27. Thinking about executive
power through “bully pulpit.”
Concerns presidential
interaction with other actors.
What are Kernell’s theoretical
and practical contributions?
28. “Activities that presidents engage in as they
promote themselves and their policies before
the American public.”
What are these activities?
Major and Minor Addresses
Public Appearances
Domestic and ForeignTravel
29. INSTITUTIONALIZED
PLURALISM
Committee Chairs, Party
Leaders, Interest Groups
Emphasis on Continuity
and Long-Term Bargaining
Insular Political System
with Few “Veto Players”
INDIVIDUALIZED
PLURALISM
Modern Politics
Myriad of Individuals
Bargaining More Difficult
“Going Public” More
Attractive
30. Decline in Party Loyalty
Advances inTransportation/Communication
Increase in Interest Groups
Rise of Political Entrepreneurs
Members of Congress
Presidential Candidates
31. “Bargaining and going public have never been
particularly compatible styles of leadership.”
“Going public should be appreciated as a
strategic adaptation to the information age.”
32. Does president have the ability to bargain?
YES: Bargain on Large-Scale (Neustadt 1960)
YES: Work at the Margins (Edwards 1989, 2009)
▪ Bargain with smaller group of legislators
What if the president cannot bargain?
NO: Use Unilateral Action (Howell 2003)
▪ Executive orders, signing statements, etc.
NO: Consider Kernell’s Approach
