1) The document discusses issues with dealing with "real world" problems and resistance to change. It advocates using a logical methodology to identify root causes and achieve agreement on problems and solutions. 2) A key part of the methodology is using cause-effect diagrams to achieve agreement on the problem by identifying root causes. Another part is brainstorming to achieve agreement on the direction of the solution. 3) With agreements in place, a detailed solution can be designed through approaches like analyzing current processes, considering new process models, and evaluating alternative solutions. The goal is an improved process that reduces waste.