Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. They have their DNA and other cellular components floating freely in the cytoplasm. They reproduce through binary fission. Eukaryotes are organisms with cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus that holds their DNA. All eukaryotic cells share certain structures like the nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. They also tend to have additional organelles not found in prokaryotes.
Prokaryotic cells are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on Earth. They include bacteria and archaea and some are capable of photosynthesis. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and their DNA is located in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. They reproduce through binary fission and can also undergo genetic recombination through conjugation, transformation, or transduction to generate variation. Prokaryotic cells play important roles in various environments and as normal flora in humans and animals.
Molecular different between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
Prokaryotic Cell with detail in Biochemistry 2017AMIR HASSAN
This document provides an introduction and overview of prokaryotic cell structure presented by Amir Hassan, a BS-Chemistry student with roll number 105. The presentation topic is the structure of prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. The key components of prokaryotic cells discussed include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, single loop of DNA, plasmids, cell wall, capsule or envelope, flagella, and fimbriae. Each of these structures performs important functions for the prokaryotic cell.
All living things are made up of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells that have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope. Both cell types contain cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane, and share some common structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and in plant cells, chloroplasts. Organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells living symbiotically within eukaryotic cells.
The document discusses the structure and functions of cells. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and describes their key components including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, flagella, and cytoskeleton. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and compares their features. The functions of cells include growth and metabolism through breaking down nutrients to produce energy, protein synthesis, creation of new cells, and movement.
- Prokaryotic cells like bacteria have a simple cellular structure without organelles and their genetic material exists freely in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells like humans have membrane-bound organelles and their genetic material is contained within the nucleus.
- The genetic material of prokaryotes is a single circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. Prokaryotic DNA replication and transcription occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
- Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA as their genetic material but it is organized differently - prokaryotes have a compact circular chromosome while eukaryotes package their DNA
The cell is the basic unit of life. It contains genetic material, cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane, and various organelles that perform essential functions. Cells can be either prokaryotic (lacking organelles) or eukaryotic (containing organelles like the nucleus). The basic components of cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material like DNA and RNA, and organelles. These components work together to carry out life's processes.
The document discusses the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the key organelles of the cell including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytosol and cytoskeleton. The cell contains these specialized subcellular structures that allow it to carry out different metabolic processes and maintain homeostasis.
Prokaryotic cells are the earliest and most primitive forms of life on Earth. They include bacteria and archaea and some are capable of photosynthesis. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and their DNA is located in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. They reproduce through binary fission and can also undergo genetic recombination through conjugation, transformation, or transduction to generate variation. Prokaryotic cells play important roles in various environments and as normal flora in humans and animals.
Molecular different between Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell By KK Sahu SirKAUSHAL SAHU
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to cell
Historical Aspects
Cell Diversity
Types Of Cell Diversity
Cell Diversity In Origin
Cell Diversity In size
Cell Diversity In Shape
Some Other Types
5) Differentiation And Specialisation Of Cell Diversity
6) Conclusion
7) References
Prokaryotic Cell with detail in Biochemistry 2017AMIR HASSAN
This document provides an introduction and overview of prokaryotic cell structure presented by Amir Hassan, a BS-Chemistry student with roll number 105. The presentation topic is the structure of prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simpler than eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. The key components of prokaryotic cells discussed include the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, single loop of DNA, plasmids, cell wall, capsule or envelope, flagella, and fimbriae. Each of these structures performs important functions for the prokaryotic cell.
All living things are made up of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like plant and animal cells that have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope. Both cell types contain cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane, and share some common structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and in plant cells, chloroplasts. Organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells living symbiotically within eukaryotic cells.
The document discusses the structure and functions of cells. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and describes their key components including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, flagella, and cytoskeleton. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and compares their features. The functions of cells include growth and metabolism through breaking down nutrients to produce energy, protein synthesis, creation of new cells, and movement.
- Prokaryotic cells like bacteria have a simple cellular structure without organelles and their genetic material exists freely in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells like humans have membrane-bound organelles and their genetic material is contained within the nucleus.
- The genetic material of prokaryotes is a single circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. Prokaryotic DNA replication and transcription occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.
- Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA as their genetic material but it is organized differently - prokaryotes have a compact circular chromosome while eukaryotes package their DNA
The cell is the basic unit of life. It contains genetic material, cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane, and various organelles that perform essential functions. Cells can be either prokaryotic (lacking organelles) or eukaryotic (containing organelles like the nucleus). The basic components of cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material like DNA and RNA, and organelles. These components work together to carry out life's processes.
The document discusses the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the key organelles of the cell including the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytosol and cytoskeleton. The cell contains these specialized subcellular structures that allow it to carry out different metabolic processes and maintain homeostasis.
The Cell........................................................................mariafermani1
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It begins by outlining cell theory and distinguishing between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It then describes several organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses tissue formation, classification of prokaryotic cells, and the structure and function of bacterial and viral cells.
There are two major types of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotic cells greatly outnumber eukaryotic cells on Earth. All prokaryotic cells share four main structures - a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material in the form of DNA and RNA located in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells also sometimes contain other structures like cell walls, pili, and flagella. Despite appearing simpler than eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes display complex behaviors and adaptations that allow them to thrive in diverse environments.
This document provides definitions and details about cell biology. It begins by defining cell biology and its history. It describes the origin of life and cells, including theories about abiogenesis and the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells. It discusses cell theory and the two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Further, it provides information about key cellular structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, and their structure and functions. The document is a comprehensive overview of foundational concepts in cell biology.
The nucleus is a spherical organelle found in eukaryotic cells that controls cell functions and contains DNA. It is surrounded by a double membrane and contains chromatin, nucleoplasm, and one or more nucleoli. The nucleus controls gene expression and protein synthesis, regulates cell growth and division, and maintains hereditary material. It allows for the exchange of molecules with the cytoplasm through nuclear pores in its membrane. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and plays a key role in controlling cell activities and functions.
1. The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It provides background on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and defines key terms like cytology.
2. The basic components of plant and animal cells are described along with the differences between them. Unicellular and multicellular organisms are also defined.
3. The key characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized, including whether they have a nucleus, organelles, and how they reproduce. Diagrams of sample prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures are also included.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells were the first life forms and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger and compartmentalized with a nucleus. The cell theory proposes that cells are the fundamental unit of life and all living things are composed of cells. Key cell structures like the plasma membrane, organelles, and their functions are also described.
This document provides information about molecular biology concepts including:
- The structure and function of eukaryotic cells including organelles like the nucleus, nucleolus, and mitochondria.
- The differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- DNA structure, replication, and the role of DNA and RNA in cells.
- Other genetic elements like viruses, viroids and prions.
What are the main functions of the components of prokaryotic vs. euk.pdfarihantstoneart
What are the main functions of the components of prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells? Could either
cell type survive without any of them? (Answer must be at least a page long, very detailed and in
paragraph form please)
Solution
Prokaryotes are unicellular living beings that need organelles or other interior film bound
structures . In this manner, they don\'t have a core, at the same time, rather, by and large have a
solitary chromosome: a bit of roundabout, twofold stranded DNA situated in a territory of the
phone called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a cell divider outside the plasma film.
Like a prokaryotic cell, an eukaryotic cell has a plasma film, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
Nonetheless, not at all like prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have:
a film bound core
various film bound organelles (counting the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi contraption,
chloroplasts, and mitochondria)
a few bar formed chromosomes
Since an eukaryotic cell\'s core is encompassed by a film, it is regularly said to have a \"genuine
core. \" Organelles (signifying \"little organ\") have specific cell parts, similarly as the organs of
your body have particular parts. They permit diverse capacities to be compartmentalized in
various territories of the cell.
The piece of the cell divider varies altogether between the areas Bacteria and Archaea, the two
spaces of life into which prokaryotes are separated . The structure of their cell dividers
additionally varies from the eukaryotic cell dividers found in plants (cellulose) or organisms and
bugs (chitin). The cell divider works as a defensive layer and is in charge of the life form\'s
shape. A few microorganisms have a container outside the cell divider. Different structures are
available in some prokaryotic species, yet not in others. For instance, the case found in a few
animal types empowers the living being to connect to surfaces, shields it from lack of hydration
and assault by phagocytic cells, and expands its imperviousness to our invulnerable reactions. A
few animal categories likewise have flagella utilized for velocity and pili utilized for connection
to surfaces. Plasmids, which comprise of additional chromosomal DNA, are likewise present in
numerous types of microorganisms and archaea.
Commonly, the core is the most conspicuous organelle in a cell. Eukaryotic cells have a genuine
core, which implies the cell\'s DNA is encompassed by a layer. Thusly, the core houses the cell\'s
DNA and coordinates the blend of proteins and ribosomes, the cell organelles in charge of
protein union. The atomic envelope is a twofold layer structure that constitutes the furthest bit of
the core. Both the internal and external layers of the atomic envelope are phospholipid bilayers.
The atomic envelope is punctuated with pores that control the section of particles, particles, and
RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. The nucleoplasm is the semi-strong liquid inside
the core where we discover the chromatin and the nucleolus. M.
Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsE Jei Torres
Cells can be divided into two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes. It is believed that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells when ancient bacteria were engulfed but not destroyed by their hosts, eventually evolving into the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in modern eukaryotic cells. This endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of the more complex eukaryotic cell structure.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEUS OF A CELL.pptxRASHMI M G
The nucleus is the part of a cell that contains DNA organized into chromosomes and is located in the middle of the cell. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which is a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores, which are gateways that allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus.
The Cell: The Histology Guide
Nucleus - The Cell: The Histology Guide - University of Leeds
The nucleus is found in the middle of the cells, and it contains DNA arranged in chromosomes. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, a double nuclear membrane (outer and inner), which separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
open.baypath.edu
Nucleus – BIO109 Biology I Introduction to Biology
The boundary of the nucleus, called the nuclear envelope, is a double membrane that contains small openings called nuclear pores. These pores are gateways that allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus, enabling it to communicate with the rest of the cell.
The nucleus has three main parts:
Nuclear membrane: A protective barrier of the nucleus
Nucleoplasm: The cytoplasm of the nucleus, which is a semifluid matrix that contains chromatin, the less condensed form of DNA that organizes into chromosomes during mitosis or cell division
Nucleolus: A spherical structure that produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes
The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell, such as growth and metabolism.
What are the 4 types of nucleus?
What are the 3 parts of a nucleus?
How many nuclei are in a cell?
Ask a follow up
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without membrane-bound organelles that include bacteria and archaea. They have distinct characteristics like DNA that is not enclosed in a nucleus, lack of histones, and cell sizes typically between 1-5 micrometers. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission and have various internal structures like ribosomes, cytoplasmic membrane, and nucleoid containing DNA. They also have external structures such as flagella, pili, and capsules that provide motility and attachment abilities. The cell wall and plasma membrane serve as protective barriers around the cell.
The document provides information about hair cells. It discusses that hair cells must have appropriate nutrition to stay alive. It notes that humans have between 100,000 to 150,000 hairs that each grow around 5 inches every 5-6 years. When the hair dies, it takes around 4 months to regrow. Keratin is the main protein in hair and contains amino acids like cysteine and methionine. Disulfide bonds give curly hair its structure and perms/relaxants break these bonds to straighten hair. Hair loss can be inherited and treated with medicine or transplant, or caused by diseases, stress, or damage and will regrow after the cause is removed.
The document discusses enveloped viruses and their replication process, noting that viruses lack biochemical machinery and must use host cell machinery to replicate. It describes the basic components of viruses, including their DNA or RNA genome packaged in a protein capsid shell, and sometimes an outer envelope. The viral genome is used to express viral proteins, but viruses cannot synthesize proteins on their own and must use host cell ribosomes to translate mRNA copies of the viral genome.
1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms.
2. Cells contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions like protein production, energy generation, waste disposal, and more.
3. The plasma membrane forms the barrier between the cell's interior and its external environment, and regulates what enters and exits the cell.
The document discusses cells and their structures. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and provides details about the structures found in plant and animal cells, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles, nuclei, chromosomes, and ribosomes. It also summarizes the process of the cell cycle and cell division.
The document discusses several key topics related to molecular evolution and cell evolution:
1) All life on Earth descended from a single-celled common ancestor approximately 3.7 billion years ago. RNA may have functioned as the original self-replicating molecule before the emergence of DNA and proteins.
2) Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely originated through endosymbiotic relationships with bacteria, as evidenced by their retained genomes.
3) DNA and protein sequences can be compared to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and develop phylogenetic trees showing how groups of organisms are related. Slowly-evolving sequences like rRNA are used for distant comparisons, while rapidly-evolving mtDNA allows analysis of close relationships.
Cells are the fundamental units of life, and all organisms are made up of one or more cells. The document discusses two important cellular components - the nucleus and ribosomes. The nucleus houses most of the cell's DNA and directs protein synthesis. It is enclosed by a double membrane and contains chromosomes. The ribosomes use information from DNA to synthesize proteins according to instructions provided by messenger RNA. They assemble in the nucleolus and exit into the cytoplasm to perform protein synthesis.
This document provides an overview of cell biology. It begins with definitions of key terms like cell and discusses early observations of cells by scientists like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and others. It then explains the cell theory and the unity and diversity of cells. The rest of the document details various cell structures like organelles, their functions, types of microscopy used to study cells, model organisms for research, and more. It provides a comprehensive but concise introduction to the fundamental concepts and topics within cell biology.
The Cell........................................................................mariafermani1
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It begins by outlining cell theory and distinguishing between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It then describes several organelles found in eukaryotic cells including the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses tissue formation, classification of prokaryotic cells, and the structure and function of bacterial and viral cells.
There are two major types of prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotic cells greatly outnumber eukaryotic cells on Earth. All prokaryotic cells share four main structures - a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material in the form of DNA and RNA located in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells also sometimes contain other structures like cell walls, pili, and flagella. Despite appearing simpler than eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes display complex behaviors and adaptations that allow them to thrive in diverse environments.
This document provides definitions and details about cell biology. It begins by defining cell biology and its history. It describes the origin of life and cells, including theories about abiogenesis and the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells. It discusses cell theory and the two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Further, it provides information about key cellular structures like the cell membrane, nucleus, and their structure and functions. The document is a comprehensive overview of foundational concepts in cell biology.
The nucleus is a spherical organelle found in eukaryotic cells that controls cell functions and contains DNA. It is surrounded by a double membrane and contains chromatin, nucleoplasm, and one or more nucleoli. The nucleus controls gene expression and protein synthesis, regulates cell growth and division, and maintains hereditary material. It allows for the exchange of molecules with the cytoplasm through nuclear pores in its membrane. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and plays a key role in controlling cell activities and functions.
1. The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It provides background on the history of cell discovery from Hooke to Virchow and defines key terms like cytology.
2. The basic components of plant and animal cells are described along with the differences between them. Unicellular and multicellular organisms are also defined.
3. The key characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized, including whether they have a nucleus, organelles, and how they reproduce. Diagrams of sample prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures are also included.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It defines the cell as the basic unit of life and distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells were the first life forms and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger and compartmentalized with a nucleus. The cell theory proposes that cells are the fundamental unit of life and all living things are composed of cells. Key cell structures like the plasma membrane, organelles, and their functions are also described.
This document provides information about molecular biology concepts including:
- The structure and function of eukaryotic cells including organelles like the nucleus, nucleolus, and mitochondria.
- The differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- DNA structure, replication, and the role of DNA and RNA in cells.
- Other genetic elements like viruses, viroids and prions.
What are the main functions of the components of prokaryotic vs. euk.pdfarihantstoneart
What are the main functions of the components of prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells? Could either
cell type survive without any of them? (Answer must be at least a page long, very detailed and in
paragraph form please)
Solution
Prokaryotes are unicellular living beings that need organelles or other interior film bound
structures . In this manner, they don\'t have a core, at the same time, rather, by and large have a
solitary chromosome: a bit of roundabout, twofold stranded DNA situated in a territory of the
phone called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a cell divider outside the plasma film.
Like a prokaryotic cell, an eukaryotic cell has a plasma film, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
Nonetheless, not at all like prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have:
a film bound core
various film bound organelles (counting the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi contraption,
chloroplasts, and mitochondria)
a few bar formed chromosomes
Since an eukaryotic cell\'s core is encompassed by a film, it is regularly said to have a \"genuine
core. \" Organelles (signifying \"little organ\") have specific cell parts, similarly as the organs of
your body have particular parts. They permit diverse capacities to be compartmentalized in
various territories of the cell.
The piece of the cell divider varies altogether between the areas Bacteria and Archaea, the two
spaces of life into which prokaryotes are separated . The structure of their cell dividers
additionally varies from the eukaryotic cell dividers found in plants (cellulose) or organisms and
bugs (chitin). The cell divider works as a defensive layer and is in charge of the life form\'s
shape. A few microorganisms have a container outside the cell divider. Different structures are
available in some prokaryotic species, yet not in others. For instance, the case found in a few
animal types empowers the living being to connect to surfaces, shields it from lack of hydration
and assault by phagocytic cells, and expands its imperviousness to our invulnerable reactions. A
few animal categories likewise have flagella utilized for velocity and pili utilized for connection
to surfaces. Plasmids, which comprise of additional chromosomal DNA, are likewise present in
numerous types of microorganisms and archaea.
Commonly, the core is the most conspicuous organelle in a cell. Eukaryotic cells have a genuine
core, which implies the cell\'s DNA is encompassed by a layer. Thusly, the core houses the cell\'s
DNA and coordinates the blend of proteins and ribosomes, the cell organelles in charge of
protein union. The atomic envelope is a twofold layer structure that constitutes the furthest bit of
the core. Both the internal and external layers of the atomic envelope are phospholipid bilayers.
The atomic envelope is punctuated with pores that control the section of particles, particles, and
RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. The nucleoplasm is the semi-strong liquid inside
the core where we discover the chromatin and the nucleolus. M.
Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsE Jei Torres
Cells can be divided into two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes. It is believed that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells when ancient bacteria were engulfed but not destroyed by their hosts, eventually evolving into the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in modern eukaryotic cells. This endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of the more complex eukaryotic cell structure.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEUS OF A CELL.pptxRASHMI M G
The nucleus is the part of a cell that contains DNA organized into chromosomes and is located in the middle of the cell. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which is a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores, which are gateways that allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus.
The Cell: The Histology Guide
Nucleus - The Cell: The Histology Guide - University of Leeds
The nucleus is found in the middle of the cells, and it contains DNA arranged in chromosomes. It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, a double nuclear membrane (outer and inner), which separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
open.baypath.edu
Nucleus – BIO109 Biology I Introduction to Biology
The boundary of the nucleus, called the nuclear envelope, is a double membrane that contains small openings called nuclear pores. These pores are gateways that allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus, enabling it to communicate with the rest of the cell.
The nucleus has three main parts:
Nuclear membrane: A protective barrier of the nucleus
Nucleoplasm: The cytoplasm of the nucleus, which is a semifluid matrix that contains chromatin, the less condensed form of DNA that organizes into chromosomes during mitosis or cell division
Nucleolus: A spherical structure that produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes
The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell, such as growth and metabolism.
What are the 4 types of nucleus?
What are the 3 parts of a nucleus?
How many nuclei are in a cell?
Ask a follow up
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without membrane-bound organelles that include bacteria and archaea. They have distinct characteristics like DNA that is not enclosed in a nucleus, lack of histones, and cell sizes typically between 1-5 micrometers. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission and have various internal structures like ribosomes, cytoplasmic membrane, and nucleoid containing DNA. They also have external structures such as flagella, pili, and capsules that provide motility and attachment abilities. The cell wall and plasma membrane serve as protective barriers around the cell.
The document provides information about hair cells. It discusses that hair cells must have appropriate nutrition to stay alive. It notes that humans have between 100,000 to 150,000 hairs that each grow around 5 inches every 5-6 years. When the hair dies, it takes around 4 months to regrow. Keratin is the main protein in hair and contains amino acids like cysteine and methionine. Disulfide bonds give curly hair its structure and perms/relaxants break these bonds to straighten hair. Hair loss can be inherited and treated with medicine or transplant, or caused by diseases, stress, or damage and will regrow after the cause is removed.
The document discusses enveloped viruses and their replication process, noting that viruses lack biochemical machinery and must use host cell machinery to replicate. It describes the basic components of viruses, including their DNA or RNA genome packaged in a protein capsid shell, and sometimes an outer envelope. The viral genome is used to express viral proteins, but viruses cannot synthesize proteins on their own and must use host cell ribosomes to translate mRNA copies of the viral genome.
1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms.
2. Cells contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions like protein production, energy generation, waste disposal, and more.
3. The plasma membrane forms the barrier between the cell's interior and its external environment, and regulates what enters and exits the cell.
The document discusses cells and their structures. It describes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and provides details about the structures found in plant and animal cells, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuoles, nuclei, chromosomes, and ribosomes. It also summarizes the process of the cell cycle and cell division.
The document discusses several key topics related to molecular evolution and cell evolution:
1) All life on Earth descended from a single-celled common ancestor approximately 3.7 billion years ago. RNA may have functioned as the original self-replicating molecule before the emergence of DNA and proteins.
2) Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely originated through endosymbiotic relationships with bacteria, as evidenced by their retained genomes.
3) DNA and protein sequences can be compared to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and develop phylogenetic trees showing how groups of organisms are related. Slowly-evolving sequences like rRNA are used for distant comparisons, while rapidly-evolving mtDNA allows analysis of close relationships.
Cells are the fundamental units of life, and all organisms are made up of one or more cells. The document discusses two important cellular components - the nucleus and ribosomes. The nucleus houses most of the cell's DNA and directs protein synthesis. It is enclosed by a double membrane and contains chromosomes. The ribosomes use information from DNA to synthesize proteins according to instructions provided by messenger RNA. They assemble in the nucleolus and exit into the cytoplasm to perform protein synthesis.
This document provides an overview of cell biology. It begins with definitions of key terms like cell and discusses early observations of cells by scientists like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, and others. It then explains the cell theory and the unity and diversity of cells. The rest of the document details various cell structures like organelles, their functions, types of microscopy used to study cells, model organisms for research, and more. It provides a comprehensive but concise introduction to the fundamental concepts and topics within cell biology.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
prokariates.pdf
1.
2. A prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-
bound nucleus (karyon), mitochondria, or any other membrane-
bound organelle. The word prokaryote comes from the Greek πρό (pro)
"before" and καρυόν (karyon) "nut orkernel". Prokaryotes can be divided into
two domains, Archaea and Bacteria, with the remainder of species, called
eukaryotes, in the third domain Eukaryota.
In the prokaryotes all the intracellular water-soluble components
(proteins, DNA and metabolites) are located together in
thecytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane, rather than in separate cellular
compartments.
Bacteria, however, do possess protein-based bacterial microcompartments, which
are thought to act as primitive organelles enclosed in protein shells
3. Some prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria may form large colonies. Others, such
as myxobacteria, have multicellular stages in their life cycles.
Molecular studies have provided insight into the evolution and interrelationships
of the three domains of biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms,
including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane-bound nucleus
(containingchromosomal DNA) and organelles.
The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two
very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of
prokaryotesinclude extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in
some extreme environments.
4. Prokaryotic cell structure
• Flagellum (only in some types of prokaryotes)[which?]
• Long, whip-like protrusion that aids cellular locomotion.
• Cell membrane
• Surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.
• Cell wall (except genera Mycoplasma and Thermoplasma)
• Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.
• Cytoplasm
• A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell
components, and various organic molecules.
• Ribosome
• Cell structures responsible for protein production.
• Nucleoid
• Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.
• Glycocalyx (only in some types of prokaryotes)
• A glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes.
• Inclusions
5. .Morphology of prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells have various shapes; the four
basic shapes of bacteria are:
➢Cocci – spherical
➢Bacilli – rod-shaped
➢Spirochaete – spiral-shaped
➢Vibrio – comma-shaped
➢The archaeon Haloquadratum has flat square-
shaped cells.
6. Reproduction
• Bacteria and archaea reproduce through asexual reproduction, usually
by binary fission. Genetic exchange and recombination still occur, but this
is a form of horizontal gene transfer and is not a replicative process, simply
involving the transference of DNA between two cells, as in bacterial
conjugation
7. DNA transfer
• DNA transfer between prokaryotic cells occurs in bacteria and archaea, although it has
been mainly studied in bacteria. In bacteria, gene transfer occurs by three processes.
• These are (1) bacterial virus (bacteriophage)-mediated transduction, (2) plasmid-
mediated conjugation, and (3) natural transformation. Transduction of bacterial genes by
bacteriophage appears to reflect an occasional error during intracellular assembly of virus
particles, rather than an adaptation of the host bacteria.
• The transfer of bacterial DNA is under the control of the bacteriophage’s genes rather than
bacterial genes. Conjugation in the well-studied E. coli system is controlled by plasmid
genes, and is an adaptation for distributing copies of a plasmid from one bacterial host to
another.
• Infrequently during this process, a plasmid may integrate into the host bacterial
chromosome, and subsequently transfer part of the host bacterial DNA to another
bacterium. Plasmid mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA (conjugation) also appears to
be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.
8. • Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one
bacterium to another through the intervening medium. Unlike transduction and
conjugation, transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer,
because it depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically
interact to perform this complex process.
• For a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own
chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state called competence.
About 40 genes are required inBacillus subtilis for the development of
competence.
• The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be as
much as a third to the whole chromosome. Transformation is a common mode
of DNA transfer, and 67 prokaryotic species are thus far known to be naturally
competent for transformation.
9. • Among archaea, Halobacterium volcanii forms cytoplasmic bridges
between cells that appear to be used for transfer of DNA from one cell
to another. Another archaeon, Sulfolobus solfataricus, transfers DNA
between cells by direct contact.
found that exposure of S. solfataricus to DNA damaging agents induces
cellular aggregation, and suggested that cellular aggregation may
enhance DNA transfer among cells to provide increased repair of
damaged DNA via homologous recombination.
• prokaryotes are considered strictly unicellular, most can form stable
aggregate chotomous prokaryote-eukaryote distinction points out that
the word "prokaryote" is based on what these organisms are not (they
are not eukaryotic), rather than what they are (either archaea or
bacteria)]
10. STRUCTURES IN ALL EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function
• A cell is defined as eukaryotic if it has
a membrane-bound nucleus. Any organism
composed of eukaryotic cells is also
considered aeukaryotic organism.
11.
12. Here are some examples of eukaryotes:
• Animals
• Plants
• Fungi (mushrooms, etc.)
• Protists (algae, plankton, etc.)
Most plants, animals, and fungi are composed of
many cells and are, for that reason, aptly classified
as multicellular, while most protists consist of a single
cell and are classified as unicellular. Funny how that
works.
13. All eukaryotic cells have
• A nucleus
• Genetic material
• A plasma membrane
• Ribosomes
• Cytoplasm, including the cytoskeleton
14. Most eukaryotic cells also have other membrane-bound
internal structures called organelles.
Organelles include
• Mitochondria
• Golgi bodies
• Lysosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Vesicles
15. There are a few major differences between animal, plant, fungal, and protist an
cells, Here they are:
All plant cells have
• A cell wall made of cellulose
• A large central vacuole
• Chloroplasts
Some animal and protistan cells have
• Flagella, Cilia
All animal cells have
• Centrioles
All fungal cells have
• A cell wall made of chitin.
• Also, quiteshort.
• StructuresFound in All EukaryoticCells
• The Nucleus and Eukaryotic Genetic Material
• The nucleusin the cell is analogous to the brain in the body. It is a control
center for a cell.
Presenting, the nucleus:
16.
17. • The nucleus stores all the information the cell needs to grow, reproduce, and
function. This information is contained in long but thin molecules of
deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. One of the functions of the nucleus is to
protect the cell’s DNA from damage, but that is not all that it does. The nucleus
is basically a large membranous sac. Like your face.
The nucleus also contains a small round body called a nucleolus that holds
nucleic acids and proteins. The nuclear membrane has pores through which
the contents of the nucleus communicate with the rest of the cell. The nuclear
membrane tightly controls what gets into the nucleus and what gets out. This
regulation of communication by the nuclear membrane has a great effect on
what a cell looks like and what it does.
18. • Chromosomes are also located in the nucleus and are basically organized
structures of DNA and proteins. In eukaryotes, the chromosomal DNA is
packaged and organized into a condensed structure called chromatin.
Chromosomes are single pieces of DNA along with genes, proteins, and
nucleotides, and chromatin is a condensed package of chromosomes that
basically allows all the necessary DNA to fit inside the nucleus.
• We will dive deeper into the world of chromosomes in another section, but just
know that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells each have genomes, which is what
we call the entire set of an organism's genetic and hereditary information.
Genomes are entirely encoded in either the DNA or the RNA. In the case of
eukaryotes, multiple linear pieces of DNA comprise its genome.
19. In eukaryotic organisms, the DNA inside the nucleus is also closely associated
with large protein complexes called histones. Along with the nuclear
membrane, histones help control which messages get sent from the DNA to
the rest of the cell. The information stored in DNA gets transferred to the rest
of the cell by a very elegant process—a process so common and so important
to life on Earth that it is called the central dogma of biology.
In eukaryotic cells, the first stage of this process takes place in the nucleus and
consists of specific portions of the DNA, called genes, being copied, or
transcribed, into small strands of ribonucleic acid, or RNA. RNA containing a
copy, or transcript, of DNA is called messenger RNA, or mRNA. These mRNA
molecules are then physically transported out of the nucleus through the
pores (holes) in the nuclear membrane and into the cytoplasm where they are
eventually translated into proteins by ribosomes.
20. DNA RNA → Protein
Most eukaryotic cells have a nucleus throughout their entire life cycles, but there
are a few notable exceptions. Human red blood cells (the good ol' RBCs), for
example, get rid of their nuclei as they mature. Rebels without a cause. Or
actually, with a cause, because, with their nuclei removed, red blood cells have
more space to carry oxygen throughout the body.
• Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane
• The plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells is responsible for controlling what
gets into and out of the cell. A series of proteins stuck in the membrane help the
cell communicate with the surrounding environment. Among other things, this
communication can include
• Sending and receiving chemical signals from other eukaryotic cells
21. • Interacting with the cells of prokaryotic organisms during the process of
infection.
• Keep in mind that the plasma membrane is universal to all cells, prokaryotic
and eukaryotic. Because this cellular component is so important and so
common, it is addressed in greater detail further on in the In Depth section.
Eukaryotic Ribosomes
• Ribsomes are small cellular machines made of proteins and ribosomal RNA. All
cells, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic, have ribosomes.
22.
23. • Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger and have a slightly different shape and
composition than those found in prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic ribosomes, for
instance, have about twice the amount of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and one
third more ribosomal proteins (~83 vs. 53) than prokaryotic ribosomes have.
• Despite these differences, the function of the eukaryotic ribosome is
virtually identical to the prokaryotic version.
• This is a remarkable example of what we call evolutionary unity. Ribosomes
translate mRNA into protein, or the last step in the central dogma of biology
described earlier. It all comes together…
24. Eukaryotic Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
• The cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells is a gel-like, yet fluid, substance in
which all of the other cellular components are suspended, including
all of the organelles.
• The underlying structure and function of the cytoplasm, and of the
cell itself, is largely determined by the cytoskeleton, a protein
framework along which particles in the cell, including proteins,
ribosomes, and organelles, move around.