Prompt Engineering and Responsible Use of AI in Academic Research - SI Ebhonu (TheDL) @ UI.pdf

Sylvester I. Ebhonu, CLN, amPAIDF
didigitallibrarian@gmail.com
and Responsible Use of AI
in Academic Research
Prompt Engineering
www.thedigital-librarian.com
A WORKSHOP ORGANISED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL LIBRARY
AND MEDIA TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN || 24/9/24

Upskilling Opportunities on my Website: www.thedigital-librarian.com/
WHO IS SYLVESTER ISRAEL ERONMONSELE EBHONU?
He is 'the Digital Librarian' with over 11 years of experience in media, library
consultations, setups, and administration. His trainings on information and digital
literacy, as well as implementation of AI tools for improved work and research
productivity have positively influenced over 15,000 enthusiasts.

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MEwith your
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except what has been
Forgotten.”
- Marie Antoinette
UPSKILL & PRACTICE
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www.youtube.com/@thedigitallibr
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Mastering Prompt Engineering
and Responsible Use of
AI in Academic Research
AI IN THE ACADEMIC CONTEXT
PROMPT ENGINEERING
PROMPT ENGINEERING
RESPONSIBLE USE OF AI
Thought Provoking Concerns
AI Evaluation: The ROBOT Test
Best Ethical Practices for AI Usage
What is Prompt Engineering
Tips: Prompting Right
Prompts to conduct efficient academic
tasks
Work Smarter, Not Harder
How Generative AI-Tools Work (Types)
Definition of Terms by ChatGPT4
WE WILL TAKE THIS ROUTE!
WE WILL TAKE THIS ROUTE!

Researchers' Experience so far
Manual
Information
Retrieval in
Libraries
Digital
Keyword-
based
Databases
available in
Libraries
Information
Retrieval via
Web-based
Search
Engines -
Google
Semantic
Search -
Search
Engines
understandi
ng queries
better
AI - Reasoning
Engines with
contextual
understanding
and efficient
content
generation
"Will AI Replace Literature Reviews? History May Tell"
Information Retrieval

PROMPT ENGINEERING
PROMPT ENGINEERING
tasks

Work Smarter, not Harder
Search Engines
Keyword Search
Google Scholar
Reasoning Engines
Semantic Search
Semantic Scholar
present day traditional days

With the advent of Generative AI, complete academic article can be generated/written in less than 24
hours and ready for submission to editors of a journal for publication.
"We’ve trained a model called ChatGPT which interacts in a conversational way. The dialogue format
makes it possible for ChatGPT to answer followup questions, admit its mistakes, challenge incorrect
premises, and reject inappropriate requests. - OpenAI BLOG
Launched by OpenAI on 30th November, 2022
Over 180 million users as at June 2024
Over 2,000 AI Tools launched since their launch
See: "DL's Digital Workshop Series #1 - How to Write Content with ChatGPT and
Bi
ng" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASHP2STiLSY&t=2885s
"AI enhances academic writing in
six areas: idea generation,
content structuring, literature
synthesis, data management,
editing, and ethical compliance."
Put your
thoughts here.
Put your
thoughts here.
@thedigitallibr

has no sense of morality
can simulate and not feel Emotions
limited creativity
no free will, makes choice based on training
created by humans
knows the difference between good and evil
Humans have Emotions (love and hate)
unlimited creativity (bank of refreshing ideas)
have free will (can make our own choice)
created by God
artificial
intelligence
human
intelligence

AI tools?
Features
Pricing
133 95+ 95+
Supported languages
Interactivity
Recalling chat history
Credibility
Bard ChatGPT + ChatGPT
FREE 20$/Month
100+
Bing
FREE FREE
What about other
Security / Privacy
Integration to Website
(Automated Response)
Currency (real-time
internet access)
Access reliability
Note:
Ratings were
based on reviews
by SI Ebhonu
(May, 2023)
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
Chrome Extension
?
Image Creation nil nil nil
ChatGPT:
https://chat.openai.com/
Bard:
https://bard.google.com/
Bing:
https://www.bing.com/

A Comparative Analysis of Features and Capabilities of AI Tools
Credit: This table was created with input from ChatGPT 4. Edits and verifications were performed to ensure accuracy. (May 2024)

A Comparative Analysis of Features and Capabilities of AI Tools (Contd.)
Credit: This table was created with input from ChatGPT 4. Edits and verifications were performed to ensure accuracy. (May 2024)

RECOMMENDED AI TOOLS
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
10.
BIBGURU
QUILLBOT
CHATGPT
CHATPDF
CLAUDE
chat.openai.com
claude.ai
bibguru.com
quillbot.com
17.
11.
12. BING COPILOT bing.com/chat
SCITE AI scite.ai
chatpdf.com CONTENT@SCALE contentatscale.ai
GPT TRAINER, CONNECTED PAPERS, ELICIT,
WORDTUNE, LITMAP, SCINAPSE, ETC.
06 SCISPACE sciscpace.com
07. GEMINI gemini.google.com
08. AITHOR Aithor.com
09. PERPLEXITY perplexity.ai
13. GAMMA gamma.app
14. KAGGLE kaggle.com
15. SEMANTIC SCHOLAR semanticscholar.org
16. CONSENSUS consensus.app/
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OTHERS
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ai-evolution_level-up-your-academic-game-with-ai-why-
activity-7241887309351043072-cPiW?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop

DEFINITION: AI REFERS TO THE SIMULATION OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
IN MACHINES THAT ARE PROGRAMMED TO THINK AND LEARN LIKE
HUMANS. THESE SYSTEMS CAN PERFORM TASKS SUCH AS VISUAL
PERCEPTION, SPEECH RECOGNITION, DECISION-MAKING, AND
LANGUAGE TRANSLATION.
·FURTHER READING:
·RUSSELL, S. J., & NORVIG, P. (2009). ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A
MODERN APPROACH. PRENTICE HALL.
·NILSSON, N. J. (2010). THE QUEST FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
MACHINE LEARNING (ML): IS A SUBSET OF AI... IT INVOLVES TRAINING
A MODEL ON A DATASET TO MAKE PREDICTIONS OR DECISIONS
WITHOUT BEING EXPLICITLY PROGRAMMED FOR THE TASK.
DEEP LEARNING: IS A SUBSET OF ML THAT USES NEURAL NETWORKS
WITH MANY LAYERS (DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS) TO MODEL COMPLEX
PATTERNS IN DATA.
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING (NLP): IS A FIELD OF AI THAT
FOCUSES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN COMPUTERS AND HUMANS
THROUGH NATURAL LANGUAGE.
LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (LLMS): ARE A TYPE OF AI MODEL THAT
HAVE BEEN TRAINED ON VAST AMOUNTS OF TEXT DATA TO
UNDERSTAND AND GENERATE HUMAN LANGUAGE.
ChatGPT4's Definition of AI Terminologies
for Library and Information Professionals
GEN
ERATIVE AI: REFERS TO SYSTEMS THAT CAN CREATE NEW CONTENT, SUCH
AS TEXT, IMAGES, OR MUSIC, BASED ON THE DATA THEY HAVE BEEN TRAINED ON.
ALGORITHM: IS A SET OF RULES OR A STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE USED BY
COMPUTERS TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC TASK OR SOLVE A PROBLEM.
PROMPT: IN THE CONTEXT OF AI, A PROMPT IS AN INPUT OR QUERY GIVEN TO A
LANGUAGE MODEL TO GENERATE A RESPONSE.
TOKEN: IS THE NATURAL LANGUAGE INPUT BY A HUMAN USER TO AN LLM.
PROPERLY ENGINEERED PROMPTS THAT CONSIDER TOKEN BOUNDARIES CAN
BRING ABOUT MORE ACCURATE RESPONSES.
CHATBOT: A CHATBOT IS AN AI-DRIVEN SOFTWARE APPLICATION THAT CAN
ENGAGE IN CONVERSATION WITH USERS THROUGH TEXT OR VOICE.
DALL-E: IS A TYPE OF GENERATIVE AI MODEL DEVELOPED BY OPENAI THAT CAN
GENERATE IMAGES FROM TEXTUAL DESCRIPTIONS.
GPT (GENERATIVE PRE-TRAINED TRANSFORMER):
GPT IS A TYPE OF LARGE LANGUAGE MODEL DEVELOPED BY OPENAI. IT USES
TRANSFORMER ARCHITECTURE AND IS PRE-TRAINED ON A VAST AMOUNT OF
TEXT DATA TO GENERATE HUMAN-LIKE TEXT.
May 2024

MyPrompt:

PROMPT ENGINEERING
PROMPT ENGINEERING
Strengths and Limitations
Prompts to conduct efficient
academic tasks

A Prompt is the natural language input by a
human user to an LLM. Prompt Engineering
is the process of developing and refining a
prompt to optimize the output by LLMs. (Liu, et.al 2021)
"is how humans can talk to AIs. It is a way to tell
the AI what we want and how you want it, usually
done with words. For example, you might want to
generate an image but have nothing to show it
as an example. What would you do?" - LOUIS
BOUCHARD
Prompting
Let's carry out a demonstration of how
this presentation cover image was
generated using a well constructed
prompt
As a Researcher, when using any Large
Language Model (LLM) like ChatGPT, etc. the
resulty you get from them are as good as the
quality of the prompt that you feed into them.
DEMO

What information are you looking for? What
do you want the AI model to do about it?
The result you get from any AI tool is as
good as how you have instructed it.
1
BE CLEAR ON YOUR OBJECTIVE
2
3
4
Are you making a request, asking a question, or
giving it a command? The prompt's tone will help the
chatbot determine how to respond to you. Do you
with it to be a friendly or professional tone? or you
need a list, or summary or comparison?
While its best to not overload Generative
AI Tools with too much instructions, the
response you get will be more precise if
you provide some contextual clues.
Verify the response you get. Most AI tools have
limitations and won't always get it right. If the
result isnt in line with what you expected
consider refining your prompt and try again.
SET THE RIGHT TONE
GIVE DETAILS
VERIFY OUTCOME
Act as a
Prompting Right (1)
BE MINDFUL OF PRIVATE
DATA YOU FEED INTO
CHATBOTS
They are learning everyday and
leverage on their experience with you
to improve and provide response to
other information seekers.
Role
Write /
Generate a
Task
Present
it in a
Format
Tips:

Prompting Right (2)
Tips:
Click to access
Snippets of 3 Helpful
Prompting Tips for
Students and
Researchers

Consider reading these Articles
Learn more
Demo on Customizing your ChatGPT
1.
2.
3.
DEMO
https://help.openai.com/en/articles/8590148-memory-faq
https://help.openai.com/en/articles/9275245-using-chatgpt-s-free-tier-faq
https://medium.com/@amiraryani/8-types-of-prompt-engineering-5322fff77bdf

PROMPT ENGINEERING
PROMPT ENGINEERING
Prompts to conduct efficient
academic tasks

1
3
7
Research Topic Suggestions: Act as a professor of
(insert specific discipline). Your key assignment is to
assess and generate academic research topics for
PhD students, in line with standard criteria for the
formation of research topics. (you may specify
criteria). If you receive a proposed topic, channel
your expertise to refine/generate groundbreaking
research topics. Cutting edge, recent discoveries,
novel theoretical frameworks. Consider unexplored
areas but researchable topics
Using Google Form Creation new feature: Create a form
using these specific number of questions (insert all generated
questions and watch the AI feature generate your form).
Forming Hypothesis: What are potential hypotheses
for a study on [a specific topic]?
Prompts Ideas for Researchers
To Generate an Outline: As an Academic Research
Assistant, your expertise is in helping students and
researchers structure their papers efficiently in line
with High-Impact paper best practices. create an
outline about a peer reviewed paper on the topic:
(insert topic).
2
4
For Research Objective: Inline with this topic (insert
research topic) in (insert field), formulate 5 clear and
achievable research objectives that will directly contribute
to addressing the main hypothesis.
5
For Research Questions: Given the research topic (insert
the topic) and in line with the following objectives (type
objectives), generate five corresponding, academically
rigorous research questions. Each question should be
original and feasible to investigate
6
Generating Questionnaire: As an expert in research
methodology, create 28 well-crafted questions for a
questionnaire on (topic), with not less than 4 question for each
subheadings in line with the Research Questions. Should be mix
of Likert scale, multiple choice, open-ended, etc. Each question
should be unbiased and relevant to the research objectives.
DEMO

When Summarizing: Instead of saying, “What’s the
latest in LIS?”, consider using “Summarize the key
developments in LIS research focused on AI
between 2020 and 2024.”
1
2
Literature Review: Review key findings in (your topic)
literature, pinpoint inconsistencies and research gaps. for
further research.
Extra Prompt Ideas
1
Analyze Datasets: Study the attached dataset like an expert
research data analyst and advice a newbie like me on what I
should actually look out for, like basic statistics, variables, etc.
Refer to Slide 26 for more details.
DEMO
Background Knowledge and Insights to an unfamiliar topic:
You are a lecturer, provide a comprehensive overview of (topic),
to a novice. Covering key concepts, background knowledge,
recent developments, scholars, ongoing conversation for further
exploration..
1

Prompts for Data Analysis
1

2

3

Data Insights with ChatGPT 4
4

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“I’ve been on a digital transformation for over
20 years; the first lesson is, it doesn’t happen
overnight,”
“a lot of the new work for us is figuring out what we want to
assess in the process, instead of just at the end,.. The end
has been so reliable, for so long, as a measure of learning.
But now we have to assess in the middle—which we’ve been
saying for decades, but now our hands are forced.”
Douglas Harrison
At the Digital Universities U.S.
conference
WhenitcomestoAIaccelerating
academicprocesses...
WhyareSOMEuniversitiesslowto
adoptTHEtechnology?
Some thought-provoking opinions
Lev Gonick
“There is a digital divide and there will be an even greater digital divide if
underrepresented groups don’t have a seat at the table,”
Robbie Melton, described how AI-generated images of underrepresented
groups may deliver negative portrayals... Creating positive, happy AI-
generated images may require multiple prompts, she said.

Consult AI to gain insight on a topic?
Draft my idea, drop on an AI tool for perfection?
Prompt AI and rephrase ai’s response on quillbot?
Copy and paste AI’s result verbatim?
If I cite AI?
WHY SHOULD INTEGRITY MATTER?
isitokaytostartrethinking
plagiarism?
FormerLibraryUsers,now
haveAIassistants
WHAT IS
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY?
Canweanswerafewquestions?
Where should we start from?
HAVE I PLAGIARISED IF I
Would my work retain its Academic
Integrity, 10 years from now?

StudentsandResearchers
NOLONGERUNDERSTANDWHAT
plagiarismMEANanymore
FormerLibraryUsers,NOLONGERNEEDTO
VISITTHEPHYSICALLIBRARY:
aiassistantsEVERYWHERE
So what should the new-normal be?
SOMEPROFESSIONALSDONOTWANTYOU
TOCONVINCETHEMTHATAIISATOOL
THATCANBEUSEDORMISUSED
What can be done about the entire conversation??
(VIDEO) What should Librarians do about this?

The Creators
and
developers of
AI tools are
scared of the
ugly side of AI,
some experts
have lost
control over
AI.
Educationists
and students
may be affected
negatively
because AI can
sometimes
provide more
intelligent
answers than
what's on the
marking
scheme. It can
also provide
very misleading
responses.
Security.
Though
ChatGPT
claims to have
fixed breach
that caused
some users to
be able to see
other users
activities, AI
users must be
careful and
aware of
online privacy
tips
AI users may
be using it for
evil.
Suprisingly
only little
investments
are going into
regulation of
AI, compared
to
investments
on how to
develop new
models
some limitations
Hallucinations
Not Up-to-Date
Bias...
Hallucinations
Not Up-to-Date
Bias...

EVALUATING AI: THE ROBOT TEST
a tool you can use when reading about AI applications to help
consider the legitimacy of the technology.
R
O
B
O
T
Reliability
MCGILL LIBRARY
Objective
Bias
Ownership
Type
BIAS IN AI (DETECTING
AI-WRITTEN CONTENT)

Compete ? or Collaborate ?

Data Analysis, Visual
representations (ppts, etc)
Citation
Management
Recommending and
Summarizing Literatures
Generating
Outline
Brainstorming and getting Insights
on Research Gaps and background
knowledge about a Topic
Ethical Ways Academics can, Use AI

To Improve L.I.S Delivery
creative ways Librarians can use AI
Use AI for copy cataloguing. ChatGPT
however may not be very effective for
this. If the book is available online, it can
get the bibliographic details for you.
INDEXING & ABSTRACTING
AI can help you summarize magazines,
newspapers and books, which can help to
make indexing and abstracting quicker and
foster consistency in delivering this service in
your library
ASK A LIBRARIAN
Integrate AI API into your webite
and offer real-time reference & FAQ
services to visitors and library users.
DATA ANALYSIS
Carry out Data
Manipulation and
interpretation services for
users and clients
GET INSIGHTS
Use AI to learn about the Behaviour
and changing needs of your users,
and get relevant suggestions on
creative ways to meet those needs
REVIEW OF BOOKS,
ARTICLES AND WEBSITES
Provide SDI/CAS services with
summaries provided by AI.
USE ROBOTS
robots can assist with handling some
simple manual library tasks and
answering quick reference questions
EMBED IN LIBRARY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
A Great LMS or Digital Library Software
should be able to recall users search
history and know their interest to be able
to suggest to the related materials, etc.
CAT. & CLASS.
EMPOWER USERS
Be the Librarian that guides others.
With good knowledge of how AI
works, organise seminars/webinars
to empower others
create multimedia content for
medical literature and patient
education, enhancing
comprehension and engagement
KNOWLEDGE
DISSEMINATION
MULTIPOTENTIALITE
LIBRARIAN
Be a Trailblaizer and SuperLibrarian.
Be vast, Stand in the Gap and watch
your community run to you for help.

What Services can Library and Information
Professionals enhance with AI?
Improve Discoverability
of resources in Library
Management Systems
Advocacy and
Promotional
Content Creation
Educational
Content Creation
Virtual and Quality
Reference Services
with Chatbots
Digital/AILiteracy
andAwareness
(VIDEO) 5 Ways Artificial Intelligence Impacts Libraries | AJE

01 If you have used AI acknowledge it
02
03
04
05
Invest in yourself: Upskill in Soft
skills (empathy, etc)
Advocate for AI policies
Push for Curriculum Redesign to
integrate AI/MI Literacy
Collaborate
stand out
Additional AI Recommendations for
Professiona
ls
foster responsible AI usage

WHAT
HAVE YOUR
LEARNED?
"Its what you learn after you
know it all that counts." John
Wooden
PROMPT ENGINEERING
PROMPT ENGINEERING
tasks
WE HAVE ARRIVED, BUT
WE HAVE ARRIVED, BUT
SHOULD WE CONTINUE?
SHOULD WE CONTINUE?

R
E
S
O
U
R
C
E
S
Read. Google recommends responsible
usage of ai and acknowledges possible
harm in future
https://blog.google/technology/ai/goog
le-responsible-ai-io-2023/?
utm_source=fb&utm_medium=social&u
tm_campaign=io23&utm_content&utm
_term
Read. Think Beyond citations and
publication
https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/05
/13/opinion/columns/beyond-citations-
and-university-rankings/1891253
Watch.
Multipotentialite? Let's
work together
https://yo
utu.be/DjZFIeJN
11k
Read. UNESCO. (2021).
Recommendation on the Ethics of
Artificial Intelligence.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223
/pf0000380455
Read. "ChatGPT for Research: Do's and
Don'ts in 2024..."
https://litmaps.substack.com/p/chatgpt-
for-research-in-2024-dos
Read. Is ChatGPT Closer to a Human
Librarian Than It Is to Google?
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223
/pf0000378917
Watch and Subscribe. Let's
BREAKitDOWN:
Future Thinking and Conversations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=3mUgBh3nLeo&t=2717s
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Read. "Association of Research Libraries Releases
Guiding Principles for Artificial Intelligence"
https://litmaps.substack.com/p/chatgpt-for-
research-in-2024-dos

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Prompt Engineering and Responsible Use of AI in Academic Research - SI Ebhonu (TheDL) @ UI.pdf

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Prompt Engineering and Responsible Use of AI in Academic Research - SI Ebhonu (TheDL) @ UI.pdf