Promoting legality in timber trade: update from Ghana
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This is a bilingual English-Chinese presentation by Dr. Ben Donkor, executive director, Timber Industry Development Division, Forestry Commission of Ghana, on promoting legality in the Ghana-China timber trade linking to Voluntary Partnership Agreements efforts in Ghana. The presentation was made at the third event of the China-Africa Forest Governance Learning Platform, held in Beijing 24-25 October 2016. The event explored how China can help sustain Africa’s forests with a focus on the role of private sector actors and Chinese stakeholders in working with African stakeholders to promote pro-poor and sustainable investments and trade in Africa’s forests. More details: www.iied.org/mists-china-africa-forests
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Promoting legality in timber trade: update from Ghana
- 1. PROMOTING LEGALITY IN TIMBER TRADE: Update from Ghana 木材贸易合法性在加纳的推广 By Ben N. Donkor (Executive Director –TIDD) 木业发展部执行主任
- 2. Outline 要点 • Pre/post VPA situational analysis VPA进程前后的比较分 析 – Supply issues 供应链问题 • Raw material sources 原材料来源 • Quantities 数量 • Species种类 • Milling approach加工工艺 – Policies/laws 政策／法律 • 1998 • LI 2184 • Domestic market policy 国内市场政策 – Artisinal Milling/ Domestic Timber Traders Network 小企业加工 /(DoTTNet)国内木材贸易商网络 – Public Wood Procurement Policy (PPP) 公共采购政策 – Livelihood/Governance Initiatives 民生／政府倡议 – Law Enforcement 执法 • National Task Force 国家执法力量层面 • Rapid Response Team 快速反应部门 • Prosecution Team 检控部门 • Wood Tracking System 木材追溯系统 • Challenges/conclusion 挑战／结论 – Raw material situation 原材料状况 – Cabinet approval for PPP 公共采购政策通过内阁批准
- 3. Pre/post VPA situational analysis VPA进程进行之前与之后的比较分析
- 4. Supply issues: 供应链问题 Raw material sources原材料来源 Pre／开始以前 Post／开始之后 Supplies from mainly off-reserve: 1990 – 2000。 1990-2000年间木材主要来源于非 保护区 •Supplied over 50% of the annual timber industry requirement 行业年需求量超过50%来源于此 • No felling prescription was applied for monitoring •采伐无需许可，无法监管 -Resulted in over creaming 导致过度采伐 -Drew attention to the on-reserve resource -开始关注保护区资源 Mainly on-reserve/ salvage permits 主要是在保护区/采伐许可 • Harvest of resources is strictly monitored 木材来源被严格监控 • Felling is done within prescribed limits 采伐受到许可限制 • Strict regime of systems are followed 系统中严格的制度 -Harvest is tracked electronically, under wood tracking system, as required by the VPA -木材追溯电子监控系统时刻掌握采伐信息 -Data stored electronically. -所有数据都有电子存档
- 5. Supply issues:供应链问题 Quantities 数量 Pre／VPA进程开始以前 Post／VPA进程开始之后 800,000 trees annually (Hansen et al 2007; TIDD/FORIG 2009) available for milling 每年可加工木材80万棵 • 84% illegal (Marfo and Azu 2009) • 84%为非法采伐 Deforestation rate is alarming: 65,000 hectares per year (Hansen Damnyag Obiri and Carlsen 2012) 毁林率令人堪忧：每年65,000 公顷 Currently 342,797m³ (38%) of legally sourced and sawn timber is supplied to the domestic market (TIDD 2014) 目前342,797立方米合法原 料和锯材供应国内市场 （占38%）
- 6. Supply issues:供应链问题 Species utilised 使用种类的问题 - Over 700 Indigenous tree species are found in the High Forest Zone of Ghana ／超过700种本地树种在加纳高山林区被发现 - Starting from 16 in the 50s and 60s, currently JUST 114 of predominantly high density timbers, more of LUS and red woods are commercially used. 用于商业用途的主要高密度树种从1950-1960年代的16种增加到目前的 114种 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1950's/60's 1970's 1980's 2000's 2010's Growth in No. of Commercial Species 商业树种数量的增长
- 7. Supply issues:供应链问题 Sawing approach 锯木工艺 Pre／VPA进程之前 Post／VPA进程之后 Predominantly chain-sawn material. 主要使用链锯工艺 • Formal mills were reluctant to supply the domestic market due to price distortions 受国内市场价格波动不规 律，正规加工厂不愿供应 国内市场 A mix of portable and formal mill 便携式加工和正规加工相结合 • Currently over 340,000m³ (38%) of legally sourced and sawn material go to domestic market (TIDD 2014) • 目前有超过340,000立方米(占 38%)的来源合法木材和锯材被 供应至国内市场 • Pricing has significantly gone up due to increase in demand for legal wood arising from awareness creation • 意识提升后，国内市场对于合 法来源木材的需求大大增加， 从而也大幅提升了价格水平
- 8. Policies and laws:政策和法律 Laws 法律 Pre／VPA进程之前 Post／VPA进程之后 Timber Resource Management Act, 1998 (Act 547) and subsequent LI 1649 outlawed the use of chainsaw for processing timber for commercial purpose 木材来源管理法案及之后的LI1649 法案宣布了使用链锯加工木材用于 商业用途为非法 The extent of weak enforcement of the Act resulted in proliferation of illegal timber on the domestic market 执法不严导致了国内市 场上充斥着非法来源的木材 Timber Resource (Legality Licensing) Regulation, 2012 (LI 2184) is developed to: 2012年推出的木材来 源(合法证书系统)法案(LI 2184)： - provide for a licensing scheme to regulate trade of illegality of all forms 使用合法证书系统来调控和规范各 种类型的非法贸易 - provide for registration of all vendors in timber trade and criteria for this also require meeting stringent demands. 建立了符合严苛标准的木 材从业商登记注册系统，并要求所 有木材从业商进行登记注册， - regulate both domestic and export trade 进一步规范国内贸易以及出 口贸易
- 9. Policies and laws:政策与法规 Domestic market policy国内市场政策 OBJECTIVE : To ensure supply of legal timber on a sustainable basis to meet the domestic market demand, promote good governance and provide incentives that facilitate the production and trade in legal lumber 目标：在可持续的基础上确保国内市场合法木材的需求，提高森林施政 能力和提供激励机制，促进合发木材的生产和贸易 SUPPLY CHAIN 供应链 PUBLIC PROCUREMENT POLICY ON TIMBER & TIMBER PRODUCTS木材 和木材产品公 共采购政策 LIVELIHOOD & GOVERNANCE INITIATIVES 居民生计和管理计 划
- 10. Domestic market policy:国内市场政策 Fixing the supply chain固定供应链 • Artisanal milling concept The concept seeks to bring together identified actors in illegal operations to form a team, to operate within legal means. Members in the group are trained, supported with wood processing equipment to supply legal timber to the domestic market only • 小企业加工理念 该理念寻求使从事非法生产的小企业 整合起来，形成一个团队，从事合法 木材生产。 为团队中的成员提供培训，并为他们 提供木材加工设备，为国内市场供应 合法木材。
- 11. Domestic market policy:国内市场政策 Fixing the supply chain固定供应链 • Domestic Timber Trading Network (DoTTNet) The DoTTNet process seeks to organize stakeholders on the domestic timber supply chain into trade networks to facilitate supply and sale of legal timber on the market. The DoTTNet process is governed by MoU signed by the Associations (DoLMAG – Domestic Lumber Millers’ Association; and DoLTA – Domestic Lumber Traders Association) and endorsed by TIDD. The MoU contains the terms and conditions for compliance by parties operating on the domestic market • 国内木材贸易网络（DoTTNet） DoTTNet进程旨在组织国内木材供 应链的相关利益方共同促进合法木 材的供应和贸易。 DoTTNet进程是在由协会间签署的 备忘录框架下开展工作。（协会包 括DoLMAG-国内木材加工协会和 DoLTA-国内木材贸易商协会）。并 得到TIDD的支持。备忘录中包括国 内市场各方需要遵守的条款与条件。
- 12. Domestic market policy:国内市场政策 Public Procurement Policy (PPP)公共采购政策 • The policy aims at using the purchasing power of government procurement to signal the market in favour of legally and sustainably produced timber and timber products. • 该政策的目的是通过政府采购的影响，向市场传递公共采 购更加青睐合法的和可持续生产的木材和木材产品的信号。 • The policy is part of the VPA process and has cross sectoral endorsement for its roll-out • 该政策是VPA进程的一部分，已经得到各个部门的认可 • The PPP has been sent to Cabinet for approval and implementation • 公共采购政策（PPP）已经提交内阁，请求批准和实施。
- 13. Domestic market policy:国内市场政策 Livelihood & governance initiatives生计和管理计划 • Strategies for the domestic market policy propose alternative livelihood programmes, including re-afforestation and charcoal production as livelihood options available for those chainsaw operators displaced from illegal forest activities. • In terms of governance: – benefit sharing of timber revenue from off reserve is reviewed to include farmers. – Community and CSO participation in forest management and monitoring, – Guidelines on sharing of timber revenues for District Assemblies is developed 国内市场政策提出更多改 善居民生计的计划，包括： 为那些放弃非法森林活动 的链锯工人提供造林和木 炭生产等改善生计的选择。 管理方面： - 将农民也纳入非保护区的木 材收入分配范围 - 社区和民间团体参与森林管 理和监督 - 地区议会木材收入分配指南 已经完成。
- 14. Challenges/ conclusion 挑战/结论 1. Raw material scarcity 原材料匮乏 Imports???进口 Wood import as a policy is confronted with 木材进口政策面临以下挑战 - import duty, 进口税 - profitability of imports, 进口的利润 - funding 资金 Removal of residual yield??? 林地剩余木材的清除 Implementation options 实施措施 - FC to grant access to remove unwanted yield from TUCs FC颁发从TUC清除不需要木材的许可 - jointly working with a main contractor 与主要的承包商合作 - main contractor extracts all species and auctions those that are not needed 承包商将所有树种清除，对不需要的树种进行拍卖。
- 15. The law enforcement architecture 林业生产执法框架 WOOD TRACKING SYSTEM木材追溯系统 SOURCE MONITORING 资源监督 TRANSIT MONITORING 运输监督 MILL YARD & MARKET MONITORING 加工厂&市场 监管 • Rapid Response Teams •快速反应部门 • LMCC Issuance Points •LMCC 许可颁发部门 • TIDD Checkpoints TIDD 检查站 • National Timber Task Force 国家木材专案部门 • TIDD Timber Inspectors TIDD 木材监察员 Legality Documentation: 合法文件 1. Source: - LMCC 来源：LMCC 2. Mill: - DoTIC; Input/Output Forms; Waybill 加工厂：DoTIC; 进厂/出厂表; 运单
- 16. Challenges/ conclusion 挑战/结论 2. Cabinet approval of PPP • Delayed by further work that needed to be done to align pertinent issues in the PPP to the National Procurement Law (ACT 663, 2003). These issues including thresholds, imported timber documentation, Domestic Timber Standards and Contracts Award Procedure are now resolved through the development of Implementation Guidelines for the PPP. 3. Conclusion Since the signing of the VPA, some sanity is prevailing regarding legality in the trade. 2. 内阁对公共采购政策的审批 • 由于需要将公共采供政策中的相关 问题写入国家采购法（2003年663 号法案），审批过程受到耽搁。这 些问题包括：阈值、进口木材文件、 国内木材标准以及合同奖励的程序。 随着公共采购政策指南的实施和发 展，这些问题目前已经得到解决。 3. 结论 自从签署VPA协议后，健全的合法木材 贸易已经开始盛行。