Written By Dr. Sifat Mosarrat.

1. Prostate Cancer Awareness Month
NO SHAVE NOVEMBER
St. Joseph Higher Secondary School
Bangladesh Medical Student’s Society
16th November 2017
ABOVE 50 YEARS OLD 1 IN 9 MAN IS IN RISK OF PROSTATE
CANCER
100% SURVIVAL RATE IF DETECT EARLY

3.  Cancer is actually a group of many
related diseases that all have to do with
cells. Cells are the very small units that
make up all living things, including the
human body. There are billions of cells in
each person's body.

4.  Cancer happens when cells that are not
normal growth and spread very fast.
Normal body cells grow and divide and
know to stop growing. Over time, they
also die. Unlike these normal cells, cancer
cells just continue to grow and divide out
of control and don't die when they're
supposed to.

5.  Normal Cell Growth
 Uncontrolled Cell
Growth that turns
into Cancer

6.  The prostate is a walnut
sized gland found only
in males. It makes some
of the fluid that is part
of semen.
 It helps in reproduction
by carrying sperm
through semen fluid.
Figure : Anatomy of Prostate

7.  Prostate can be divided into
three zones –
1. Transition Zone
2. Central Zone
3. Peripheral Zone
*** FAVOURABLE SITE FOR
CANCER IS PERIPHERAL
ZONE WHICH IS SITUATED
BEHIND THE URETHRA ***

8.  Prostate cancer begins
when cells in the
prostate gland start to
grow uncontrollably.
 Almost all prostate
cancers
are adenocarcinomas.
These cancers develop
from the gland cells.

9. Wells-England
 37,000 people registered
their name as patient of
Prostate cancer.
 10,000 people died in
Prostate cancer
United States of America
 1,86,000 people registered
their name as patient of
Prostate cancer.
 28,000 people died in
Prostate cancer.

10. RESEARCH WAS DONE IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN 2013

11.  Age over 65 years –The older the man gets, the more likely he
will develop prostate cancer. This is rare in men under 45
years of age.
 Family history – One’s risk of prostate cancer gets higher if he
has a father, brother or son with prostate cancer or any other
cancers.
 Certain disease – If man has untreated Benign Prostate
Hyperplasia he is in high risk of prostate cancer.

12.  Alcohol – If man drinks more than 2 standard
alcoholic drinks per day.
 Not getting enough exercise.
 Having a poor diet.

13.  Bladder outlet obstruction
results-
1. Pain or difficulty during
urination.
2. Difficulty to start or stop the
flow of urine by itself.
3. Sometimes flow starts and stops
by itself.
4. Need to urinate often, especially
at night .
5. Haematuria - Blood in urine Figure : Enlarged prostate causing
bladder outlet obstruction

14. Other symptoms are -
1. Pain in pelvic region, lower back,
hips or upper thighs.
2. Bone pain
3. Arthritis
4. Renal failure
5. Sexual disturbance
6. Difficulty getting and maintaining an
erection.
7. Painful ejaculation
8. Blood in semen

16.  Above 55 everyone should go to a
doctor regularly and should know
more about it. Survival rate is 100% if
we can detect prostate cancer in early
age
 If your age is 40 years and you are a
patient of benign prostatic hyperplasia
you should regularly visit a physician.
 If you are alcoholic or obese.
 If you have family history.

17.  Benign Prostatic hyperplasia is enlargement of prostate gland
with age. It is not cancer.
 It is the most common disease among men ages 40-75 years.
 BPH can be treated by – medication, surgery & lifestyle
changes.
 If untreated for many years it might turn into prostate cancer

18.  Common signs and symptoms of BPH include:
1. Frequent or urgent need to urinate.
2. Increased frequency of urination at night (nocturia)
3. Difficulty starting urination.
4. Weak urine stream or a stream that stops and starts.
5. Dribbling at the end of urination.
6. Straining while urinating.
7. Inability to completely empty the bladder

20.  Investigations for prostate cancer
are-
SPECIFIC EXAMINATION :
1. Prostate examination by
Digital Rectal Examination
or DRE – By prostate
examination through anal
we can get a knowledge
about enlarged prostate. If
it is cancer we can feel a
stony hard prostate.
Figure : Digital Rectal Examination

21. 1. Prostate specific
antigen or PSA – if it is
more than 10 nano
mol/ml cancer
suspected.
2. If PSA is more than 10
nano mol/ml biopsy
should be done for
confirmation. Figure : Biopsy of prostate gland

22.  GENERALIZED EXAMINATION
 Liver function test – abnormal if metastasis occurs in to liver
 Hematological investigation
 Chest X-ray
 Bone marrow aspiration and bone scan
 Computer Tomography (CT Scan)
 Magnetic resonance imagining

23.  Treatment procedure depends on patient’s stage :
 If the cancer is in localized state –
1. Radical prostatectomy
2. Radiation therapy
3. Monitoring
 If the patient is in advanced stage –
1. Palliated treatment
2. Hormone ablation
Figure : Radical Prostatectomy

24.  If prostate cancer is not treated in early stage it causes
metastasis. Metastasis occurs –
A. Local metastasis – Metastasis to :
1. Seminal vesicle
2. Bladder neck
3. Bladder tribone
4. 1 or both uretar
Figure : Metastasis of prostate cancer

25. B. Metastasis by Blood – most commonly it spread in to bones
through blood. It effects -
1. Bone – pelvic bone, lower lumber
vertebra, femoral head,
ribcage, scull.
2. Breast
3. Kidney
4. Lungs
5. Thyroid
Figure : Metastasis of prostate cancer

26. C. Metastasis by lymph node :
1. It may also spread by lymph nodes. It reaches to –
 Medisternal node
 Supraclavicular nodes
Figure : Metastasis of prostate cancer