Ptc sensitivity version 2
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This document summarizes information about PTC sensitivity, which is the inability to taste bitter compounds like phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). It notes that approximately 30% of the world's population is PTC blind/insensitive. The causes are genetic - a variant in the TAS2R bitter taste receptor gene. Being PTC blind means an inability to detect bitter tastes, which could pose risks by not recognizing poisonous substances. Tests for PTC sensitivity involve tasting strips or cheek cell DNA analysis to determine one's genetic profile for this trait. Those who are PTC blind may need to take dietary precautions like checking expiration dates more closely.
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Gastrointestinal Infections
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Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
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The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
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Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...ayushrajshrivastava7
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Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Full Handwritten notes of RA by Ayush Kumar M pharm - Al ameen college of pha...
Ptc sensitivity version 2
- 1. Bitter end: PTC Sensitivity By Anna-Maria Vassilevska and Alexandra Draganova 11/7
- 2. Who this condition affects? • 30 % of the world population cannot taste PTC • Varies around the world • 42 % of the indigenous people Australia and New Guinea cannot taste PTC • Only 2% of Americans cannot taste it • No specific age group
- 4. Causes • Genetically inherited • 1 gene’s responsible for the tasting- TAS2R • 3 amino acids that differ in tasters and nontasters • The form of the gene is slightly altered • Since we have two copies of each gene we may find something really bitter, slightly bitter or not bitter at all. • PTC blindness is a recessive trait
- 5. Structure of tongue •Tongue •Taste Buds •Gustatory Cells •Nerves •Bitter Taste Receptors
- 6. Symptoms and effects • Not being able to taste bitter things • Poisons are usually bitter →when being bitter taste blind you wouldn’t recognize the bitter taste of the poison
- 7. Tests • An ornithologist can find out whether your child has this condition or not and to what extent. • DNA test of cheek cells
- 8. Recommendations • Be careful with what food you have in the refrigerator and teach your child to always look at the expiration date of products. • The diet of the child must be controlled since it may not eat the right amount or type of food • You can expect that your child could get poisoned without realizing it because it would not sense the bitter taste of the poison
- 9. Discussion questions • Can we define bitter taste blindness as an disorder even though it can not lead to any serious conditions? • If you were a parent and you knew that there is a chance for your child to have bitter taste blindness, would you worry?
- 10. Sources • "Bitter Taste Gene." Neuroscience for Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2013. • "Phenylthiocarbamide." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Feb. 2013. Web. 09 Nov. 2013. • "Global Variation in Sensitivity to Bitter-Tasting Substances (PTC or PROP)." [NIDCD Health Information]. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2013. • "Taste Disorders." NIDCD. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2013. • Taste. Digital image. Learn Genetics. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2013. • Poison 2. Digital image. Meaning of Dreams. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2013. • Mouth Swab. Digital photo. Zip Trails. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.