Public Health Information Management 01.pdf

Unit One:
Introduction to Public Health Information Management
PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
DR EBENEZER ODURO ANTIRI

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01
H E A L T H & P U B L I C
H E A L T H D E F I N E D
02
C O M M O N P U B L I C
H E A L T H S T R A T E G I E S
03
C O R E T E N E T S O F
P U B L I C H E A L T H
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P U R P O S E O F
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C O R E A N D
E S S E N T I A L
F U N C T I O N S O F
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A D M I N I S T R A T O R
A N D W O R K E R S
OUTLINE

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- The World Health Organisation defines Health as “a state of complete
physical, mental and social wellbeing rather than the mere absence of
the disease or infirmity”.
In recent times, studies have disagreed with this definition and define Health to
be “Health is a dynamic state of wellbeing characterized by a physical, mental
and social potential, which satisfies the demands of a life commensurate with
age, culture, and personal responsibility.”
Health Defined
P U B L I C H E A L T H D E F I N E D

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Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts
for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the
education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organisation of
medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of
disease, and the development of social machinery which will ensure to every
individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance
of health’. (Winslow, 1920)
Public Health Defined

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- More simply, Public Health is defined as the structured efforts to
improve health of populations at large.
- The Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1988 defined Public Health as
“organized community efforts to address the public interest
in health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to
prevent diseases and promote health”.

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- The IOM definition simply means that health efforts are directed to population
rather than individuals, and it does not rely on a specific body of knowledge
and expertise but rather lies on a dynamic, multidisciplinary approach that
often combines the natural and social sciences.
- The central goal of this definition reflects the reduction of disease and the
improvement of health in population. The mission of public health has always
been to ensure the necessary conditions that promote the health of the
population.

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- Control of epidemics like SARS(Swine flu), H1N1 etc
- Safe water and hygiene campaign
- Vaccination
- MCH improvement
- Disease surveillance
- Case findings and treatment for TB, STI
Common Public Health Strategies

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- The core tenets of public health are essential principles that guide
the field of public health in its mission to improve the health and
well-being of populations.
- It helps public health professionals to actively work to identify and
mitigate health risks, ensuring the safety and welfare of
communities.
- The core tenets are known as the 3 Ps - Protection, Promotion, and
Prevention.
Core Tenets of Public Health (The 3 P’s)

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- Protection is a fundamental tenet of public health, encompassing a
wide range of strategies aimed at safeguarding the health of
populations.
- At its core, protection involves the implementation of measures to
control infectious diseases, mitigating their spread and impact on
communities.
- Public health professionals work diligently to track and respond to
outbreaks, ensuring timely interventions and containment.
Protection
C O R E T E N E T S O F P U B L I C H E A L T H

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- Additionally, protection extends beyond infectious diseases to
managing environmental hazards and the effects of climate change
on public health.
- Moreover, public health plays a crucial role in emergency
preparedness, developing and implementing plans to respond swiftly
and effectively to disasters and health emergencies.
Protection

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- At its core, promotion involves promoting healthy behaviors and
lifestyles among individuals and communities.
- Public health professionals design health education campaigns,
disseminate information, and advocate for healthier choices to empower
individuals to take charge of their well-being.
- By promoting positive health behaviors such as regular physical activity,
healthy eating, and avoiding harmful habits, public health endeavors to
improve overall health outcomes and reduce the burden of preventable
diseases.
Promotion

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- Furthermore, promotion in public health extends beyond individual
behaviors and addresses broader social and economic determinants of
health.
- Health Promotion advocates for policies that create supportive
environments for health, champion social justice, and advocate for
equitable access to resources and opportunities.
Promotion

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- In the realm of prevention, public health adopts a proactive approach to
reduce health issues before they occur.
- This involves implementing preventive measures and interventions to
address health risks and risk factors.
- Immunization programs, health screenings, and early detection efforts
are examples of preventive strategies that can identify health conditions
in their early stages, allowing for timely interventions and improved
health outcomes.
Prevention

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- To prevent epidemics and the spread of disease.
- To protect against environmental health hazards.
- To prevent injuries.
- To promote and encourage healthy behaviors and mental.
- To respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery.
- Assure the quality and accessibility of health services.
Purpose of Public Health

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- To prevent epidemics and the spread of disease.
- To protect against environmental health hazards.
- To prevent injuries.
- To promote and encourage healthy behaviors and mental.
- To respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery.
- Assure the quality and accessibility of health services.
Purpose of Public Health

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- Assessment is a core function of public health that involves the systematic
collection, analysis, and dissemination of health-related data to understand
the health status of populations.
- Public health agencies collect information from various sources, including
health surveys, vital statistics, and health records, to gain comprehensive
insights into community health needs and challenges. Through statistical
and epidemiological analysis, public health professionals identify trends,
risk factors, and associations within the data.
Core Functions of Public Health (1988 Institute of Medicine report)
-Assesment

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- Assurance is a core function of public health that ensures essential health
services are available and accessible to all.
- Public health agencies collaborate with other entities to encourage
appropriate actions, may enforce regulations, and provide services directly,
especially to vulnerable populations.
- This function plays a critical role in promoting health equity and
safeguarding community well-being, making it a cornerstone of effective
public health practice.
-Assurance

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- Policy development is a core function of public health, involving the
strategic use of scientific knowledge to formulate, implement, and evaluate
policies that improve community health.
- It relies on evidence-based practices and engagement in the political
process to advocate for policies that address public health challenges.
- By utilizing scientific evidence and political acumen, public health
professionals can design transformative policies that have a significant
impact on population health.
-Policy development

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- The 10 Essential Public Health Services (EPHS) describe the public health
activities that all communities should undertake.
- The EPHS framework was originally released in 1994 and more recently
updated in 2020. The revised version is intended to bring the framework in
line with current and future public health practice.
- The 10 Essential Public Health Services provide a framework for public
health to protect and promote the health of all people in all communities.
Essential Functions of Public Health (U.S. Public Health Services, 1994,
updated in 2020)

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- Assessment
1. Assess and monitor population health status, factors that influence
health, and community needs and assets
2. Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazards
affecting the population
updated in 2020)

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- Policy Development
1. Communicate effectively to inform and educate people about health, factors
that influence it, and how to improve it
2. Strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships to improve
health
3. Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws that impact
health
4. Utilize legal and regulatory actions designed to improve and protect the
public’s health
updated in 2020)

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- Assurance
1. Assure an effective system that enables equitable access to the
individual services and care needed to be healthy
2. Build and support a diverse and skilled public health workforce
3. Improve and innovate public health functions through ongoing
evaluation, research, and continuous quality improvement
4. Build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public
health
updated in 2020)

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- Administration is the process of purposeful and effective use
of resources-manpower, materials and finances for fulfilling a
pre-determined goals.
- Management is principally a task of planning, coordinating,
motivating and controlling the efforts of others towards a specific
objective.
Administration and Management
P U B L I C H E A L T H A D M I N I S T R A T O R A N D W O R K E R S

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- Public Health Administration: This involves the management of
Public health Organization or agencies and it is concerned with the
management of public health programs and how they interact with
the residents of the community or region.
- The role of Public Health Administrators is to oversee non-clinical
operations of public healthcare organizations and departments. This
includes: administration, leadership and management of those
organizations.
Public Health Administration

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- According to Johnson and Breckon (2007), Public Health
Administrators have 7 main responsibilities:
• Planning
• Organizing
• Staffing
• Directing
• Coordinating
• Reporting
• Budgeting
Role of Public Health Administrators

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- Planning is a systematic method of trying to ensure that the resource
available now and in the future are used in the most efficient way to
obtain clearly defined objectives.
- Public health administrators plan for population health using
evidence-based strategies by assessing community health needs and
disparities.
- They involve stakeholders and set measurable goals. Implementing
programs, they monitor outcomes for continuous improvement.
Planning

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- Organising is basically making arrangement for work to be done to
accomplish established goals.
- Public health administrators organize by establishing efficient
structures, roles, and partnerships.
- They prioritize clear communication and interdisciplinary teamwork
among healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers, and
communities.
Organising

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- Staffing involves assigning personnel and their roles to accomplish
the goals. Organizational performance largely depends upon the
quality of people it employs.
- This includes identifying work force requirements, inventorying the
people available and recruiting
- Training or otherwise developing both new candidates and current
job holder to accomplish their tasks effectively and efficiently.
Staffing

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- Directing involves making decisions and communicating them so
they can be implemented.
- The directing function of management consists of the following
elements: Communication, Order giving, Leadership Decision
making, Motivation, Supervision/Monitoring/Evaluation.
- Public health administrators direct by establishing coordinated
systems, promoting interdisciplinary teamwork, and optimizing
resources for better population health.
Directing

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- This is the process of linking together the activities of various
department and people to achieve unity of action and harmonization
of efforts for attaining organizational goals.
- Public health administrators coordinate by fostering partnerships,
facilitating communication, and organizing interdisciplinary efforts to
address public health challenges effectively.
Coordinating

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- This involves the ensuring of flow of information from one level to
the other for assurance of accountability.
- Public health administrators report by collecting and analyzing data,
presenting findings, and communicating public health information to
stakeholders and the community.
Reporting

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- Budgeting involves the planning for income and expenditure. It also
involves accounting for the expenditures and the plans and control of
the funds.
- The budget tells how much money is needed to carry out activities.
- The budget helps in planning, monitoring income and expenditure
- The budget serves as a basis for financial transparency where
everyone sees how much is to be spent and received.
Budgeting

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