This document lists and compares eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Eukaryotic organisms include plants, animals, fungi and protists. Prokaryotic organisms include bacteria.
This diagram shows the kingdoms of life - Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. It depicts their evolutionary relationships with Bacteria and Archaea branching first, followed by Protista, then Plantae and Fungi, with Animalia branching last. The diagram provides a high-level overview of the kingdoms of life and their evolutionary relationships.
Biological classification is the scientific grouping of organisms like bacteria, fungi, plants and animals in a hierarchical series of groups based on their morphological and evolutionary relationships. Classification is needed because there are so many organisms in the living world that it is difficult to study each one individually, so grouping them into classifications allows scientists to study whole groups of related organisms. The main systems of classification include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae.
Microorganisms can be classified into different types based on their size, shape, reproduction method, nutrition, and habitat. The main types include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Bacteria are unicellular microbes that reproduce through binary fission, while viruses are the smallest and can only replicate inside living host cells. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and protozoa include both parasitic and saprophytic single-celled organisms. Algae are similar to plants but lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
Different techniques for detection of plant pathogens.Zohaib Hassan
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. Major plant pathogens include fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses. Techniques used to detect pathogens include histopathological examination of infected tissues, culture growth on media, staining, microscopy, and analysis of biochemical properties. Symptoms caused by pathogens can provide clues to identification. Isolation and purification of the pathogen allows for reinoculation to fulfill Koch's postulates.
There are two main types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells include plant, animal, fungi and protist cells which have a nucleus and organelles, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria and archaea lack a nucleus. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells include the presence of organelles like mitochondria and the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Both plant and animal cells share features like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondria but plant cells also have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole. Specialized cell types perform functions like photosynthesis, reproduction and oxygen transport.
Microbes are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen without a microscope. They include bacteria, protists, fungi, tiny animals, viruses, and prions. Major groups of microbes are prokaryotes like bacteria, eukaryotes such as protists, fungi, plants and tiny animals, as well as viruses and prions. Prokaryotes have no nucleus and include eubacteria and archaea found in extreme environments. Eukaryotes range from protists to fungi, plants and tiny animals. Viruses contain genetic code but are not alive, and prions replicate using host proteins.
This document provides an introduction to medical mycology and microbiology. It discusses the following key points:
1. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to see with the naked eye, including their physiology, reproduction, relationships with other organisms, and significance.
2. Major subdivisions of microbiology include bacteriology, mycology, virology, and protozoology.
3. Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds) and obtain nutrients through absorption. They play important roles in decomposition and antibiotic production but can also cause diseases.
4. Medical mycology
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that do not fit into other kingdoms like plants, animals, fungi, or monera. Traditional classifications divided protists into animal-like protozoa, plant-like protophyta, and fungus-like slime molds and water molds based on superficial similarities. Modern classifications attempt to create monophyletic groups based on ultrastructure, biochemistry, and genetics. Protists exhibit different types of feeding, reproduction both sexually and asexually or through complex life cycles, and some are important pathogens or can be used to fight diseases and reduce insect populations.
This diagram shows the kingdoms of life - Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. It depicts their evolutionary relationships with Bacteria and Archaea branching first, followed by Protista, then Plantae and Fungi, with Animalia branching last. The diagram provides a high-level overview of the kingdoms of life and their evolutionary relationships.
Biological classification is the scientific grouping of organisms like bacteria, fungi, plants and animals in a hierarchical series of groups based on their morphological and evolutionary relationships. Classification is needed because there are so many organisms in the living world that it is difficult to study each one individually, so grouping them into classifications allows scientists to study whole groups of related organisms. The main systems of classification include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae.
Microorganisms can be classified into different types based on their size, shape, reproduction method, nutrition, and habitat. The main types include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Bacteria are unicellular microbes that reproduce through binary fission, while viruses are the smallest and can only replicate inside living host cells. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and protozoa include both parasitic and saprophytic single-celled organisms. Algae are similar to plants but lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
Different techniques for detection of plant pathogens.Zohaib Hassan
Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases. Major plant pathogens include fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses. Techniques used to detect pathogens include histopathological examination of infected tissues, culture growth on media, staining, microscopy, and analysis of biochemical properties. Symptoms caused by pathogens can provide clues to identification. Isolation and purification of the pathogen allows for reinoculation to fulfill Koch's postulates.
There are two main types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells include plant, animal, fungi and protist cells which have a nucleus and organelles, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria and archaea lack a nucleus. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells include the presence of organelles like mitochondria and the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Both plant and animal cells share features like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondria but plant cells also have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole. Specialized cell types perform functions like photosynthesis, reproduction and oxygen transport.
Microbes are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen without a microscope. They include bacteria, protists, fungi, tiny animals, viruses, and prions. Major groups of microbes are prokaryotes like bacteria, eukaryotes such as protists, fungi, plants and tiny animals, as well as viruses and prions. Prokaryotes have no nucleus and include eubacteria and archaea found in extreme environments. Eukaryotes range from protists to fungi, plants and tiny animals. Viruses contain genetic code but are not alive, and prions replicate using host proteins.
This document provides an introduction to medical mycology and microbiology. It discusses the following key points:
1. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to see with the naked eye, including their physiology, reproduction, relationships with other organisms, and significance.
2. Major subdivisions of microbiology include bacteriology, mycology, virology, and protozoology.
3. Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms that can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds) and obtain nutrients through absorption. They play important roles in decomposition and antibiotic production but can also cause diseases.
4. Medical mycology
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms that do not fit into other kingdoms like plants, animals, fungi, or monera. Traditional classifications divided protists into animal-like protozoa, plant-like protophyta, and fungus-like slime molds and water molds based on superficial similarities. Modern classifications attempt to create monophyletic groups based on ultrastructure, biochemistry, and genetics. Protists exhibit different types of feeding, reproduction both sexually and asexually or through complex life cycles, and some are important pathogens or can be used to fight diseases and reduce insect populations.
Introducing to the fascinating world of bacteriology. You can find important content that you need to know in Microbiology and in general bacteriology.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and microbes. It defines microbes as including bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses, protozoa, and actinomycetes. It describes key early discoveries in microbiology including the invention of the microscope, disproving spontaneous generation, and demonstrating that microorganisms cause disease. It also summarizes techniques that advanced the study of microbiology such as microscopy, sterilization, and using pure cultures.
Funguslike protists absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter like fungi, but contain centrioles and lack chitin cell walls. Slime molds play key roles in recycling organic material. Oomycetes thrive on decaying material in water and some parasitize plants, with all funguslike protists obtaining nutrients from non-living sources essential to decomposition.
Funguslike protists absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter like fungi, but contain centrioles and lack chitin cell walls. Slime molds play key roles in recycling organic material. Oomycetes thrive on decaying material in water and some parasitize plants, with all funguslike protists obtaining nutrients from non-living sources essential to decomposition.
The document discusses different types of microorganisms including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. It describes their key characteristics and provides examples. The document also discusses how abiotic factors like nutrients, pH, temperature, and light intensity affect microbial activity. It explains how some microorganisms are useful as decomposers, for nitrogen fixation, and in human and termite digestion. Additionally, it covers how harmful microorganisms can cause disease and food spoilage and how pathogens are transmitted. Methods for controlling pathogens and uses of microorganisms in biotechnology are also summarized.
This document discusses alternatives to conventional antibiotics for combating antibiotic resistance. It describes 7 alternatives: 1) Bacteriophage therapy which uses viruses that infect bacteria, 2) Anti-quorum sensing which interrupts bacterial communication to prevent biofilm formation, 3) Bacteriocins which are antibacterial proteins produced by bacteria, 4) Probiotics which introduce beneficial bacteria to inhibit pathogens, 5) Predatory bacteria which invade and destroy other bacteria, 6) Combining antimicrobial peptides with nanoparticles, and 7) Experimental nanorobots activated by ultrasound to target pathogens. The global rise of antibiotic resistance highlighted in the introduction emphasizes the need to develop these alternative antimicrobial strategies.
A large group of bacteria cause disease in plants. they have specific characteristics and structure. There are different mechanism by which bacteria affect the plant and cause disease symptom. It is generally survive in soil and dead and decay organic matters and spread by water, agricultural implements, propagating materials, insects and humans. Hence, management practices are designed accordingly. Crop rotation, field sanitation, disinfestation of agricultural implements, use of disease free or resistant varieties and use of antibiotics are few of them.
This document discusses methods for isolating and identifying bacteria from clinical specimens. It describes collecting specimens, transporting them to the laboratory, and performing microscopic examination. There are several methods for isolating bacteria, including culturing on solid and liquid media, as well as automated systems. Once isolated, bacteria can be identified through staining, biochemical tests, serology, phage typing, identification discs, semi-automated/automated systems, and molecular techniques. The goal is to accurately identify the bacteria causing infection to aid in diagnosis and treatment.
This article evaluates solvent extracted compounds from three edible mushrooms (Auricularia polytricha, Lentinulla edodes, and Volvariella volvacea) for antifungal properties against phytopathogenic fungi. Ethyl acetate was found to be the best solvent for extracting antimicrobial substances. Thin layer chromatography revealed several compounds extracted from the mushrooms. SDS-PAGE profiling of V. volvacea showed various antimicrobial proteins above 45 kDa molecular weight, including thaumatin-like glycoproteins.
Fungi, bacteria, and viruses are the three main types of microbes. Fungi are usually the largest type of microbe and have hard cell walls. Bacteria are generally smaller than fungi and have soft cell walls. Viruses are the smallest type of microbe and instead of cells have a protein coat and their genetic material is a single strand instead of a nucleus. The document provides information on the key characteristics of fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
This document provides information about protozoology and the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It begins with an introduction to protozoology and classifications of protozoa. It then discusses the general characteristics, life cycles, and importance of protozoa. The document focuses on E. histolytica, outlining its habitat, transmission, morphology, life cycle within the human host, virulence factors, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms of infection, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. E. histolytica causes amebiasis and can lead to intestinal or extraintestinal disease such as liver abscesses if the parasite invades tissues.
DEFENCE MECHANISM IN PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENS (STRUCTURAL & BIOCHEMICAL) ansarishahid786
Plants have both structural and biochemical defense mechanisms against pathogens. Structural defenses include pre-existing traits like thick cuticles and presence of thick-walled cells, as well as induced responses like formation of cork layers and tyloses after infection. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitory compounds and enzymes, as well as induced responses like phytoalexins, hypersensitive response, and transgenic production of plantibodies after pathogen detection. Together these defenses provide multiple layers of protection against the wide variety of fungi, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens that plants encounter.
The diagnostic process begins with observing symptoms on plants, which can provide clues to the potential pathogens involved. Common symptoms like wilting, yellowing and stunting can have many causes. Specific symptoms like root galls help identify certain pathogens. A single plant may show symptoms from multiple pathogens. Accurate diagnosis may require laboratory analysis. It is important to carefully examine all plant parts and not guess the cause, as an incorrect diagnosis could impact treatment options.
The document discusses the taxonomy and classification of viruses. It begins with an overview of the early history of virology from the 18th century discoveries of Edward Jenner and Dimitri Ivanowski to the 20th century developments in virus isolation, cultivation, and structure determination. It then covers the key topics of virus properties, cultivation methods, purification and assays, structure, and the principles of virus taxonomy established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The taxonomy is based on attributes like nucleic acid type, strandedness, host, and presence or absence of an envelope.
Nomenclature and classification of microorganisms - 2021 Atifa Ambreen
This document summarizes the classification and nomenclature of microorganisms. It discusses how microorganisms are classified into taxonomic groups like species, genus, family, order, class, division and kingdom based on their characteristics and genetic relatedness. The three main methods used for bacterial classification are the intuitive method, numerical taxonomy, and genetic relatedness based on DNA comparisons. It also explains the standards for scientific naming of microorganisms, with each species having a single internationally accepted name for clear communication. A key reference for bacterial taxonomy is Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
This volume provides a comprehensive reference on spider venoms, with 20 chapters contributed by experts in the field. The first part covers the diversity of venom components from various spider species, including peptide and non-peptide toxins, and their biological effects such as antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. The second part examines transcriptomes, proteomes, bioinformatics, and molecular dynamics studies of spider venoms. The last part describes specific antimicrobial and insecticidal toxins, envenomation, and the medical potential of spider venoms. The volume aims to aid researchers in exploring the vast scientific literature on spider venoms and their components.
The document discusses Pamplin Career Readiness Certification, which helps students develop skills needed for career success. It provides students with training and credentials in areas like communication, teamwork, problem solving and leadership. Upon completion, students earn a certification that demonstrates their career readiness to potential employers.
This document appears to be a collection of statements from different individuals about various personal details, preferences, and experiences. Some statements mention having family members like dogs, brothers/sisters, grandparents; enjoying activities like movies, reading, basketball, dance lessons; traveling to places like South Padre Island, Los Angeles, New York; and classes like math, Spanish, technologies.
Introducing to the fascinating world of bacteriology. You can find important content that you need to know in Microbiology and in general bacteriology.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and microbes. It defines microbes as including bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses, protozoa, and actinomycetes. It describes key early discoveries in microbiology including the invention of the microscope, disproving spontaneous generation, and demonstrating that microorganisms cause disease. It also summarizes techniques that advanced the study of microbiology such as microscopy, sterilization, and using pure cultures.
Funguslike protists absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter like fungi, but contain centrioles and lack chitin cell walls. Slime molds play key roles in recycling organic material. Oomycetes thrive on decaying material in water and some parasitize plants, with all funguslike protists obtaining nutrients from non-living sources essential to decomposition.
Funguslike protists absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter like fungi, but contain centrioles and lack chitin cell walls. Slime molds play key roles in recycling organic material. Oomycetes thrive on decaying material in water and some parasitize plants, with all funguslike protists obtaining nutrients from non-living sources essential to decomposition.
The document discusses different types of microorganisms including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. It describes their key characteristics and provides examples. The document also discusses how abiotic factors like nutrients, pH, temperature, and light intensity affect microbial activity. It explains how some microorganisms are useful as decomposers, for nitrogen fixation, and in human and termite digestion. Additionally, it covers how harmful microorganisms can cause disease and food spoilage and how pathogens are transmitted. Methods for controlling pathogens and uses of microorganisms in biotechnology are also summarized.
This document discusses alternatives to conventional antibiotics for combating antibiotic resistance. It describes 7 alternatives: 1) Bacteriophage therapy which uses viruses that infect bacteria, 2) Anti-quorum sensing which interrupts bacterial communication to prevent biofilm formation, 3) Bacteriocins which are antibacterial proteins produced by bacteria, 4) Probiotics which introduce beneficial bacteria to inhibit pathogens, 5) Predatory bacteria which invade and destroy other bacteria, 6) Combining antimicrobial peptides with nanoparticles, and 7) Experimental nanorobots activated by ultrasound to target pathogens. The global rise of antibiotic resistance highlighted in the introduction emphasizes the need to develop these alternative antimicrobial strategies.
A large group of bacteria cause disease in plants. they have specific characteristics and structure. There are different mechanism by which bacteria affect the plant and cause disease symptom. It is generally survive in soil and dead and decay organic matters and spread by water, agricultural implements, propagating materials, insects and humans. Hence, management practices are designed accordingly. Crop rotation, field sanitation, disinfestation of agricultural implements, use of disease free or resistant varieties and use of antibiotics are few of them.
This document discusses methods for isolating and identifying bacteria from clinical specimens. It describes collecting specimens, transporting them to the laboratory, and performing microscopic examination. There are several methods for isolating bacteria, including culturing on solid and liquid media, as well as automated systems. Once isolated, bacteria can be identified through staining, biochemical tests, serology, phage typing, identification discs, semi-automated/automated systems, and molecular techniques. The goal is to accurately identify the bacteria causing infection to aid in diagnosis and treatment.
This article evaluates solvent extracted compounds from three edible mushrooms (Auricularia polytricha, Lentinulla edodes, and Volvariella volvacea) for antifungal properties against phytopathogenic fungi. Ethyl acetate was found to be the best solvent for extracting antimicrobial substances. Thin layer chromatography revealed several compounds extracted from the mushrooms. SDS-PAGE profiling of V. volvacea showed various antimicrobial proteins above 45 kDa molecular weight, including thaumatin-like glycoproteins.
Fungi, bacteria, and viruses are the three main types of microbes. Fungi are usually the largest type of microbe and have hard cell walls. Bacteria are generally smaller than fungi and have soft cell walls. Viruses are the smallest type of microbe and instead of cells have a protein coat and their genetic material is a single strand instead of a nucleus. The document provides information on the key characteristics of fungi, bacteria, and viruses.
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
This document provides information about protozoology and the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It begins with an introduction to protozoology and classifications of protozoa. It then discusses the general characteristics, life cycles, and importance of protozoa. The document focuses on E. histolytica, outlining its habitat, transmission, morphology, life cycle within the human host, virulence factors, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms of infection, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. E. histolytica causes amebiasis and can lead to intestinal or extraintestinal disease such as liver abscesses if the parasite invades tissues.
DEFENCE MECHANISM IN PLANTS AGAINST PATHOGENS (STRUCTURAL & BIOCHEMICAL) ansarishahid786
Plants have both structural and biochemical defense mechanisms against pathogens. Structural defenses include pre-existing traits like thick cuticles and presence of thick-walled cells, as well as induced responses like formation of cork layers and tyloses after infection. Biochemical defenses include pre-existing inhibitory compounds and enzymes, as well as induced responses like phytoalexins, hypersensitive response, and transgenic production of plantibodies after pathogen detection. Together these defenses provide multiple layers of protection against the wide variety of fungi, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens that plants encounter.
The diagnostic process begins with observing symptoms on plants, which can provide clues to the potential pathogens involved. Common symptoms like wilting, yellowing and stunting can have many causes. Specific symptoms like root galls help identify certain pathogens. A single plant may show symptoms from multiple pathogens. Accurate diagnosis may require laboratory analysis. It is important to carefully examine all plant parts and not guess the cause, as an incorrect diagnosis could impact treatment options.
The document discusses the taxonomy and classification of viruses. It begins with an overview of the early history of virology from the 18th century discoveries of Edward Jenner and Dimitri Ivanowski to the 20th century developments in virus isolation, cultivation, and structure determination. It then covers the key topics of virus properties, cultivation methods, purification and assays, structure, and the principles of virus taxonomy established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The taxonomy is based on attributes like nucleic acid type, strandedness, host, and presence or absence of an envelope.
Nomenclature and classification of microorganisms - 2021 Atifa Ambreen
This document summarizes the classification and nomenclature of microorganisms. It discusses how microorganisms are classified into taxonomic groups like species, genus, family, order, class, division and kingdom based on their characteristics and genetic relatedness. The three main methods used for bacterial classification are the intuitive method, numerical taxonomy, and genetic relatedness based on DNA comparisons. It also explains the standards for scientific naming of microorganisms, with each species having a single internationally accepted name for clear communication. A key reference for bacterial taxonomy is Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
This volume provides a comprehensive reference on spider venoms, with 20 chapters contributed by experts in the field. The first part covers the diversity of venom components from various spider species, including peptide and non-peptide toxins, and their biological effects such as antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. The second part examines transcriptomes, proteomes, bioinformatics, and molecular dynamics studies of spider venoms. The last part describes specific antimicrobial and insecticidal toxins, envenomation, and the medical potential of spider venoms. The volume aims to aid researchers in exploring the vast scientific literature on spider venoms and their components.
The document discusses Pamplin Career Readiness Certification, which helps students develop skills needed for career success. It provides students with training and credentials in areas like communication, teamwork, problem solving and leadership. Upon completion, students earn a certification that demonstrates their career readiness to potential employers.
This document appears to be a collection of statements from different individuals about various personal details, preferences, and experiences. Some statements mention having family members like dogs, brothers/sisters, grandparents; enjoying activities like movies, reading, basketball, dance lessons; traveling to places like South Padre Island, Los Angeles, New York; and classes like math, Spanish, technologies.
The document contains a series of short statements from different individuals about various facts about themselves, including that they have pets, siblings, visited family, enjoy certain activities and classes, places they have traveled to, and types of movies they enjoy.
Diana Eugenia Chapa Garcia is a student identified as #4 in the 7th grade class B. This appears to be personal identifying information for a student such as their name, student identification number, grade, and class.
This unofficial academic transcript is for Atavur Rahaman Mohammad, who is pursuing a Master of Science in Computer Science at the University of Central Missouri. The transcript shows that in the fall 2015 term, Mohammad earned 9 credit hours with a 4.0 GPA. In the spring 2016 term, he earned another 9 credit hours with a 4.0 GPA, bringing his cumulative GPA to a 4.0 with 18 credit hours earned total so far. The transcript also lists 3 courses Mohammad is currently taking in the summer 2016 term.
El documento habla sobre la importancia de la paz y la democracia. Promueve ser respetuoso, solidario y demostrar amor. Alienta a hacer oír tu voz de manera pacífica.
Philip Atkins is applying for a position involving business/production planning, inventory control, and operations scheduling. He has over 30 years of experience in the oil country tubular goods industry, including expertise in inventory optimization, operations management, and business planning. Most recently, he led efforts at United States Steel to reduce inventory levels and improve on-time delivery performance.