A deep view of a radiopharmaceutical's production process: from the basis to development and synthesis and to transport.
If someone needs the animated version, please contact me.
- Biosimilars are biologic medical products that are similar but not identical copies of original biologic drugs. They are developed when the patent expires on the original product.
- Regulatory agencies have stringent approval criteria for biosimilars to demonstrate similar quality, safety and efficacy as the reference product. Clinical trials must show comparable pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immunogenicity.
- While biosimilars increase access and lower costs, they are not generic copies and have unique safety profiles. Automatic substitution is not appropriate and unique nonproprietary names and labeling is required to facilitate pharmacovigilance.
Have full fleged clinical trial data management systems which bring them a good amount of business and revenue.
CDM is a fundamental process which controls data accuracy of each trial besides helping the timelessness to be achieved.
It helps in linking clinical research co-ordinator = who monitor all the sites & collects the data.
it Links with biostatisticians = who analyze, interpret and report data in clinically meaningful way.
This document discusses biosimilars and their regulation. It begins with a brief history of biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals. It then defines biosimilars as similar but not generic versions of biologic drugs whose patents have expired. The document outlines key differences between biosimilars and generic drugs, including their larger and more complex molecular structures. It also discusses concerns regarding biosimilar efficacy, safety, interchangeability, and pharmacovigilance. Finally, it provides an overview of regulatory frameworks for biosimilars in various regions like the EU, US, India, and WHO guidelines.
The document discusses case report forms (CRFs), which are used in clinical trials to record patient data. It defines CRFs and explains that they contain all protocol-required information including adverse events. The goals of CRFs are to collect verifiable data according to Good Clinical Practice standards. CRFs can be paper-based or electronic. Well-designed CRFs are structured and formatted consistently to facilitate accurate data collection while avoiding duplication. CRFs provide essential standardized data that is analyzed to advance medical research.
Data Integrity in Decentralized Clinical Trials (DCTs)InsideScientific
Experts expand on the need for a comprehensive understanding of all sources of data in DCTs, and the need to evaluate those data centrally in real time to mitigate the risks associated with their capture (including data capture at the edge of the network (wearables)).
Every disruptive innovation must be complemented by adapted procedures, and this also applies to decentralized clinical trials (DCTs). Traditionally, sites entered clinical trial data in an Electronic Data Capture (EDC) system and these source data were verified at the site to confirm accuracy. Risk based monitoring focused on site level metrics such as screen failure rates, query rates, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) reported, missed/late visits, etc. With DCTs, as source data are collected directly from participants this is no longer an option and a different approach is required to ensure the quality and integrity of the data. As a rule, a comprehensive understanding of all sources for data capture in a clinical trial and the process for centralization is essential. Also, it is important to evaluate the data collected in real time to allow early interventions that will ensure data integrity for regulatory submission.
In this webinar, Chitra Lele describes how centralized monitoring strategies can help aggregate and analyze data in real time and provide insights to a variety of functional teams across the trial continuum. Daniel Gutierrez describes how the Clinerion platform can boost data integrity in DCTs. The technology transforms global data sources to one query-able data model for structured medical data, while ensuring that the data keep its full resolution and integrity during aggregated queries.
Pierre Etienne talks about the expanding role of mobile Health Care Professionals (HCPs) and their crucial role in protecting data integrity. Clifton Chow finishes with a comparison of several artificial intelligence (AI) based binary classifiers for detecting the integrity of data obtained from Internet of Things (IoT) enabled wearable sensors.
Appalla Venkataprabhakar and I presented this at the Oracle\'s Annual Clinical Development and Safety Conference 2010 at Hyderabad, India on 6th October 2010.
Explaining the importance of a database lock in clinical researchTrialJoin
One of the most crucial aspects of research is clinical data management or CDM. Proper CDM will generate results with excellent quality, integrity, and reliability. Quality data is essential in order to support the final conclusions of a certain study.
The person responsible for this area of research is called a clinical data manager. This job position can be filled by a PI, a study coordinator, or a CRA. No matter who fills this position at your site, data management has to be done promptly and correctly in order to generate the best results. Aside from all the other reasons why data management is so important, it’s also what determines the future IP (investigational product) development.
- Biosimilars are biologic medical products that are similar but not identical copies of original biologic drugs. They are developed when the patent expires on the original product.
- Regulatory agencies have stringent approval criteria for biosimilars to demonstrate similar quality, safety and efficacy as the reference product. Clinical trials must show comparable pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immunogenicity.
- While biosimilars increase access and lower costs, they are not generic copies and have unique safety profiles. Automatic substitution is not appropriate and unique nonproprietary names and labeling is required to facilitate pharmacovigilance.
Have full fleged clinical trial data management systems which bring them a good amount of business and revenue.
CDM is a fundamental process which controls data accuracy of each trial besides helping the timelessness to be achieved.
It helps in linking clinical research co-ordinator = who monitor all the sites & collects the data.
it Links with biostatisticians = who analyze, interpret and report data in clinically meaningful way.
This document discusses biosimilars and their regulation. It begins with a brief history of biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals. It then defines biosimilars as similar but not generic versions of biologic drugs whose patents have expired. The document outlines key differences between biosimilars and generic drugs, including their larger and more complex molecular structures. It also discusses concerns regarding biosimilar efficacy, safety, interchangeability, and pharmacovigilance. Finally, it provides an overview of regulatory frameworks for biosimilars in various regions like the EU, US, India, and WHO guidelines.
The document discusses case report forms (CRFs), which are used in clinical trials to record patient data. It defines CRFs and explains that they contain all protocol-required information including adverse events. The goals of CRFs are to collect verifiable data according to Good Clinical Practice standards. CRFs can be paper-based or electronic. Well-designed CRFs are structured and formatted consistently to facilitate accurate data collection while avoiding duplication. CRFs provide essential standardized data that is analyzed to advance medical research.
Data Integrity in Decentralized Clinical Trials (DCTs)InsideScientific
Experts expand on the need for a comprehensive understanding of all sources of data in DCTs, and the need to evaluate those data centrally in real time to mitigate the risks associated with their capture (including data capture at the edge of the network (wearables)).
Every disruptive innovation must be complemented by adapted procedures, and this also applies to decentralized clinical trials (DCTs). Traditionally, sites entered clinical trial data in an Electronic Data Capture (EDC) system and these source data were verified at the site to confirm accuracy. Risk based monitoring focused on site level metrics such as screen failure rates, query rates, Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) reported, missed/late visits, etc. With DCTs, as source data are collected directly from participants this is no longer an option and a different approach is required to ensure the quality and integrity of the data. As a rule, a comprehensive understanding of all sources for data capture in a clinical trial and the process for centralization is essential. Also, it is important to evaluate the data collected in real time to allow early interventions that will ensure data integrity for regulatory submission.
In this webinar, Chitra Lele describes how centralized monitoring strategies can help aggregate and analyze data in real time and provide insights to a variety of functional teams across the trial continuum. Daniel Gutierrez describes how the Clinerion platform can boost data integrity in DCTs. The technology transforms global data sources to one query-able data model for structured medical data, while ensuring that the data keep its full resolution and integrity during aggregated queries.
Pierre Etienne talks about the expanding role of mobile Health Care Professionals (HCPs) and their crucial role in protecting data integrity. Clifton Chow finishes with a comparison of several artificial intelligence (AI) based binary classifiers for detecting the integrity of data obtained from Internet of Things (IoT) enabled wearable sensors.
Appalla Venkataprabhakar and I presented this at the Oracle\'s Annual Clinical Development and Safety Conference 2010 at Hyderabad, India on 6th October 2010.
Explaining the importance of a database lock in clinical researchTrialJoin
One of the most crucial aspects of research is clinical data management or CDM. Proper CDM will generate results with excellent quality, integrity, and reliability. Quality data is essential in order to support the final conclusions of a certain study.
The person responsible for this area of research is called a clinical data manager. This job position can be filled by a PI, a study coordinator, or a CRA. No matter who fills this position at your site, data management has to be done promptly and correctly in order to generate the best results. Aside from all the other reasons why data management is so important, it’s also what determines the future IP (investigational product) development.
This document discusses hepatic clearance and elimination. It begins by explaining that liver function tests can help estimate hepatic clearance by detecting hepatic dysfunction. It then covers topics like the classification of liver function tests, hepatic clearance definition and calculation, biliary excretion of drugs and enterohepatic recycling, and hepatic elimination. The overall purpose is to explain how the liver clears and eliminates drugs from the body.
The Breast International Group (BIG) is the largest international network of academic breast cancer research groups. Facilitating international clinical trials is BIG's core expertise and for that reason, we have developed a slideshare presentation to explain the basics of clinical trials.
This document discusses pharmacogenomics, which is the study of how genetic factors influence individual responses to drugs. It begins by defining pharmacogenomics and noting its relationship to pharmacogenetics. The document then provides background on the origins of pharmacogenomics and its promise for personalized medicine by optimizing drug therapy for each person's unique genetics. Several examples are given of pharmacogenomic tests that guide treatment decisions. The rest of the document outlines challenges and applications of pharmacogenomics, including improving drug safety and efficacy through predictive prescribing based on a person's metabolic status.
Biomarkers can be used for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and predicting response to treatment for cancer. In bladder cancer, screening biomarkers could identify high-risk groups but population screening may lead to many false positives. Diagnostic biomarkers are needed because hematuria is non-specific, and cystoscopy is expensive. Prognostic biomarkers help determine disease course as response can vary between patients with similar pathology. Predictive biomarkers identify subgroups likely to benefit from specific therapies.
Clinical data management (CDM) ensures the collection, integration, and availability of high-quality data from clinical trials. It supports clinical research and analysis across different study types. CDM tools like CDMS help manage large amounts of multicenter trial data. Regulations like 21 CFR Part 11 require electronic records and validated systems to ensure accurate, reliable data. Guidelines from SCDM and CDISC provide standards for good CDM practices and data collection. CDM processes clinical research data from source documents through database entry, quality checking, analysis, and archiving to support regulatory approval and conclusions about clinical results.
Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) allow patients to participate remotely with data captured using advanced equipment instead of visiting sites often. India can contribute significantly to DCTs by developing analytical tools to update clinical teams, training monitors remotely, managing documentation and helplines from India, and customizing roles like data access and quality control reviewers. DCTs have the potential to transform healthcare by improving access to trials, providing more comprehensive patient data to researchers, and opening up new areas for disease prevention and treatment evaluation using large datasets.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting clinical trial sites and investigators. Key criteria for site selection include the experience and qualifications of staff, availability of suitable patients, and ability to perform required assessments. Important considerations for investigator selection are their education, training, experience recruiting patients, and ability to properly conduct the trial within the required timelines. The selection process involves sponsors asking CROs to evaluate potential sites and investigators through feasibility interviews and assessments of qualifications.
This document provides an overview of Phase 0 clinical trials, also known as microdosing trials. It discusses:
1. The concept of microdosing involves administering very low, subtherapeutic doses of new drug candidates to humans to obtain pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data early in development.
2. Microdosing trials have several goals including predicting human pharmacokinetics better than animal models to facilitate candidate selection and eliminate unsuccessful compounds earlier.
3. The procedure involves collecting and analyzing plasma, urine or biopsy samples using sensitive techniques like PET scans and LC-MS to measure low drug concentrations.
4. Microdosing has potential applications in areas like predicting human pharmacokinetics,
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and drug targets.pavithra vinayak
This document discusses genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters and drug targets. It defines genetic polymorphisms as variations in gene sequences that occur in at least 1% of the general population. The most common type is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) resulting from a change in a single nucleotide base pair. SNPs can be synonymous or non-synonymous, with non-synonymous SNPs potentially altering the protein's structure and function. The document outlines various drug transporters including P-glycoprotein and discusses genetic polymorphisms that can affect their expression and activity levels. It also discusses how genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes and drug receptors can influence drug response and side effects.
This document discusses methods for estimating the maximum recommended starting dose (MRSD) for first-in-human clinical trials. It defines key terms like NOAEL and provides an overview of the NOAEL method which is a 5-step process using animal toxicity data to determine the MRSD. The steps include: 1) determining the NOAEL, 2) converting the NOAEL to a human equivalent dose, 3) selecting the most appropriate animal species, 4) applying a safety factor, and 5) considering the pharmacologically active dose. The document then dives deeper into each step, providing details on calculating human equivalent doses based on body surface area or mg/kg, and factors considered in selecting the most appropriate animal
This document summarizes the types of toxicity studies conducted during pre-clinical drug development. It discusses the history and objectives of toxicity screening. The key types of toxicity studies covered are systemic, local, acute, repeated dose, reproductive, developmental, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity studies. Guidelines for conducting these studies such as choice of animals, dosage, duration and parameters observed are provided. The importance of complying with good laboratory practices for obtaining reliable results is also highlighted.
This document outlines the steps for evaluating clinical studies and different study designs. There are two main types of studies - descriptive studies that simply record patient information, and explanatory studies that use group comparisons to determine if a treatment affects an outcome. The best study designs are controlled experimental studies, followed by prospective cohort studies, then case-control and retrospective cohort studies. Key steps in evaluating studies include assessing the journal/authors, study purpose and methods, results and conclusions. Bias and conflicts of interest must also be considered.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) involves measuring drug concentrations in blood to optimize drug efficacy and avoid toxicity. TDM is clinically important for drugs with a narrow therapeutic window, such as anticonvulsants, cardioactive drugs, theophylline, immunosuppressants, antidepressants, and some antibiotics. Altered pharmacokinetics in disease states can be identified through TDM, allowing dosage adjustments to properly manage patients and avoid adverse reactions. TDM is performed by collecting a blood sample at an appropriate time relative to drug dosing and measuring drug concentrations, which are interpreted based on the therapeutic range for that drug.
Clinical trials involve testing investigational drugs or treatments on human subjects to determine safety and efficacy. They progress through several phases, beginning with small pre-clinical trials on animals. Phase 1 trials involve 20-50 healthy volunteers to assess pharmacokinetics and safety. Phase 2 trials enroll 50-300 patient volunteers to further evaluate safety and dosage. Phase 3 trials are large randomized controlled trials of 250-1000+ subjects comparing the investigational treatment to standard treatment or placebo. If Phase 3 is successful, the results are submitted to regulatory agencies for approval to market the new drug. Post-marketing Phase 4 trials monitor long-term safety and efficacy.
The successful development of a biosimilar presents unique challenges compared to that of an innovator biologic. In particular, one must prove the biosimilar candidate's structural and functional differences do not have a meaningful impact on the clinical safety and efficacy profile already established for the innovator. Comprehensive and rigorous analytical testing to assess biosimilarity is thus the foundation upon which the successful development of a biosimilar begins.
In the course of any clinical trial, there are risks associated with specific activities and tasks. This webinar will highlight some of these key risk areas and provide guidance on combining technology with best practices to help mitigate risks.
The document discusses the tumor suppressor protein p53, known as "the guardian of the genome". It describes p53's history of identification in 1979 and role in regulating cell growth and proliferation. P53 prevents unrestrained cell division after DNA damage by initiating growth arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. The document outlines p53's structure and domains, and mechanism of action in normal cells where it is kept at low levels through degradation by Mdm2. When DNA is damaged, p53 is stabilized and can activate repair proteins, growth arrest, or apoptosis if damage cannot be repaired. The role and significance of p53 in cancer treatment, potential therapeutic uses, and future trends are also summarized.
Institutional ethics committee(IEC): A brief insight, by Rxvichu!!RxVichuZ
This is my 26th powerpoint.....its on INSTITUTIONAL ETHICS COMMITTEE(IEC) ...also known as RESEARCH and ETHICAL COMMITTEE(REC). It focusses on the general principles, that ought to be made, while selecting subjects for study.
Brief points, under specific headings, have been included.
Do go through this, and let me know your feedbacks.
Thank you!
Vishnu.
Target Validation / Biochemical and Cellular Assay Development OSUCCC - James
Target validation and assay development are essential steps in the drug discovery process. This document discusses several approaches to target validation, including using genetic tools like CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi to interrogate targets. It also provides an example of developing a cellular assay using patient-derived cells to validate a target for cystic fibrosis. Additionally, the document describes a case study where phenotypic screening was used to discover a small molecule that restores function of a mutant protein associated with Usher Syndrome type III.
Investigational products are pharmaceutical forms being tested in clinical trials. They must be manufactured and handled according to good manufacturing practices and used according to the trial protocol. The sponsor is responsible for supplying the investigational product and ensuring proper manufacturing, packaging, labeling, coding, and storage conditions. The investigator is responsible for proper receipt, inventory, storage, dispensing, return of unused product, and final accountability of the investigational product at the trial site. Monitors verify that investigational products are properly supplied, stored, dispensed, and returned. Pharmacies play an important role in ensuring investigational products are appropriately managed throughout the clinical trial.
This document discusses hepatic clearance and elimination. It begins by explaining that liver function tests can help estimate hepatic clearance by detecting hepatic dysfunction. It then covers topics like the classification of liver function tests, hepatic clearance definition and calculation, biliary excretion of drugs and enterohepatic recycling, and hepatic elimination. The overall purpose is to explain how the liver clears and eliminates drugs from the body.
The Breast International Group (BIG) is the largest international network of academic breast cancer research groups. Facilitating international clinical trials is BIG's core expertise and for that reason, we have developed a slideshare presentation to explain the basics of clinical trials.
This document discusses pharmacogenomics, which is the study of how genetic factors influence individual responses to drugs. It begins by defining pharmacogenomics and noting its relationship to pharmacogenetics. The document then provides background on the origins of pharmacogenomics and its promise for personalized medicine by optimizing drug therapy for each person's unique genetics. Several examples are given of pharmacogenomic tests that guide treatment decisions. The rest of the document outlines challenges and applications of pharmacogenomics, including improving drug safety and efficacy through predictive prescribing based on a person's metabolic status.
Biomarkers can be used for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and predicting response to treatment for cancer. In bladder cancer, screening biomarkers could identify high-risk groups but population screening may lead to many false positives. Diagnostic biomarkers are needed because hematuria is non-specific, and cystoscopy is expensive. Prognostic biomarkers help determine disease course as response can vary between patients with similar pathology. Predictive biomarkers identify subgroups likely to benefit from specific therapies.
Clinical data management (CDM) ensures the collection, integration, and availability of high-quality data from clinical trials. It supports clinical research and analysis across different study types. CDM tools like CDMS help manage large amounts of multicenter trial data. Regulations like 21 CFR Part 11 require electronic records and validated systems to ensure accurate, reliable data. Guidelines from SCDM and CDISC provide standards for good CDM practices and data collection. CDM processes clinical research data from source documents through database entry, quality checking, analysis, and archiving to support regulatory approval and conclusions about clinical results.
Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) allow patients to participate remotely with data captured using advanced equipment instead of visiting sites often. India can contribute significantly to DCTs by developing analytical tools to update clinical teams, training monitors remotely, managing documentation and helplines from India, and customizing roles like data access and quality control reviewers. DCTs have the potential to transform healthcare by improving access to trials, providing more comprehensive patient data to researchers, and opening up new areas for disease prevention and treatment evaluation using large datasets.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting clinical trial sites and investigators. Key criteria for site selection include the experience and qualifications of staff, availability of suitable patients, and ability to perform required assessments. Important considerations for investigator selection are their education, training, experience recruiting patients, and ability to properly conduct the trial within the required timelines. The selection process involves sponsors asking CROs to evaluate potential sites and investigators through feasibility interviews and assessments of qualifications.
This document provides an overview of Phase 0 clinical trials, also known as microdosing trials. It discusses:
1. The concept of microdosing involves administering very low, subtherapeutic doses of new drug candidates to humans to obtain pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data early in development.
2. Microdosing trials have several goals including predicting human pharmacokinetics better than animal models to facilitate candidate selection and eliminate unsuccessful compounds earlier.
3. The procedure involves collecting and analyzing plasma, urine or biopsy samples using sensitive techniques like PET scans and LC-MS to measure low drug concentrations.
4. Microdosing has potential applications in areas like predicting human pharmacokinetics,
Genetic polymorphism in drug transport and drug targets.pavithra vinayak
This document discusses genetic polymorphisms in drug transporters and drug targets. It defines genetic polymorphisms as variations in gene sequences that occur in at least 1% of the general population. The most common type is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) resulting from a change in a single nucleotide base pair. SNPs can be synonymous or non-synonymous, with non-synonymous SNPs potentially altering the protein's structure and function. The document outlines various drug transporters including P-glycoprotein and discusses genetic polymorphisms that can affect their expression and activity levels. It also discusses how genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes and drug receptors can influence drug response and side effects.
This document discusses methods for estimating the maximum recommended starting dose (MRSD) for first-in-human clinical trials. It defines key terms like NOAEL and provides an overview of the NOAEL method which is a 5-step process using animal toxicity data to determine the MRSD. The steps include: 1) determining the NOAEL, 2) converting the NOAEL to a human equivalent dose, 3) selecting the most appropriate animal species, 4) applying a safety factor, and 5) considering the pharmacologically active dose. The document then dives deeper into each step, providing details on calculating human equivalent doses based on body surface area or mg/kg, and factors considered in selecting the most appropriate animal
This document summarizes the types of toxicity studies conducted during pre-clinical drug development. It discusses the history and objectives of toxicity screening. The key types of toxicity studies covered are systemic, local, acute, repeated dose, reproductive, developmental, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity studies. Guidelines for conducting these studies such as choice of animals, dosage, duration and parameters observed are provided. The importance of complying with good laboratory practices for obtaining reliable results is also highlighted.
This document outlines the steps for evaluating clinical studies and different study designs. There are two main types of studies - descriptive studies that simply record patient information, and explanatory studies that use group comparisons to determine if a treatment affects an outcome. The best study designs are controlled experimental studies, followed by prospective cohort studies, then case-control and retrospective cohort studies. Key steps in evaluating studies include assessing the journal/authors, study purpose and methods, results and conclusions. Bias and conflicts of interest must also be considered.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) involves measuring drug concentrations in blood to optimize drug efficacy and avoid toxicity. TDM is clinically important for drugs with a narrow therapeutic window, such as anticonvulsants, cardioactive drugs, theophylline, immunosuppressants, antidepressants, and some antibiotics. Altered pharmacokinetics in disease states can be identified through TDM, allowing dosage adjustments to properly manage patients and avoid adverse reactions. TDM is performed by collecting a blood sample at an appropriate time relative to drug dosing and measuring drug concentrations, which are interpreted based on the therapeutic range for that drug.
Clinical trials involve testing investigational drugs or treatments on human subjects to determine safety and efficacy. They progress through several phases, beginning with small pre-clinical trials on animals. Phase 1 trials involve 20-50 healthy volunteers to assess pharmacokinetics and safety. Phase 2 trials enroll 50-300 patient volunteers to further evaluate safety and dosage. Phase 3 trials are large randomized controlled trials of 250-1000+ subjects comparing the investigational treatment to standard treatment or placebo. If Phase 3 is successful, the results are submitted to regulatory agencies for approval to market the new drug. Post-marketing Phase 4 trials monitor long-term safety and efficacy.
The successful development of a biosimilar presents unique challenges compared to that of an innovator biologic. In particular, one must prove the biosimilar candidate's structural and functional differences do not have a meaningful impact on the clinical safety and efficacy profile already established for the innovator. Comprehensive and rigorous analytical testing to assess biosimilarity is thus the foundation upon which the successful development of a biosimilar begins.
In the course of any clinical trial, there are risks associated with specific activities and tasks. This webinar will highlight some of these key risk areas and provide guidance on combining technology with best practices to help mitigate risks.
The document discusses the tumor suppressor protein p53, known as "the guardian of the genome". It describes p53's history of identification in 1979 and role in regulating cell growth and proliferation. P53 prevents unrestrained cell division after DNA damage by initiating growth arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. The document outlines p53's structure and domains, and mechanism of action in normal cells where it is kept at low levels through degradation by Mdm2. When DNA is damaged, p53 is stabilized and can activate repair proteins, growth arrest, or apoptosis if damage cannot be repaired. The role and significance of p53 in cancer treatment, potential therapeutic uses, and future trends are also summarized.
Institutional ethics committee(IEC): A brief insight, by Rxvichu!!RxVichuZ
This is my 26th powerpoint.....its on INSTITUTIONAL ETHICS COMMITTEE(IEC) ...also known as RESEARCH and ETHICAL COMMITTEE(REC). It focusses on the general principles, that ought to be made, while selecting subjects for study.
Brief points, under specific headings, have been included.
Do go through this, and let me know your feedbacks.
Thank you!
Vishnu.
Target Validation / Biochemical and Cellular Assay Development OSUCCC - James
Target validation and assay development are essential steps in the drug discovery process. This document discusses several approaches to target validation, including using genetic tools like CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi to interrogate targets. It also provides an example of developing a cellular assay using patient-derived cells to validate a target for cystic fibrosis. Additionally, the document describes a case study where phenotypic screening was used to discover a small molecule that restores function of a mutant protein associated with Usher Syndrome type III.
Investigational products are pharmaceutical forms being tested in clinical trials. They must be manufactured and handled according to good manufacturing practices and used according to the trial protocol. The sponsor is responsible for supplying the investigational product and ensuring proper manufacturing, packaging, labeling, coding, and storage conditions. The investigator is responsible for proper receipt, inventory, storage, dispensing, return of unused product, and final accountability of the investigational product at the trial site. Monitors verify that investigational products are properly supplied, stored, dispensed, and returned. Pharmacies play an important role in ensuring investigational products are appropriately managed throughout the clinical trial.
Management of RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION, Dr. Sharda Jain, Dr. Jyoti ...Lifecare Centre
Management of RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION
OVERVIEW
Challenge of Recurrent UTI
What is Recurrent UTI
Risks
prevention
Management of recurrent UTI
Cranberry & D-mannose Tablets
Composition
Clinical Studies
Indication
Dosage & Administration
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Events
Take Home Massages
FAQs
1) Radiopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical formulations containing radioactive substances used for diagnosis and therapy. They emit radiation from radioactive decay which is detected by imaging devices.
2) There are three main types of radiation emitted - alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha particles have the lowest penetrating power while gamma rays have the highest.
3) Common medical radiopharmaceuticals include technetium-99m, which is used for bone, kidney, brain and cardiac imaging, and iodine-125 which is used for thyroid imaging and function tests.
La cistite è un'infiammazione della vescica, generalmente di origine batterica, ma ne esiste anche una forma, detta interstiziale cronica, che è una cistite persistente, non legata a fattori infettivi, molto più rara, in cui l'infiammazione colpisce la parete vescicale. Le infezioni più comuni, di origine batterica, sono imputabili a l'Escherichia Coli, che normalmente alberga nel nostro intestino.Il problema, al solito, non è tanto quello di curare la malattia acuta, ma di capirne le cause, per attuare quella efficace prevenzione che porta alla guarigione completa. Ma quali sono le varie forme di cistite? Quali sono le soluzioni olistiche più efficaci per valutarne la causa? Un Check up di bioenergetica quantistica può aiutarci? Come funziona?
El documento describe un protocolo para la urotomografía computada (UroTC) para la evaluación del tracto urinario. El protocolo incluye diferentes fases (simple, arterial, venosa, excretora) con reconstrucciones multiplanares y volumétricas para proporcionar una alta capacidad diagnóstica del riñón, uréteres y vejiga. El protocolo podría utilizarse de manera rutinaria para reemplazar en parte a la urografía excretora convencional.
To my Senior CEU Pharmacy QC 2 Students. Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Pharmacy QC and cGMP protocols in handling, storage and preparation of various radiopharmaceuticals containing various radio-isotopes.
Examples and Medical Applications included.
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. They consist of a radionuclide attached to a pharmaceutical. In designing a radiopharmaceutical, a pharmaceutical is chosen that preferentially localizes in a specific organ, then a suitable radionuclide is attached. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation that can be detected externally to image organs or deliver radiation treatment. An ideal radiopharmaceutical has properties like a short half-life matched to the diagnostic procedure duration and pure gamma ray emission.
99mTc is commonly used for radiopharmaceuticals due to its favorable properties: it emits gamma radiation with a half-life of 6 hours, can be produced from a molybdenum-99 generator in hospitals, and is easily attached to transport compounds. 131I is useful for thyroid imaging but its gamma emission is too high an energy and it has a half-life of 8 days. 123I is preferred to 131I as it only emits gamma radiation with a suitable energy of 159 keV and a half-life of 13 hours, though it is more expensive. Radionuclides used for medical imaging should emit only gamma rays, have a short half-life, emit gamma of appropriate energy
1. Processo di produzione di
un radiofarmaco
Luca Palmieri
Corso di laurea in C.T.F.
sabato 28 maggio 2011
2. Normativa di riferimento
radiofarmaco: qualsiasi medicinale che, quando è pronto per l'uso, include uno o più radionuclidi (isotopi
radioattivi) incorporati a scopo sanitario;
generatore di radionuclidi: qualsiasi sistema che include un radionuclide progenitore determinato da cui viene
prodotto un radionuclide discendente che viene quindi rimosso per eluizione, o con qualsiasi altro metodo, ed
usato in un radiofarmaco;
kit: qualsiasi preparazione da ricostituire o combinare con radionuclidi nel radiofarmaco finale, di solito prima
della somministrazione;
precursore di radionuclidi: qualsiasi altro radionuclide prodotto per essere utilizzato quale tracciante di
un'altra sostanza prima della somministrazione.
Direttiva EEC 89/343
D.L.vo 178/1991
D.L.vo 44/1997
D.Lgs n° 219/2006 art.1/e-f-g-h
EU GMP, Eudralex vol.4 annex 3
sabato 28 maggio 2011
3. Cos’è e come funziona un radiofarmaco ?
Essendo il radiofarmaco composto da una molecola attiva a livello metabolico, quando questa raggiungerà una
sufficiente concentrazione all’interno dei tessuti, il paziente verrà sottoposto ad un esame tramite macchinario
PET-CT.
Il radionuclide a quel punto inizierà ad emettere dei positroni (l’antiparticella dell’elettrone) che, dopo aver
percorso pochi millimetri, andrà ad annichilirsi con un elettrone, emettendo una coppia di fotoni gamma in
direzioni opposte tra loro.
Quando questa coppia di fotoni, raggiungendo un rilevatore, permetterà quindi di poter creare un’immagine
dell’oggetto, a partire dal punto di origine dei fotoni.
sabato 28 maggio 2011
4. Perché il 18FDG
18
F
Emivita: 120min
Trasporto, su strada, in città distanti anche 400km
Tempo utile: 5h
18
FDG
E’ la molecola più utilizzata nel panorama dell’imaging biomedico. In quanto analoga del glucosio, viene rapidamente
metabolizzata da tutti gli organi ad alto consumo di glucosio (rene ed encefalo) e dalle cellule tumorali, secondo
l’effetto Warburg.
Vantaggi:
- permette una valutazione degli aspetti fisiologici e biochimici, rispetto a quelli prettamente anatomici
- offre una prospettiva diversa della malattia ponendo le premesse per una diagnosi più precoce e precisa
Svantaggi:
- costo di produzione più elevato rispetto al reale guadagno
sabato 28 maggio 2011
5. Perché il 18FDG
18
F
Emivita: 120min
Trasporto, su strada, in città distanti anche 400km
Tempo utile: 5h
18
FDG
E’ la molecola più utilizzata nel panorama dell’imaging biomedico. In quanto analoga del glucosio, viene rapidamente
metabolizzata da tutti gli organi ad alto consumo di glucosio (rene ed encefalo) e dalle cellule tumorali, secondo
l’effetto Warburg.
Vantaggi:
- permette una valutazione degli aspetti fisiologici e biochimici, rispetto a quelli prettamente anatomici
- offre una prospettiva diversa della malattia ponendo le premesse per una diagnosi più precoce e precisa
Svantaggi:
- costo di produzione più elevato rispetto al reale guadagno
sabato 28 maggio 2011
6. Perché il 18FDG
18
F
Emivita: 120min
Trasporto, su strada, in città distanti anche 400km
Tempo utile: 5h
18
FDG
E’ la molecola più utilizzata nel panorama dell’imaging biomedico. In quanto analoga del glucosio, viene rapidamente
metabolizzata da tutti gli organi ad alto consumo di glucosio (rene ed encefalo) e dalle cellule tumorali, secondo
l’effetto Warburg.
Vantaggi:
- permette una valutazione degli aspetti fisiologici e biochimici, rispetto a quelli prettamente anatomici
- offre una prospettiva diversa della malattia ponendo le premesse per una diagnosi più precoce e precisa
Svantaggi:
- costo di produzione più elevato rispetto al reale guadagno
sabato 28 maggio 2011
7. Perché il 18FDG
18
F
Emivita: 120min
Trasporto, su strada, in città distanti anche 400km
Tempo utile: 5h
18
FDG
E’ la molecola più utilizzata nel panorama dell’imaging biomedico. In quanto analoga del glucosio, viene rapidamente
metabolizzata da tutti gli organi ad alto consumo di glucosio (rene ed encefalo) e dalle cellule tumorali, secondo
l’effetto Warburg.
Vantaggi:
- permette una valutazione degli aspetti fisiologici e biochimici, rispetto a quelli prettamente anatomici
- offre una prospettiva diversa della malattia ponendo le premesse per una diagnosi più precoce e precisa
Svantaggi:
- costo di produzione più elevato rispetto al reale guadagno
sabato 28 maggio 2011
8. Perché il 18FDG
18
F
Emivita: 120min
Trasporto, su strada, in città distanti anche 400km
Tempo utile: 5h
18
FDG
E’ la molecola più utilizzata nel panorama dell’imaging biomedico. In quanto analoga del glucosio, viene rapidamente
metabolizzata da tutti gli organi ad alto consumo di glucosio (rene ed encefalo) e dalle cellule tumorali, secondo
l’effetto Warburg.
Vantaggi:
- permette una valutazione degli aspetti fisiologici e biochimici, rispetto a quelli prettamente anatomici
- offre una prospettiva diversa della malattia ponendo le premesse per una diagnosi più precoce e precisa
Svantaggi:
- costo di produzione più elevato rispetto al reale guadagno
sabato 28 maggio 2011
9. Perché il 18FDG
18
F
Emivita: 120min
Trasporto, su strada, in città distanti anche 400km
Tempo utile: 5h
18
FDG
E’ la molecola più utilizzata nel panorama dell’imaging biomedico. In quanto analoga del glucosio, viene rapidamente
metabolizzata da tutti gli organi ad alto consumo di glucosio (rene ed encefalo) e dalle cellule tumorali, secondo
l’effetto Warburg.
Vantaggi:
- permette una valutazione degli aspetti fisiologici e biochimici, rispetto a quelli prettamente anatomici
- offre una prospettiva diversa della malattia ponendo le premesse per una diagnosi più precoce e precisa
Svantaggi:
- costo di produzione più elevato rispetto al reale guadagno
sabato 28 maggio 2011
10. Perché il 18FDG
18
F
Emivita: 120min
Trasporto, su strada, in città distanti anche 400km
Tempo utile: 5h
18
FDG
E’ la molecola più utilizzata nel panorama dell’imaging biomedico. In quanto analoga del glucosio, viene rapidamente
metabolizzata da tutti gli organi ad alto consumo di glucosio (rene ed encefalo) e dalle cellule tumorali, secondo
l’effetto Warburg.
Vantaggi:
- permette una valutazione degli aspetti fisiologici e biochimici, rispetto a quelli prettamente anatomici
- offre una prospettiva diversa della malattia ponendo le premesse per una diagnosi più precoce e precisa
Svantaggi:
- costo di produzione più elevato rispetto al reale guadagno
sabato 28 maggio 2011
11. Perché il 18FDG
18
F
Emivita: 120min
Trasporto, su strada, in città distanti anche 400km
Tempo utile: 5h
18
FDG
E’ la molecola più utilizzata nel panorama dell’imaging biomedico. In quanto analoga del glucosio, viene rapidamente
metabolizzata da tutti gli organi ad alto consumo di glucosio (rene ed encefalo) e dalle cellule tumorali, secondo
l’effetto Warburg.
Vantaggi:
- permette una valutazione degli aspetti fisiologici e biochimici, rispetto a quelli prettamente anatomici
- offre una prospettiva diversa della malattia ponendo le premesse per una diagnosi più precoce e precisa
Svantaggi:
- costo di produzione più elevato rispetto al reale guadagno
sabato 28 maggio 2011
17. I locali di produzione
P: -40 pa
Cambi d’aria: 12/h
Classe: NC
sabato 28 maggio 2011
18. I locali di produzione
P: -40 pa
Cambi d’aria: 12/h
Classe: NC
P: -25 pa
Cambi d’aria: 20/h
Classe: NC
sabato 28 maggio 2011
19. I locali di produzione
P: -40 pa
Cambi d’aria: 12/h
Classe: NC
P: -25 pa
Cambi d’aria: 20/h
Classe: NC
P: atmosferica
Cambi d’aria: NC
Classe: NC
sabato 28 maggio 2011
20. I locali di produzione
P: -40 pa
Cambi d’aria: 12/h
Classe: NC
P: -25 pa
Cambi d’aria: 20/h
P: -10 pa
Classe: NC
Cambi d’aria: 40/h
Classe: D
P: atmosferica
Cambi d’aria: NC
Classe: NC
sabato 28 maggio 2011
21. I locali di produzione
P: -40 pa
Cambi d’aria: 12/h
Classe: NC
P: -20 pa
Cambi d’aria: 20/h
Classe: D
P: -25 pa
Cambi d’aria: 20/h
P: -10 pa
Classe: NC
Cambi d’aria: 40/h
Classe: D
P: atmosferica
Cambi d’aria: NC
Classe: NC
sabato 28 maggio 2011
22. I locali di produzione
P: +5pa
Cambi d’aria: 40/h
Classe: C
P: -40 pa
Cambi d’aria: 12/h
Classe: NC
P: -20 pa
Cambi d’aria: 20/h
Classe: D
P: -25 pa
Cambi d’aria: 20/h
P: -10 pa
Classe: NC
Cambi d’aria: 40/h
Classe: D
P: atmosferica
Cambi d’aria: NC
Classe: NC
sabato 28 maggio 2011
24. I locali di produzione
ZP4
- accesso regolato da sistemi di Air-lock
- sistemi di chiusura automatica delle
porte
- pavimenti in PVC con spigoli
arrotondati
- pareti in polistirene
- superfici lisce
- disinfezione frequente
- filtri HEPA
- flusso d’aria laminare
- interfoni per la comunicazione interna
Pass Box
- doppia porta interbloccante
- pressione inferiore a quella
della clean room
- sterilizzazione con UV
sabato 28 maggio 2011
25. Maximizing Your Potential |
“The Cyclone® 18/9 has met our Centre’s
What is your greatest potential ?
expectations as a reliable and a stable
machine, producing ample radioisotopes
I macchinari di produzione
for our existing customers. Importantly, the
To maximize your production capacity, while protecting your team ?
Cyclone® 18/9 has sufficient capacity and
flexibility to continue to meet increased To stay ahead by producing an expanded line of radioisotopes ?
isotope demand for the foreseeable future, IBA Cyclone 18/9
strengthening our position as the number To complete your project on time ?
one supplier in our region.
The user friendliness of the IBA operational
system has enabled us to establish a broad
Energia prodotta: 18 MeV
team of skilled operators to ensure that the
What if you could find a partner to help you
maximize your greatest potential ?
facility remains operational, even at times
when the availability of some of our staff is
Resa del target: > 15 Ci
reduced, which occurs in busy hospitals.
Wouldn’t your choice be simple ?
The personal response and follow-up from
Esposizione alle radiazioni: bassa
individual IBA staff has greatly assisted
our Centre’s technical understanding
and problem solving capabilities for the
Modalità: dual-beam up-time anddemonstrated by
Cyclone® 18/9, which is
our Centre’s isotope delivery
rates.
Variegata produzione di radioisotopi
We have no hesitation in recommending
(11C, 13N, 15O2, 18F,a ” partner 64Cu) radioisotope
IBA as 124
production.
I, for PET
Thomas Tuchyna
Cyclone® 18/9 -HC |
Cyclotron Manager Recurrent, fast and high
Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia production capacity.
IBA Molecular | 3 |
sabato 28 maggio 2011
26. I macchinari di produzione
GE Tracerlab MX FDG
GE Healthcare
Tempo di preparazione della sintesi: < 5 min
Tempo di sintesi: 25 min
Resa: tipicamente intorno al 60% TRACERlab MX FDG
Fast and easy FDG tracer production
Resa di conversione radiochimica: tipicamente intorno al 70%
In the near future diseases like cancer,
Attività residua al termine della sintesi: < disease, and even neurological
cardiovascular 5%
disorders may be detected long before symptoms
appear. GE Healthcare is helping to make this vision
of early health possible with today’s advanced and
comprehensive PET imaging solutions. In order
to identify early pathways of disease, a chemistry
system is required to help produce the right PETtracer.
Enter TRACERlab™ MX FDG.
TRACERlab MX FDG was designed to use a disposable cartridge
in the synthesis process, allowing multiple back-to-back
production runs for 18F-FDG, the most widely utilized PET tracer.
The result is a remarkably high yield with little maintenance,
which is perfect for high-output FDG production as well as
in-house production laboratories. TRACERlab MX FDG is
considered today’s gold standard for commercial distribution.
Operation is efficient with TRACERlab MX FDG. Designed with
every part that actually contacts the chemicals contained within
sabato 28 maggio 2011 the cartridge, the revolutionary setup of TRACERlab MX FDG
27. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
mode or, on demand, under produzione with wa
I macchinari di operator control
ste
GE Dispenser
pro
2.3
T
to
sam
ord
be
me
the
ion
wit
dis
sabato 28 maggio 2011
28. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
mode or, on demand, under produzione with wa
I macchinari di operator control
ste
GE Dispenser
pro
2.3
T
to
sam
ord
camera di
ionizzazione per
be
la misurazione
della dose
me
the
ion
wit
dis
sabato 28 maggio 2011
29. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
mode or, on demand, under produzione with wa
I macchinari di operator control
ste
GE Dispenser
pro
2.3
T
to
collect vial
sam
ord
camera di
ionizzazione per
be
la misurazione
della dose
me
the
ion
wit
dis
sabato 28 maggio 2011
30. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
mode or, on demand, under produzione with wa
I macchinari di operator control
ste
GE Dispenser
pro
2.3
T
siringa di precisione to
collect vial
sam
ord
camera di
ionizzazione per
be
la misurazione
della dose
me
the
ion
wit
dis
sabato 28 maggio 2011
31. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
mode or, on demand, under produzione with wa
I macchinari di operator control
ste
GE Dispenser
pro
filtro sterile
2.3
T
siringa di precisione to
collect vial
sam
ord
camera di
ionizzazione per
be
la misurazione
della dose
me
the
ion
wit
dis
sabato 28 maggio 2011
32. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
mode or, on demand, under produzione with wa
I macchinari di operator control
ste
GE Dispenser
pro
acqua WFI
filtro sterile
2.3
T
siringa di precisione to
collect vial
sam
ord
camera di
ionizzazione per
be
la misurazione
della dose
me
the
ion
wit
dis
sabato 28 maggio 2011
33. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
mode or, on demand, under produzione with wa
I macchinari di operator control
ste
GE Dispenser
pro
acqua WFI
filtro sterile
2.3
braccetto meccanico
T
siringa di precisione to
collect vial
sam
ord
camera di
ionizzazione per
be
la misurazione
della dose
me
the
ion
wit
dis
sabato 28 maggio 2011
34. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
mode or, on demand, under produzione with wa
I macchinari di operator control
ste
GE Dispenser
pro
acqua WFI
filtro sterile
2.3
braccetto meccanico
T
siringa di precisione to
sterilizzatore con
autoclave
collect vial
sam
ord
camera di
ionizzazione per
be
la misurazione
della dose
me
the
ion
wit
dis
sabato 28 maggio 2011
35. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
mode or, on demand, under produzione with wa
I macchinari di operator control
ste
GE Dispenser
pro
acqua WFI
filtro sterile
2.3
braccetto meccanico
T
siringa di precisione to
sterilizzatore con
autoclave
collect vial
sam
ord
camera di
ionizzazione per
be
la misurazione
della dose
me
ascensore
the
ion
wit
dis
sabato 28 maggio 2011
36. and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pn
screen display. A
The dispensing process works either in an automatic rem
ARTICLE IN PRESS wa
mode or, on demand, under produzione with
I macchinari di operator control
P. Karwath et al. / Applied Radiation and Isotopes 62 (2005) 577–586 ste
GE Dispenser
pro
2.3
T
to
sam
ord
be
me
the
ion
wit
dis
Fig. 2. Computer-working platform for automatic or manual control of the dispensing unit.
sabato 28 maggio 2011
37. Processo di produzione
1° step: Produzione di un radionuclide
Il processo di produzione del [18]FDG inizia con la produzione di un radionuclide, il 18F attraverso l’uso di un
acceleratore di particelle, un ciclotrone.
Fase di bombardamento:
1) Un generatore di idrogeno effettua l’elettrolisi dell’acqua in
idrogeno ed ossigeno molecolare;
2) l’idrogeno molecolare viene mandato nel centro del ciclotrone, dove
la sorgente di ioni effettua la rottura elettrolitica del legame;
3) gli ioni idruro vengono quindi accelerati, su orbite diverse e
progressive, dal ciclotrone;
4) passano attraverso una lamina di carbonio che li converte in protoni
e strappano i 2 elettroni;
5) a quel punto, colpendo il target, si ottiene fluoruro di idrogeno
disciolto in acqua.
H2O18 + p H+ 18F- + p + n
sabato 28 maggio 2011
38. Processo di produzione
2° step: manutenzione del modulo e del dispensatore
Contemporaneamente al bombardamento, vengono effettuate le normali procedure di manutenzione dei moduli:
- vengono svuotati i waste dei moduli di sintesi e del dispensatore
I rifiuti, liquidi, vengono stoccati in un
apposito locale ed in delle taniche ermetiche
opportunamente etichettate, in attesa che
l’attività decada a limiti previsti per legge e
quindi smaltiti secondo la normativa vigente.
- vengono svuotati i flaconi contenenti l’acqua arricchita
e del dispensatore (in automatico):
Il dispensatore effettua dei lavaggi con
- vengono avviati il “rinse”, il “clean 1” ed infine il “clean 2” etanolo ed acqua, di tutte le linee in cui il
prodotto passerà. In questo modo si
garantisce la totale sterilità del percorso che
l’FDG affronterà dal termine della sintesi, al
termine della dispensazione.
sabato 28 maggio 2011
39. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
- montaggio della cassetta monouso
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
40. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
- montaggio della cassetta monouso
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
41. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
- montaggio della cassetta monouso
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
42. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
acetonitrile
- montaggio della cassetta monouso
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
43. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
acetonitrile
precursore
(mannosio triflato)
- montaggio della cassetta monouso
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
44. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
acetonitrile etanolo
precursore
(mannosio triflato)
- montaggio della cassetta monouso
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
45. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
acetonitrile etanolo
precursore
(mannosio triflato)
- montaggio della cassetta monouso buffer
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
46. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
acetonitrile etanolo
precursore
(mannosio triflato)
- montaggio della cassetta monouso buffer
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi acqua
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
47. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
acetonitrile etanolo
precursore
(mannosio triflato)
- montaggio della cassetta monouso buffer
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi acqua
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
eluente
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
48. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
acetonitrile etanolo
precursore
(mannosio triflato)
- montaggio della cassetta monouso buffer
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi acqua
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
NaOH
eluente
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
49. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
- montaggio della cassetta monouso
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
sabato 28 maggio 2011
50. Processo di produzione
3° step: montaggio della rampa
Contemporaneamente ai processi di preparazione del dispensatore, vengono eseguite:
- montaggio della cassetta monouso
- montaggio del kit dei reagenti di sintesi
- la successiva configurazione all’interno del modulo di sintesi della
cassetta completamente montata
Ease. Automation. Speed. Yield. Tracer Molecular Level
sabato 28 maggio 2011 TRACERlab MX FDG has it. Whether modifying the Synthesis preparation time < 5 min
51. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Test preliminari (durata: 3min circa)
- test per la perdita di pressione e di controllo del vuoto
- test per il controllo della tenuta della cassetta (vengono simulati alcuni momenti della sintesi, per poter evitare
la presenza di sovrapressioni possano far staccare parti della rampa o danneggiare il modulo di sintesi).
- pressurizzazione dei vial con 10ml di aria
sabato 28 maggio 2011
52. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Eluizione ed essiccamento del 18F (2min + 9min)
- l’eluente, a base di carbonato di potassio, passa attraverso una cartuccia QMA a scambio anionico (pre-condizionata) ed eluisce l’acqua contenente
il radioisotopo
- l’acqua arricchita viene separata dal 18F, che passa all’interno di un pozzetto di reazione assieme ad una quota di acetonitrile
- il 18F viene essiccato portando la temperatura a circa 90° per 9 minuti
sabato 28 maggio 2011
53. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Eluizione ed essiccamento del 18F (2min + 9min)
- l’eluente, a base di carbonato di potassio, passa attraverso una cartuccia QMA a scambio anionico (pre-condizionata) ed eluisce l’acqua contenente
il radioisotopo
- l’acqua arricchita viene separata dal 18F, che passa all’interno di un pozzetto di reazione assieme ad una quota di acetonitrile
- il 18F viene essiccato portando la temperatura a circa 90° per 9 minuti
sabato 28 maggio 2011
54. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Eluizione ed essiccamento del 18F (2min + 9min)
- l’eluente, a base di carbonato di potassio, passa attraverso una cartuccia QMA a scambio anionico (pre-condizionata) ed eluisce l’acqua contenente
il radioisotopo
- l’acqua arricchita viene separata dal 18F, che passa all’interno di un pozzetto di reazione assieme ad una quota di acetonitrile
- il 18F viene essiccato portando la temperatura a circa 90° per 9 minuti
sabato 28 maggio 2011
55. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Labeling e condizionamento della c18 (4min + 1min)
- il precursore, precedentemente sciolto in 3.5ml di acetonitrile, viene portato nel pozzetto
- la temperatura viene portata ad 85° per 4 min, permettendo quindi il labeling del radioisotopo al precursore
- 5ml di etanolo + 22ml di acqua, vengono fatti passare attraverso una c18, condizionandola
sabato 28 maggio 2011
56. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Labeling e condizionamento della c18 (4min + 1min)
- il precursore, precedentemente sciolto in 3.5ml di acetonitrile, viene portato nel pozzetto
- la temperatura viene portata ad 85° per 4 min, permettendo quindi il labeling del radioisotopo al precursore
- 5ml di etanolo + 22ml di acqua, vengono fatti passare attraverso una c18, condizionandola
sabato 28 maggio 2011
57. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Labeling e condizionamento della c18 (4min + 1min)
- il precursore, precedentemente sciolto in 3.5ml di acetonitrile, viene portato nel pozzetto
- la temperatura viene portata ad 85° per 4 min, permettendo quindi il labeling del radioisotopo al precursore
- 5ml di etanolo + 22ml di acqua, vengono fatti passare attraverso una c18, condizionandola
sabato 28 maggio 2011
58. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Purificazione preliminare ed idrolisi (5min + 2min)
- l’FDG, assieme a 26ml di acqua passano attraverso una c18 che intrappola il 18F non legato ed i prodotti secondari
- 1ml di NaOH fluisce attraverso la c18 determinando la deacetilazione del farmaco
- l’FDG basico, viene quindi lavato con 10ml di acqua
sabato 28 maggio 2011
59. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Purificazione preliminare ed idrolisi (5min + 2min)
- l’FDG, assieme a 26ml di acqua passano attraverso una c18 che intrappola il 18F non legato ed i prodotti secondari
- 1ml di NaOH fluisce attraverso la c18 determinando la deacetilazione del farmaco
- l’FDG basico, viene quindi lavato con 10ml di acqua
sabato 28 maggio 2011
60. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Purificazione preliminare ed idrolisi (5min + 2min)
- l’FDG, assieme a 26ml di acqua passano attraverso una c18 che intrappola il 18F non legato ed i prodotti secondari
- 1ml di NaOH fluisce attraverso la c18 determinando la deacetilazione del farmaco
- l’FDG basico, viene quindi lavato con 10ml di acqua
sabato 28 maggio 2011
61. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Purificazione finale e trasferimento (2min)
- 6ml di tampone vengono aggiunti all’FDG, per regolarne pH ed osmolalità
- il passaggio attraverso una seconda c18 ed una N-allumina ne garantiscono un’ulteriore purificazione
- il farmaco viene inviato al dispensatore
sabato 28 maggio 2011
62. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Purificazione finale e trasferimento (2min)
- 6ml di tampone vengono aggiunti all’FDG, per regolarne pH ed osmolalità
- il passaggio attraverso una seconda c18 ed una N-allumina ne garantiscono un’ulteriore purificazione
- il farmaco viene inviato al dispensatore
sabato 28 maggio 2011
63. Processo di produzione
4° step: sintesi (25min)
Purificazione finale e trasferimento (2min)
- 6ml di tampone vengono aggiunti all’FDG, per regolarne pH ed osmolalità
- il passaggio attraverso una seconda c18 ed una N-allumina ne garantiscono un’ulteriore purificazione
- il farmaco viene inviato al dispensatore
sabato 28 maggio 2011
64. dispensers working platform for in- and out-locking phase. F
of the lead containers to receive the sterilized vials. determi
The dispenser and the lift is controlled by a computer and fin
and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pneuma
Processo di produzione
screen display. A sep
(30min dispensing process dispensazione
Dispensazione e lock-out The circa) 5° step:
works either in an automatic removed
- il prodotto viene raccolto nel collect vial
- il braccetto meccanico porta ognior, vial dalla “tray” alla clean room per il riempimento
mode singolo on demand, under operator control with water a
sterility
- la siringa aspira l’FDG dal collect vial e, attraverso un microfiltro sterile da 0,2µm, riempie i vial secondo il volume precedentemente impostato
- i vial vengono portati all’interno dello sterilizzatore dove, ad una temperatura di circa 130° per almeno 3min, viene del tutto azzerata la carica
batterica eventualmente rimasta product
2.3. Dis
The p
to volu
samples
order to
be dispe
means o
the corr
ionizatio
with a
dispensi
sabato 28 maggio 2011
65. dispensers working platform for in- and out-locking phase. F
of the lead containers to receive the sterilized vials. determi
The dispenser and the lift is controlled by a computer and fin
and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pneuma
Processo di produzione
screen display. A sep
(30min dispensing process dispensazione
Dispensazione e lock-out The circa) 5° step:
works either in an automatic removed
- il prodotto viene raccolto nel collect vial
- il braccetto meccanico porta ognior, vial dalla “tray” alla clean room per il riempimento
mode singolo on demand, under operator control with water a
sterility
- la siringa aspira l’FDG dal collect vial e, attraverso un microfiltro sterile da 0,2µm, riempie i vial secondo il volume precedentemente impostato
- i vial vengono portati all’interno dello sterilizzatore dove, ad una temperatura di circa 130° per almeno 3min, viene del tutto azzerata la carica
batterica eventualmente rimasta product
2.3. Dis
The p
to volu
samples
order to
be dispe
means o
the corr
ionizatio
with a
dispensi
sabato 28 maggio 2011
66. dispensers working platform for in- and out-locking phase. F
of the lead containers to receive the sterilized vials. determi
The dispenser and the lift is controlled by a computer and fin
and a Windowst-based software. Fig. 2 shows the pneuma
Processo di produzione
screen display. A sep
(30min dispensing process dispensazione
Dispensazione e lock-out The circa) 5° step:
works either in an automatic removed
- il prodotto viene raccolto nel collect vial
- il braccetto meccanico porta ognior, vial dalla “tray” alla clean room per il riempimento
mode singolo on demand, under operator control with water a
sterility
- la siringa aspira l’FDG dal collect vial e, attraverso un microfiltro sterile da 0,2µm, riempie i vial secondo il volume precedentemente impostato
- i vial vengono portati all’interno dello sterilizzatore dove, ad una temperatura di circa 130° per almeno 3min, viene del tutto azzerata la carica
batterica eventualmente rimasta product
2.3. Dis
The p
to volu
samples
order to
be dispe
means o
the corr
ionizatio
with a
dispensi
sabato 28 maggio 2011
67. Processo di produzione
6° step: lock-out e trasporto
Lock out
- la concentrazione radioattiva del prodotto, dopo la sterilizzazione, viene misurata all’interno della camera di ionizzazione
- successivamente il vial viene espulso dalla hot cell attraverso l’ascensore, e quindi rinchiuso all’interno di un contenitore in tungsteno
Trasporto
Una volta rinchiuso il vial all’interno del contenitore piombato, esso viene messo dentro ad un’ulteriore cassa in tungsteno.
L’FDG è ora pronto per essere trasportato, tramite furgone, nel centro di destinazione.
sabato 28 maggio 2011
68. Il controllo qualità
Nel momento immediatamente successivo alla fine della dispensazione vengono avviate tutte le analisi necessarie al fine di verificare se il prodotto
ottenuto rientra o meno nei parametri imposti dalle direttive GMP, dalla USP e dalla Farmacopea Europea (Ph.-Eur).
Purezza chimica e radio-chimica
Si effettua un’analisi all’HPLC per determinare la presenza di prodotti secondari e di 18F che non si è legato.
Purezza radionuclidica
Si ottiene attraverso l’uso di uno spettrometro multicanale che fornisce l’emivita del prodotto.
sabato 28 maggio 2011
69. Il batch record
Insieme dei documenti, compilati in fase di produzione, atti a garantire la tracciabilità delle diverse fasi del processo di
produzione dei radiofarmaci.
Esso deve riportare:
- numero di lotto
- numero di vial preparati
- data di preparazione (ora/minuti)
- nome dei centri richiedenti le preparazioni
- composizione completa, forma farmaceutica e posologia
- numero di lotto delle materie prime e degli altri materiali utilizzati
- riferimento alle SOP seguite
- documentazione dei locali e degli apparecchi utilizzati
- data limite di utilizzazione della preparazione
- copia etichetta dei vial e dei piombi
- nome e firma dell’operatore
- approvazione/rifiuto della preparazione, tramite data e firma del responsabile di produzione
- controlli qualità effettuati con data e firma del responsabile del QC
- accettazione/rifiuto tramite data e firma del QP (Qualified Person)
sabato 28 maggio 2011
70. Documentazione
La documentazione raccolta per ogni singola sintesi si compone di:
- batch record
- dati del bombardamento al ciclotrone
- report del modulo di sintesi
- pending (documento che riassume la quantità di attività totale da produrre, suddivisa per l’attività richiesta da ogni centro)
- sterilization data
- copia delle etichette apposte su ciascun vial
- copia delle etichette provvisorie (± 10%) apposte su ciascun piombo
- distribution report (descrive precisamente l’attività totale ottenuta a fine dispensazione e la suddivisione per ciascun vial)
- delivery notes (stampati per ciascun vial prodotto, descrivono dettagliatamente le caratteristiche del prodotto in esso
contenuto)
- copia etichette piombi definitive
sabato 28 maggio 2011