFORM (IN NON RESIDENTIAL LOCATIONS) • HAVE FOOD THESE USER LEVEL FUNCTIONS IF ALLOWED MAKES SOMEONE WANT TO ENGAGE IN A PUBLIC PLACE. ENGAGEMENT ONLY BRINGS THE PUBLIC AND MAKES THE PLACE A ‘PUBLIC PLACE’, THESE ACTIVITIES RESPECT TO CONTEXT MUST BE ALLOWED. ALSO THE PLACE MUST FOSTER UNFORSEEN
  • 30.
    QUALITIES OF PUBLIC PLACES 30 30CASESTUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL INTANGIBLE/FELT ASPECTS 1. ACCESSIBILITY: PUBLIC PLACES SHOULD BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO EVERYONE, REGARDLESS OF AGE, PHYSICAL ABILITY, OR SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. ADEQUATE PATHWAYS, RAMPS, AND FACILITIES SHOULD BE IN PLACE TO ACCOMMODATE A DIVERSE RANGE OF PEOPLE. 2. OPENNESS: PUBLIC PLACES OFTEN HAVE OPEN LAYOUTS THAT ENCOURAGE A FEELING OF SPACE AND FREEDOM. AVOIDING BARRIERS AND OVERLY SEGMENTED AREAS HELPS CREATE AN INVITING AND UNCONFINED ATMOSPHERE. ALSO THIS SHOULDNOT HAMPER THE SEGREGATION OF ACTIVITIES AND PRIVACY. 3. MIX OF ACTIVITIES: A SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC PLACE OFFERS A MIX OF ACTIVITIES TO CATER TO DIFFERENT INTERESTS AND AGE GROUPS. SPACES FOR SOCIALIZING, RELAXATION, RECREATION, AND CULTURAL EVENTS CAN ATTRACT A DIVERSE CROWD. 4. SEATING AND GATHERING AREAS: COMFORTABLE SEATING ARRANGEMENTS, SUCH AS BENCHES, CHAIRS, PROVIDE PLACES FOR PEOPLE TO RELAX, CHAT, AND OBSERVE THEIR SURROUNDINGS. THESE SEATING AREAS ENCOURAGE A SENSE OF COMMUNITY INTERACTION. 5. SAFETY AND SECURITY: WELL-LIT SPACES, CLEAR SIGHTLINES, AND APPROPRIATE SECURITY MEASURES MAKE PEOPLE FEEL SAFE AND COMFORTABLE. ADEQUATE LIGHTING AND THE PRESENCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OR SECURITY PERSONNEL CONTRIBUTE TO THIS FEELING. 6. SOCIAL INTERACTION: DESIGN ELEMENTS THAT PROMOTE SPONTANEOUS SOCIAL INTERACTION, SUCH AS PLAZAS, GATHERING SPACES, AND INTERACTIVE FEATURES, ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO ENGAGE WITH ONE ANOTHER. INTANGIBLE/FELT ASPECTS 1.PROGRAMMING AND EVENTS: ORGANIZING REGULAR EVENTS, MARKETS, PERFORMANCES, AND GATHERINGS IN PUBLIC PLACES MAKES THEM VIBRANT AND DYNAMIC, DRAWING PEOPLE FROM VARIOUS BACKGROUNDS. 2.VARIETY OF USERS: A PUBLIC PLACE THAT CATERS TO PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT AGES, INTERESTS, AND CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS CREATES A SENSE OF INCLUSIVITY. CHILDREN'S PLAY AREAS, FITNESS ZONES, AND SPACES FOR SENIORS CONTRIBUTE TO THIS DIVERSITY. 3.PUBLIC FACILITIES: PROVIDING PUBLIC RESTROOMS, WATER FOUNTAINS, AND OTHER ESSENTIAL FACILITIES ENSURES PEOPLE'S COMFORT DURING THEIR VISIT. 4.SENSE OF OWNERSHIP: A SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC PLACE OFTEN EVOKES A FEELING OF OWNERSHIP AMONG ITS USERS. WHEN PEOPLE FEEL LIKE THEY HAVE A STAKE IN THE PLACE, THEY'RE MORE LIKELY TO RESPECT AND CONTRIBUTE POSITIVELY TO ITS UPKEEP. HOWEVER IT SHOULD NOW EVOKE VANDALISM. 5.SCALE AND PROPORTION: THOUGHTFUL CONSIDERATION OF SCALE AND PROPORTION HELPS CREATE A HUMAN-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT. A SMALL TINY ROOM CANNOT BE CALLED AS A PUBLIC SPACE AS ALL OTHER ASPECTS MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY FALL SHORT UNDER SUCH DIMENSIONS. LIKE PRIVACY, ABILITY TO ACCOMMODATE A VARIETY OF USERS ETC.
  • 31.
    QUALITIES OF PUBLIC PLACES 31 31CASESTUDIES | 2021APB006 | SIDDHARTHA PAUL PUBLIC PLACE CLASSIFICATION • ENGAGING PUBLIC SPACE (DESIGNING IN ACTIVE USES) • MEANINGFUL PUBLIC SPACE (INCORPORATING NOTABLE AMENITIES AND FEATURES) Jallianwala Bagh, New Delhi. The place serves as a memoir to a tragic incident that happened in past. People come here to pay homage, learn, recreate. The place after the renovation has become very much public and socially interactive • SOCIAL PUBLIC SPACE (ENCOURAGING SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT) • BALANCED PUBLIC SPACE (BETWEEN TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIANS) • COMFORTABLE PUBLIC SPACE (FEELING SAFE AND RELAXING) -Principles for public space design, planning to do better, Matthew Carmona-2018 EMOTIONAL ASPECT 1. EVOLVING (WHETHER FORMAL OR INFORMAL IN NATURE). 2. DIVERSE (AVOIDING ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL). 3. FREE (WITH SECURE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES). 4. DELINEATED (CLEARLY PUBLIC IN THEIR USE). 5. ENGAGING (DESIGNING IN ACTIVE USES). 6. MEANINGFUL (INCORPORATING NOTABLE AMENITIES AND FEATURES). 7. SOCIAL (ENCOURAGING SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT). 8. BALANCED (BETWEEN TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIANS).
  • 32.