3. Adjective Phrase
— ex A: The angry Cyclops groped for Odysseus
— ex B: Angry at having his eye gouged out, the Cyclops gouged for
Odysseus
in example A, "angry" is being used as an adjective. in example B,
"angry" is still an adjective, but it has been separated from the "cyclops,"
the noun that modifies, and has become the first word in an adjective
phrase
**can be placed before the subject, after the subject, or at the end of the
sentence
try placing right after the adjective: by, from, that, because, than, like, for,
beyond, as
4. Participial Phrase
perfect: Having changed into a bat, Dracula flew out the window in
search of blood.
past: Frightened by the screaming teenagers, the new kid ran from the
stage.
present: Falling from the tree, the apple hit chicken Little on the head.
5. Relative Clause
A relative pronoun is a word used to begin a relative clause. There are five of
them – who, that, which, whom, and whose. The relative clause comes
between the subject and the verb; the relative clause begins with a relative
pronoun
7. Coordinating and Subordinating
Coordinating is the putting together of two independent clauses — two
sentences that could each stand alone
Subordinating is putting an independent clause together with a
subordinating clause — a sentence that could not stand alone
Ways to coordinate
SV+,CSV+ (sentence, conjunction sentence)
SV+SC (sentence subordinate clause)
7
9. Compound Sentence
Compound sentence (SV,CSV+)
The rule: Two sentences can be joined by a conjunction.
— A comma goes in front of conjunction.
— The seven conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so,
— FANBOYS can be used to help remember the seven conjunctions.
The exceptions to the rule:
— (SV+CSV+) If both sentences in the compound sentence are
Short and simple, you may drop the comma before the conjunction
— (SV+;CSV+) If one (or both) of the sentences in the compound
Sentence has a comma already it, use a semicolon instead of a
Comma before the conjunction.
— (SV+. CSV+) A compound sentence can be written as two
Separate sentences. The conjunction can be used as the first word of the second sentence.
10. Comma Rules
Ex A: Karl Marx wrote, and he became.
Ex B: Karl Marx wrote and became.
Ex A has two complete subject verb sets. Ex B is one subject with two
verbs. If you have a true compound sentence, put a comma before the
conjunction; if what you have is anything less than a complete
compound sentence, leave the comma out.
11. Compounding with Conjunctive Adverbs
Compounding with conjunctive adverbs (SV+;CA,SV+)
The rule: Two sentences can be joined by a conjunctive adverb.
— A semicolon is placed after the first sentence, followed by a
Conjunctive adverb, followed by a comma, followed by the
Second sentence.
— Here are some conjunctive adverbs: besides, consequently, finally, furthermore, however, in fact,
later, moreover, nevertheless, next, now, otherwise, still, then, therefore.
The exceptions to the rule:
— A sentence joined by a conjunctive adverb can be rewritten as two sentences. The conjunctive
adverb gets capitalized and becomes the first word of the second sentence.
— If the conjunctive adverb is short or if you simply don’t hear a pause after the conjunctive
adverb, you may drop the comma.
— The conjunctive adverb may be moved to the middle of the second sentence. This is usually
done with “however”.
12. Conjunctive Adverbs
“Moreover” means “not only that, but this…”
“Nevertheless” means “this thing happened even though you wouldn’t have expected it to”
“Next” means “this happened next”
“Now” means “that’s how it used to be, but now it is like this”
“Otherwise” means “it’s better that the first thing happen so that the second thing doesn’t”
“Still” means “the second thing shouldn’t be the case, but it is”
“Then” means “the next thing happened after the first thing”
“Therefore” means “the second thing happened because of the first thing”
13. Semicolon and Colon
The semicolon and the colon (SV+;SV+) or (SV+:SV+)
The rule: Two sentences can be joined with either a semicolon or a
colon.
— A semicolon is used to joined two closely related sentences that are
roughly equal in importance.
— A colon is used to join two sentences when the second sentence is a
specific example of why the first sentence is true.
14. Complex Sentence
Complex sentence (SV+SC) or (SC,SV+)
The rule: Two sentences can be joined by a subordinating conjunction.
— A complex sentence consists of two parts: the independent clause and the subordinate clause.
— The independent clause is the same as a sentence; it can stand alone
— The subordinate clause consists of a subordinating conjunction placed in front of a sentence
— Here are some commonly used subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as long as,
because, before, if, since, so that, though, till, unless, when, where, while
— The complex sentence can be written in two different patterns: SV+SC (a sentence followed by a
subordinate clause) or SC, SV+ (a subordinate clause in front of a sentence)
The exceptions to the rule:
— Either for added emphasis or simply because you hear a pause, a comma may be placed in an
SV+SC sentence; thus, SV+,SC.
— Any number of subordinate clauses can be strung together; two such examples would be SC,
SC, SC, SV+ or SV+ SC SC SC
