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psy 303 presentation
This study investigated the effects of medium of learning (computer vs. paper) and level of processing (shallow vs. deep) on test performance. 39 undergraduate students studied word lists using either a computer or paper and were primed with shallow or deep processing questions. They then completed a free recall test. Results showed a main effect of level of processing, with deeper processing leading to better recall, supporting predictions. There was also a main effect of medium, with paper outperforming computer, contrary to predictions. No interaction between variables was found. The researchers suggested limitations involving participant characteristics and task difficulty that could account for the unexpected main effect of medium. Further research with more varied populations was proposed.
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psy 303 presentation
- 1. The effect ofmedium of learning and levels of processing on test performance Flying Circus
- 2. Topic and Rationale •Technology is commonplace •Computers and tablets commonly used to study •Exams still done on paper
- 3. Topic and Rationale •Students arestudying using on screen learning (OSL) but taking exams on paper •Exam scores are lower for OSL versus on paper learning (OPL) •The difference is due to metacognitive learning regulation (MLR)
- 4. Previous Research •Ackerman and Lauterman (2012) •OSLpromotes shallow processing •Lower retention rates
- 5. Previous Research • Ackerman and Goldsmith(2011) • screen use cues us to shallow processing
- 6. Previous Research • Craik andLockhart (1972) • Levels Of Processing Theory • How one processes information is what matters • Retention depends on depth of processing
- 7. Research Question •Are the negative effectsof OSL on test performance due to the nature of screen devices, or is it the learning behaviors that are commonly employed when using screen devices?
- 8. Design • Independent Variables •Level of Processing • Shallow or Deep • Medium of Word List • Computer or Paper • Dependent Variable • Performance on a free recall task
- 9. Predictions • Main effectof level of processing • deep = higher retention • shallow = lower retention • No main effect of medium of word list • There will be no interaction
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- 11. Participants • 39 undergrad studentsat WWU • Obtained from university’s psychology research pool
- 12. Materials • 20 words •Nouns • Priming questions • 20 2-digit math problems • Less words recalled equals shallow processing In what instance would this be most useful? How many vowels are in this word? Soun d
- 13. Procedure • Assigned toone of four conditions • Computer & shallow processing • Computer & deep processing • Paper & shallow processing • Paper & deep processing
- 14. Procedure • Signed consentform • Given 15 minutes to: • study flash cards • Solve math problems • Free recall task • Demographic questionnaire • Debriefed and dismissed
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- 16. Results • 2x2 ANOVA •Between subjects design • Alpha level of .05
- 17. Results • Main effectof level of processing • F(1, 35) = 30.095, p < .001, 2 = .43η • Main effect of medium of study • F(1, 35) = 5.06, p = .03, 2η = .07 • No interaction • F(1, 35) = .256, p = .616, 2η = .004
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- 20. Research Question •Are the negative effectsof OSL on test performance due to the nature of screen devices, or is it the learning behaviors that are commonly employed when using screen devices?
- 21. Predictions • main effectsof level of processing • Results DID support this hypothesis • No main effects of medium of study • Results DID NOT support this hypothesis • No interaction • Results DID support this hypothesis
- 22. Limitations • Sample populationmay have consisted of particularly tech-savvy students • Generational • Canvas • Eco-friendly • If students were not equally tech-savvy, there may not have been a main effect of medium of study (consistent with our predictions)
- 23. Limitations • Nature ofpaper conditions • More material • Greater cognitive load, decreases working memory • Less room for learning and memorizing material • If the tasks were equally difficult, there may not have been a main effect of medium of study (consistent with our predictions)
- 24. Future Directions • Are theredifferent effects of medium of study on test performance between individuals of different levels of technological skill? • Low skill vs. High skill • Do individuals of different populations have varying effects of medium of study on test performance? • Age • Socio-economic status • Culture
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Editor's Notes
- #10 We hypothesize that there will be a main effect for the level of processing, such that deeper processing will result in greater performance than shallow processing. We do not predict a main effect of the type of physical device the participants study with. We also predict there will be no interaction between the type of physical device and the level of processing.