Prevalance of mental illness in india
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Mental disorders contribute significantly to disease burden in India. Several studies have found that depression, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders are widespread in India and negatively impact quality of life. More resources and awareness are needed to better prevent, diagnose, and treat mental health conditions.
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Vaccines and sera
Vaccines and sera
NATURAL
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Vaccines
Provide an antigenic stimulus that does not cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective immunity
Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics
Live (attenuated) vaccines
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Subunit (antigenic) vaccines
Combination vaccines
Immunotherapy – preformed Ab
Immune serum globulin – (gamma- globulin) contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1,000 human donors
Treatment of choice for preventing measles, hepatitis A and replacing Ab in the immune deficient
Lasts 2-3 months
Sources of Passive Immunity
Classification the serum preparations
Antisera from horse
Immune globulins (human)
Hypersensitivity reactions
by injection of the heterogeneous serum
Memory
Memory
Prepared by
Marudhar
Defination
Memory consist in remembering what has previously been learned
The power that we have to store oure experience and bring them to in the field of consciousness
Types
Immediate memory
Resent/short term memory
Remot/long term memory
Nature of memory
Memory invole following characteristic –
Input
Storage
Output
Others factor involved in memory
learning
retention
recall
forgetting
Factor influencing Memory
Extrinsic factor –
Meaningfulness
Amount of material
Time required to vocalize responses
Distraction
Cont…..
Intrinsic factor-
Age
Maturity
Will to learn
Interest and attention
Intelligence
Rest & sleep
Medical condition
Hypothyroidism
Brain tumers
Alzheimer's disease
Nutritional defiance
Theory of memory
Theory of general memory function – it include three stepes-
Encoding
Storage
retrieval
Information processing theory
Methods of memory
Whole and part method
Spaced and unspaced method
Repetition and practice
Making use of principle of association
Grouping and rhythm
Recitation
Utilizing as many senses as possible
Funnel concept
Acronym
mnenonics
Forgating
Forgating mens failure to recall.
Forgating is the recall or recognize something learned earliar
types
Natural forgetting
Morbid forgetting
Unit 5 validity and reliability
Reliability and Validity
Prepared by - Marudhar
Definition of Terms
Types of Validity
Threats to Validity
Types of Reliability
Threats to Reliability
Validity
“The soundness or appropriateness of a test or instrument in measuring what it is designed to measure”
(Vincent 1999)
“Degree to which a test or instrument measures what it purports to measure”
(Thomas & Nelson 1996)
Reliability
“…the degree to which a test or measure produces the same scores when applied in the same circumstances…”
(Nelson 1997)
Types of Validity
Internal
Is the experimenter measuring the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable?
External
Can the results be generalised to the wider population?
Logical Validity
Face Validity
Infers that a test is valid by definition
It is clear that the test measures what it is supposed to
Content Validity
Infers that the test measures all aspects contributing to the variable of interest
Statistical Validity
Concurrent Validity
Infers that the test produces similar results to a previously validated test .
Predictive Validity
Infers that the test provides a valid reflection of future performance using a similar test
Construct Validity
Infers not only that the test is measuring what it is supposed to, but also that it is capable of detecting what should exist, theoretically
Therefore relates to hypothetical or intangible constructs
Recommended
Vaccines and sera
Vaccines and sera
NATURAL
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
Vaccines
Provide an antigenic stimulus that does not cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective immunity
Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics
Live (attenuated) vaccines
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Subunit (antigenic) vaccines
Combination vaccines
Immunotherapy – preformed Ab
Immune serum globulin – (gamma- globulin) contains immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1,000 human donors
Treatment of choice for preventing measles, hepatitis A and replacing Ab in the immune deficient
Lasts 2-3 months
Sources of Passive Immunity
Classification the serum preparations
Antisera from horse
Immune globulins (human)
Hypersensitivity reactions
by injection of the heterogeneous serum
Memory
Memory
Prepared by
Marudhar
Defination
Memory consist in remembering what has previously been learned
The power that we have to store oure experience and bring them to in the field of consciousness
Types
Immediate memory
Resent/short term memory
Remot/long term memory
Nature of memory
Memory invole following characteristic –
Input
Storage
Output
Others factor involved in memory
learning
retention
recall
forgetting
Factor influencing Memory
Extrinsic factor –
Meaningfulness
Amount of material
Time required to vocalize responses
Distraction
Cont…..
Intrinsic factor-
Age
Maturity
Will to learn
Interest and attention
Intelligence
Rest & sleep
Medical condition
Hypothyroidism
Brain tumers
Alzheimer's disease
Nutritional defiance
Theory of memory
Theory of general memory function – it include three stepes-
Encoding
Storage
retrieval
Information processing theory
Methods of memory
Whole and part method
Spaced and unspaced method
Repetition and practice
Making use of principle of association
Grouping and rhythm
Recitation
Utilizing as many senses as possible
Funnel concept
Acronym
mnenonics
Forgating
Forgating mens failure to recall.
Forgating is the recall or recognize something learned earliar
types
Natural forgetting
Morbid forgetting
Unit 5 validity and reliability
Reliability and Validity
Prepared by - Marudhar
Definition of Terms
Types of Validity
Threats to Validity
Types of Reliability
Threats to Reliability
Validity
“The soundness or appropriateness of a test or instrument in measuring what it is designed to measure”
(Vincent 1999)
“Degree to which a test or instrument measures what it purports to measure”
(Thomas & Nelson 1996)
Reliability
“…the degree to which a test or measure produces the same scores when applied in the same circumstances…”
(Nelson 1997)
Types of Validity
Internal
Is the experimenter measuring the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable?
External
Can the results be generalised to the wider population?
Logical Validity
Face Validity
Infers that a test is valid by definition
It is clear that the test measures what it is supposed to
Content Validity
Infers that the test measures all aspects contributing to the variable of interest
Statistical Validity
Concurrent Validity
Infers that the test produces similar results to a previously validated test .
Predictive Validity
Infers that the test provides a valid reflection of future performance using a similar test
Construct Validity
Infers not only that the test is measuring what it is supposed to, but also that it is capable of detecting what should exist, theoretically
Therefore relates to hypothetical or intangible constructs
Mental health issue with special population
Mental Health Nursing Issues For Special Populations
PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENTS
Nursing responsibility
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
Risk factors for premenstrual syndrome include
Management
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
Management
Individual and group counseling
Close follow up
CBT
Antipsychotics, ECT
Psychotherapy
MATERNITY BLUE
Management
MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME
MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME
PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
SOLVING PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE
Effect of violence
Prevention of violence
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
Mental illness,
Marital disharmony,
Crime,
Chronic illness,
Poverty,
Poor interpersonal interactions
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
Management
Handicapped
Handicapped : Strategies to help
Handicapped : Strategies to help
HIV/ AIDS
HIV/ AIDS: Nursing management
HIV/ AIDS: Nursing management
Thank you
Light therapy
Light Therapy
Light therapy has been researched for nearly 20 years and is
accepted as a first-line treatment for seasonal affective disorder
(SAD). People with SAD often live in regions in which there are
marked seasonal differences in the amount of daylight, which is
thought to disrupt melatonin production, circadian rhythms,
or the ability to process dopamine and norepinephrine. Whatever the cause, the effect is a seasonal depression. Light therapy
may also be useful as an adjunct in treating chronic major
depressive disorder or dysphoric disorder with seasonal exacerbations (Lieverse et al, 2010).
Light therapy is thought to be effective because of the influence
of light on melatonin. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland
and is necessary for maintaining and shifting biological rhythms.
Exposure to light suppresses the nocturnal secretion of melatonin,
which seems to have a therapeutic effect on people with SAD
(Harvard Medical School, 2008). Ideal treatment consists of 30 to
45 minutes of exposure daily to a 10,000-lux light source. Morning exposure is best; however, success has been reported when
exposure occurs at other times of the day or in divided doses.
Anecdotal reports suggest that increasing the available light by
adding additional light sources may also help to elevate mood. For
those affected by SAD, light therapy has been found to be as effective in reducing depressive symptoms as medications. Negative
side effects include headache and jitteriness (Lakoski, 2010). Concerns about eye damage from light exposure have not been validated (Harvard Medical School, 2008).
Psychiatric emergencies
Psychiatric emergencies
Prepared By
Marudhar
Nims Nursing College
Introduction
An emergency is defined as an unforeseen combination of circumstances which calls for an immediate action
A psychiatric emergency is an acute disturbance of behaviour, thought or mood of a patient which if untreated may lead to harm, either to the individual or to others in the environment
Psychiatric emergencies are acute changes in behavior that negatively impact a patient's ability to function in his or her environment.
Statistics
As of 1991, the United States had approximately 3000 dedicated psychiatric emergency services (PESs).
By2007 a survey revealed that roughly 86% of general hospitals provided some type of emergency psychiatric care, with 45% having either a psychiatric emergency service or an in-house consultation service and 41% contracting with an outside source to provide emergency psychiatric care
Objective of emergency intervention
To safeguard the life of patient.
To bring down the anxiety of family members.
To enhance emotional security of others in the environment.
Types
i. Suicide or deliberate self harm
ii. Violence or excitement
iii. Stupor
iv. Panic
v. Withdrawal symptoms of drug dependence.
vi. Alcohol or drug overdose
vii. Delirium
viii. Epilepsy or status epileptics
ix. Severe depression (suicidal or homicidaltendencies, agitation or stupor)
Cont…
x. Iatrogenic emergencies
a. Side effects of psychotropic drugs
b. Psychiatric complications of drugs used inmedicine ( eg: INH, steroids, etc.)
xi. Abnormal responses to stressful situations.
General guidance
1. Handle with the utmost of tact and speech so that well being of other patients is not affected.
2. Act in a calm and coordinate manner to prevent other clients from getting anxious.
3. Shift the client as early as possible to a room where they can be safe guarded against injury.
4. Ensure that all other clients are reassured and the routine activities proceed normally.
5. Psych. emergencies overlap medical emergencies and staff should be familiar with the management of both.
Stress adaptation model
Stress adaptation model
Marudhar
Nims nursing college
Introduction
Stuart Stress Adaptation Model is a model of psychiatric nursing care, which integrates biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental, and legal-ethical aspects of patient care into a unified framework for practice.
Assumptions
"Nature is ordered as a social hierarchy from the simplest unit to the most complex and the individual is a part of family, group, community, society, and the larger biosphere."
"Nursing care is provided within a biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental, and legal-ethical context."
Health/illness and adaptation/maladaptation (nursing world view) are two distinct continuums.
The model includes the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention by describing four discrete stages of psychiatric treatment: crisis, acute, maintenance, and health promotion.
Nursing care is based on the use of the nursing process and the standards of care and professional performance for psychiatric nurses.
Concepts
Bio psychosocial approach - a holistic perspective that integrates biological, psychological, and sociocultural aspects of care.
Predisposing factors -risk factors such as genetic background.
Precipitating stressors - stimuli that the person perceives as challenging such as life events.
Appraisal of stressor - an evaluation of the significance of a stressor.
Coping resources - options or strategies that help determine what can be done as well as what is at stake.
Adaptation/maladaptation -
cont….
Levels of Prevention
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Four stages of psychiatric treatment & nursing care
Crisis stage
Acute stage
Maintenance stage
Health promotion stage
Alzimer
Alzheimer’s disease
Mr. Marudhar
Nims nursing college
INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioural and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently
According to the India Ageing Report 2017, the elderly population, which is growing at a faster rate of three percent, may up the burden of Alzheimer's in India, as the disease primarily occurs in patients over the age of 60
India houses more than 4 million people suffering from some form of dementia. Alzheimer’s being the most common condition out of all of them affect around 1.6 million. Alarmingly, this number is set to triple by 2050
Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s
The terms “dementia” and “Alzheimer’s” are sometimes used interchangeably. However, these two conditions aren’t the same. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia.
Dementia is a broader term for conditions with symptoms relating to memory loss such as forgetfulness and confusion. Dementia includes more specific conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, and others, which can cause these symptoms.
Causes, symptoms, and treatments can be different for these diseases
Causes and risk factors
Increasing age
Genetic
Abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells(amyloid)
Decrease Levels of one neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
Brain shrink
Family history
Down's syndrome
Head injuries
Cardiovascular disease
Types
Sign & symptom
Memory loss affecting daily activities, such as an ability to keep appointments
Trouble with familiar tasks, such as using a microwave
Difficulties with problem-solving
Trouble with speech or writing
Becoming disoriented about times or places
Decrease d judgment
Decreased personal hygiene
Mood and personality changes
Withdrawal from friends, family, and community
Stages
Cont..
Diagnosing
Treatment
Drugs-
Cholinesterase inhibitors.
Memantine
Other Alzheimer’s treatments
focus on tasks
limit confusion
avoid confrontation
get enough rest every day
stay calm
Prevention
Nursing Dignosis
Self-care deficit related to impaired cognitive and motor function
Risk for Injury related to: Unable to recognize / identify hazards in the environment. Disorientation, confusion, impaired decision making.
Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to: sensory changes
Disturbed Sensory Perception related to: changes in the reception, transmission, and / or integration
Impaired verbal communication related to: intellectual changes
Impaired social interaction related to: emotional changes
Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements related to: sensory changes, it is easy to forget
Mental health team marudhar
MENTAL HEALTH TEAM
Marudhar
Mental Health Nursing
Psychiatrist
The psychiatrist is a doctor with post-graduation in psychiatry with 2-3 years of residence training.
The psychiatrist is responsible for diagnosis, treatment & prevention of mental disorders, prescribe medicines & somatic therapy & function as a leader of the mental health team.
Psychiatric Nurse (CPN)
The registered nurse undergoes a general nursing & midwifery program or B.Sc nursing / post-basic B.Sc nursing program with added qualification such as diploma in psychiatric nursing, diploma in nursing administration etc.
This nurse is skilled in caring for the mentally ill, gives holistic care by assessing the patient’s mental, social, physical, psychological & spiritual needs, making a nursing diagnosis, formulating, evaluating & rendering the appropriate nursing care.
She/he co-ordinates with the clinical nurse specialist in a community mental health setting.
She/he updates knowledge via continuing education, in- service education, workshops & courses conducted by open Universities.
Social Worker
The psychiatric social worker is a graduate in social work & post-graduate in psychiatric social work. She/he assesses the individual, the family & community support system, helps in discharge planning, counseling for job placement & is aware of the state laws & legal rights of the patient & protects these rights.
She/he is skilled in interview techniques & group dynamics.
Occupational Therapist (OT)
Occupational therapist goes through specialized training.
He /she has a pivotal role to play by using manual & creative techniques to assess the interpersonal responses of the patient.
Patients are helped to develop skill in the area of their choice & become economically independent.
They are helped to work in sheltered workshop.
Clinical Psychologist
The clinical psychologist holds a doctoral degree in clinical psychology & is registered with the clinical psychologist’s association.
She/he conducts psychological, diagnosis tests, interprets & evaluates the finding of these tests & implements a program of behaviour modification.
Psychiatric Nursing Aids/Attendants
They have high school training & are trained on the job.
They aid maintaining the therapeutic environment & provide care under supervision.
ECT technicians
They undergo training for 6-9 months.
Their function is to keep ready the ECT under the supervision of a psychiatrist or anesthetist.
Recreational Therapist
The recreational therapist plans activities to stimulate the patient’s muscle co-ordination, interpersonal relationship & socialization.
These approaches are need-based
Clergyman
These are religious persons who may be asked to come to the hospital unit once a week (depending on the patient’s religious faith) & have a spiritual talk with the patient.
Thank you
Mental health act
MENTAL HEALTH ACT Prepared By Marudhar Mental Health Nursing
CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY
SHORT TITLE,
EXTENT AND COMMENCEMENT -
Cont….
CHAPTER II
MENTAL HEALTH AUTHORITIES
CENTRAL AUTHORITY FOR MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE
Cont….
CHAPTER III
PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS AND PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOMES
ESTABLISHED OR MAINTENANCE OF PSYCHIATRIC
HOSPITALSAND PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOMES
Cont…….
CHAPTER IV
ADMISSION IN PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL OR PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOME
DETENTION IN PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL OR PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOME
Cont…
CHAPTER V
IN SPECTION, DISCHARGE, LEAVE OF ABSENCE AND REMOVAL
OF MENTALLY ILL PERSONS
Cont….
CHAPTER VI
LIABILITY TO MEET COST OF MAINTENANCE OF MENTALLY ILL
PERSONS DETAINED IN PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL OR
PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOME
Cont….
CHAPTER VII
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF MENTALLY ILL PERSONS
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Mental health issue with special population
Mental Health Nursing Issues For Special Populations
PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENTS
Nursing responsibility
PROBLEMS OF WOMEN
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
Risk factors for premenstrual syndrome include
Management
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS
Management
Individual and group counseling
Close follow up
CBT
Antipsychotics, ECT
Psychotherapy
MATERNITY BLUE
Management
MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME
MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME
PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
SOLVING PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY
VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE
Effect of violence
Prevention of violence
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
Mental illness,
Marital disharmony,
Crime,
Chronic illness,
Poverty,
Poor interpersonal interactions
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
Management
Handicapped
Handicapped : Strategies to help
Handicapped : Strategies to help
HIV/ AIDS
HIV/ AIDS: Nursing management
HIV/ AIDS: Nursing management
Thank you
Light therapy
Light Therapy
Light therapy has been researched for nearly 20 years and is
accepted as a first-line treatment for seasonal affective disorder
(SAD). People with SAD often live in regions in which there are
marked seasonal differences in the amount of daylight, which is
thought to disrupt melatonin production, circadian rhythms,
or the ability to process dopamine and norepinephrine. Whatever the cause, the effect is a seasonal depression. Light therapy
may also be useful as an adjunct in treating chronic major
depressive disorder or dysphoric disorder with seasonal exacerbations (Lieverse et al, 2010).
Light therapy is thought to be effective because of the influence
of light on melatonin. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland
and is necessary for maintaining and shifting biological rhythms.
Exposure to light suppresses the nocturnal secretion of melatonin,
which seems to have a therapeutic effect on people with SAD
(Harvard Medical School, 2008). Ideal treatment consists of 30 to
45 minutes of exposure daily to a 10,000-lux light source. Morning exposure is best; however, success has been reported when
exposure occurs at other times of the day or in divided doses.
Anecdotal reports suggest that increasing the available light by
adding additional light sources may also help to elevate mood. For
those affected by SAD, light therapy has been found to be as effective in reducing depressive symptoms as medications. Negative
side effects include headache and jitteriness (Lakoski, 2010). Concerns about eye damage from light exposure have not been validated (Harvard Medical School, 2008).
Psychiatric emergencies
Psychiatric emergencies
Prepared By
Marudhar
Nims Nursing College
Introduction
An emergency is defined as an unforeseen combination of circumstances which calls for an immediate action
A psychiatric emergency is an acute disturbance of behaviour, thought or mood of a patient which if untreated may lead to harm, either to the individual or to others in the environment
Psychiatric emergencies are acute changes in behavior that negatively impact a patient's ability to function in his or her environment.
Statistics
As of 1991, the United States had approximately 3000 dedicated psychiatric emergency services (PESs).
By2007 a survey revealed that roughly 86% of general hospitals provided some type of emergency psychiatric care, with 45% having either a psychiatric emergency service or an in-house consultation service and 41% contracting with an outside source to provide emergency psychiatric care
Objective of emergency intervention
To safeguard the life of patient.
To bring down the anxiety of family members.
To enhance emotional security of others in the environment.
Types
i. Suicide or deliberate self harm
ii. Violence or excitement
iii. Stupor
iv. Panic
v. Withdrawal symptoms of drug dependence.
vi. Alcohol or drug overdose
vii. Delirium
viii. Epilepsy or status epileptics
ix. Severe depression (suicidal or homicidaltendencies, agitation or stupor)
Cont…
x. Iatrogenic emergencies
a. Side effects of psychotropic drugs
b. Psychiatric complications of drugs used inmedicine ( eg: INH, steroids, etc.)
xi. Abnormal responses to stressful situations.
General guidance
1. Handle with the utmost of tact and speech so that well being of other patients is not affected.
2. Act in a calm and coordinate manner to prevent other clients from getting anxious.
3. Shift the client as early as possible to a room where they can be safe guarded against injury.
4. Ensure that all other clients are reassured and the routine activities proceed normally.
5. Psych. emergencies overlap medical emergencies and staff should be familiar with the management of both.
Stress adaptation model
Stress adaptation model
Marudhar
Nims nursing college
Introduction
Stuart Stress Adaptation Model is a model of psychiatric nursing care, which integrates biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental, and legal-ethical aspects of patient care into a unified framework for practice.
Assumptions
"Nature is ordered as a social hierarchy from the simplest unit to the most complex and the individual is a part of family, group, community, society, and the larger biosphere."
"Nursing care is provided within a biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental, and legal-ethical context."
Health/illness and adaptation/maladaptation (nursing world view) are two distinct continuums.
The model includes the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention by describing four discrete stages of psychiatric treatment: crisis, acute, maintenance, and health promotion.
Nursing care is based on the use of the nursing process and the standards of care and professional performance for psychiatric nurses.
Concepts
Bio psychosocial approach - a holistic perspective that integrates biological, psychological, and sociocultural aspects of care.
Predisposing factors -risk factors such as genetic background.
Precipitating stressors - stimuli that the person perceives as challenging such as life events.
Appraisal of stressor - an evaluation of the significance of a stressor.
Coping resources - options or strategies that help determine what can be done as well as what is at stake.
Adaptation/maladaptation -
cont….
Levels of Prevention
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Four stages of psychiatric treatment & nursing care
Crisis stage
Acute stage
Maintenance stage
Health promotion stage
Alzimer
Alzheimer’s disease
Mr. Marudhar
Nims nursing college
INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioural and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently
According to the India Ageing Report 2017, the elderly population, which is growing at a faster rate of three percent, may up the burden of Alzheimer's in India, as the disease primarily occurs in patients over the age of 60
India houses more than 4 million people suffering from some form of dementia. Alzheimer’s being the most common condition out of all of them affect around 1.6 million. Alarmingly, this number is set to triple by 2050
Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s
The terms “dementia” and “Alzheimer’s” are sometimes used interchangeably. However, these two conditions aren’t the same. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia.
Dementia is a broader term for conditions with symptoms relating to memory loss such as forgetfulness and confusion. Dementia includes more specific conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, and others, which can cause these symptoms.
Causes, symptoms, and treatments can be different for these diseases
Causes and risk factors
Increasing age
Genetic
Abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells(amyloid)
Decrease Levels of one neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
Brain shrink
Family history
Down's syndrome
Head injuries
Cardiovascular disease
Types
Sign & symptom
Memory loss affecting daily activities, such as an ability to keep appointments
Trouble with familiar tasks, such as using a microwave
Difficulties with problem-solving
Trouble with speech or writing
Becoming disoriented about times or places
Decrease d judgment
Decreased personal hygiene
Mood and personality changes
Withdrawal from friends, family, and community
Stages
Cont..
Diagnosing
Treatment
Drugs-
Cholinesterase inhibitors.
Memantine
Other Alzheimer’s treatments
focus on tasks
limit confusion
avoid confrontation
get enough rest every day
stay calm
Prevention
Nursing Dignosis
Self-care deficit related to impaired cognitive and motor function
Risk for Injury related to: Unable to recognize / identify hazards in the environment. Disorientation, confusion, impaired decision making.
Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to: sensory changes
Disturbed Sensory Perception related to: changes in the reception, transmission, and / or integration
Impaired verbal communication related to: intellectual changes
Impaired social interaction related to: emotional changes
Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements related to: sensory changes, it is easy to forget
Mental health team marudhar
MENTAL HEALTH TEAM
Marudhar
Mental Health Nursing
Psychiatrist
The psychiatrist is a doctor with post-graduation in psychiatry with 2-3 years of residence training.
The psychiatrist is responsible for diagnosis, treatment & prevention of mental disorders, prescribe medicines & somatic therapy & function as a leader of the mental health team.
Psychiatric Nurse (CPN)
The registered nurse undergoes a general nursing & midwifery program or B.Sc nursing / post-basic B.Sc nursing program with added qualification such as diploma in psychiatric nursing, diploma in nursing administration etc.
This nurse is skilled in caring for the mentally ill, gives holistic care by assessing the patient’s mental, social, physical, psychological & spiritual needs, making a nursing diagnosis, formulating, evaluating & rendering the appropriate nursing care.
She/he co-ordinates with the clinical nurse specialist in a community mental health setting.
She/he updates knowledge via continuing education, in- service education, workshops & courses conducted by open Universities.
Social Worker
The psychiatric social worker is a graduate in social work & post-graduate in psychiatric social work. She/he assesses the individual, the family & community support system, helps in discharge planning, counseling for job placement & is aware of the state laws & legal rights of the patient & protects these rights.
She/he is skilled in interview techniques & group dynamics.
Occupational Therapist (OT)
Occupational therapist goes through specialized training.
He /she has a pivotal role to play by using manual & creative techniques to assess the interpersonal responses of the patient.
Patients are helped to develop skill in the area of their choice & become economically independent.
They are helped to work in sheltered workshop.
Clinical Psychologist
The clinical psychologist holds a doctoral degree in clinical psychology & is registered with the clinical psychologist’s association.
She/he conducts psychological, diagnosis tests, interprets & evaluates the finding of these tests & implements a program of behaviour modification.
Psychiatric Nursing Aids/Attendants
They have high school training & are trained on the job.
They aid maintaining the therapeutic environment & provide care under supervision.
ECT technicians
They undergo training for 6-9 months.
Their function is to keep ready the ECT under the supervision of a psychiatrist or anesthetist.
Recreational Therapist
The recreational therapist plans activities to stimulate the patient’s muscle co-ordination, interpersonal relationship & socialization.
These approaches are need-based
Clergyman
These are religious persons who may be asked to come to the hospital unit once a week (depending on the patient’s religious faith) & have a spiritual talk with the patient.
Thank you
Mental health act
MENTAL HEALTH ACT Prepared By Marudhar Mental Health Nursing
CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY
SHORT TITLE,
EXTENT AND COMMENCEMENT -
Cont….
CHAPTER II
MENTAL HEALTH AUTHORITIES
CENTRAL AUTHORITY FOR MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE
Cont….
CHAPTER III
PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS AND PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOMES
ESTABLISHED OR MAINTENANCE OF PSYCHIATRIC
HOSPITALSAND PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOMES
Cont…….
CHAPTER IV
ADMISSION IN PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL OR PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOME
DETENTION IN PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL OR PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOME
Cont…
CHAPTER V
IN SPECTION, DISCHARGE, LEAVE OF ABSENCE AND REMOVAL
OF MENTALLY ILL PERSONS
Cont….
CHAPTER VI
LIABILITY TO MEET COST OF MAINTENANCE OF MENTALLY ILL
PERSONS DETAINED IN PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL OR
PSYCHIATRIC NURSING HOME
Cont….
CHAPTER VII
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF MENTALLY ILL PERSONS
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STATEMENT OF NEED
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