The document discusses the rise of African nationalism in South Africa in response to white domination and loss of voting rights. It details the formation of organizations like the African Peoples' Organization (APO) in 1902 and the South African Native National Congress (SANNC, later known as the African National Congress or ANC) in 1912 to advocate for the political and civil rights of black South Africans. The 1913 Land Act severely restricted the rights of black South Africans to own, rent or use land except in designated reserves, displacing many. Over time, the ANC grew in influence under leaders who introduced more militant approaches to resisting apartheid.

2.  AN INCLINATION THAT INDIVIDUALS HAVE OF BEING FAITHFUL TO WHAT'S
MORE, GLAD FOR THEIR NATION FREQUENTLY WITH THE CONVICTION THAT IT
IS BETTER AND MORE ESSENTIAL THAN DIFFERENT NATIONS
 IT IS THE LOVE THAT ONE HAS FOR THEIR OWN COUNTRY AS WELL AS THE
LOYALTY THAT ONE SHOWS TO THEIR OWN RESPECTIVE COUNTRY WITH THE
BELIEF THAT IT IS BETTER THAN ANY COUNTRY
 A DESIRE BY A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE (SUCH AS PEOPLE WHO SHARE THE
SAME CULTURE, HISTORY, LANGUAGE, ETC.) TO FORM A SEPARATE AND
INDEPENDENT NATION OF THEIR OWN (POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE)

3. “NATIONALISM IS NOT THE
AWAKENING OF NATIONS TO
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS: IT
INVENTS NATIONS WHERE THEY
DO NOT EXIST”.
- ERNEST GELLNER, NATIONS AND
NATIONALISM, 1983.

4.  BEFORE THE EMERGENCE OF NATION STATES IN EUROPE IN THE19TH CENTURY, MOST
ORDINARY PEOPLE WERE LOYAL TO THEIR IMMEDIATE COMMUNITY, CHURCH OR RULER
 AFTER LARGER AND CENTRALIZED STATES OR NATION STATES WERE CREATED IN THE 19TH
CENTURY, PEOPLE'S LOYALTY SHIFTED TO THE NEWLY FORMED STATE, OR TO NATIONALIST
MOVEMENTS INSPIRED BY PROGRESSIVE THINKERS OF THE TIME WHO AIMED AT
LIBERATING INDIVIDUALS FROM THE CHAINS OF OPPRESSIVE RULERS
 AFTER THE 19TH CENTURY, SOME NATIONALIST LEADERS IN EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST
,AND WEST AFRICA BECAME TRADITIONAL HOLDING AND SELF SERVING LEADERS.
 THEY USED NATIONALISM TO PROMOTE THEIR PERSONAL POWER AND TO PROTECT THE
INTERESTS AND NEEDS OF ONE NATIONAL GROUP OVER ANOTHER

5. AFRICAN PEOPLE’S ORGANISATION (APO)
 FORMATION OF APO TOOK PLACE AT THE END
OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR (1899-1902)
 IT CONSISTED OF EDUCATED COLOUREDS.
 IT AIMED TO DEFEND THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL,
AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS OF COLOUREDS AND
TO OPPOSE ANY LAWS ON RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION
 ITS METHODS WERE NON-CONFRONTATIONAL.
 ITS MAIN FOCUS WAS TO ENSURE THAT THE
VOTING RIGHTS FOR COLOUREDS AND BLACKS
IN THE CAPE REMAINED AND WOULD BE
EXTENDED TO NATAL AND THE TWO FORMER
BOER REPUBLICS, THE TRANSVAAL AND
ORANGE FREE STATE

6. BLACK NATIONALISM
CONTINUE..
 IN 1909 THE DRAFT FOR THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTION WAS DEBATED
 DURING THE DRAFT THE APO REALISED THAT THE BLACKS WILL BE DENIED THE VOTING
RIGHT IN THE NEW SOUTH AFRICAN UNION
 THIS THREATENED THE APO ORGANISATION AND IN RESPONSE THE ORGANISATION SENT
A DELEGATION OF ITS MEMBERS TO LONDON TO NEGOTIATE WITH THE BRITISH FOR EQUAL
VOTING RIGHTS AND TO REJECT THE DRAFT.
 IT WAS UNFORTUNATE THAT THE BRITISH DECLINED THE APO’S PLEAD AND EFFORTS
 THE DRAFT WAS PASSED DESPITE THE APO’S EFFORTS BECAUSE THE BRITISH
GOVERNMENT BELIEVED THAT RECONCILING WHITE ENGLISH AND AFRIKANER SOUTH
AFRICANS WAS MORE IMPORTANT THAN VOTES FOR BLACK SOUTH AFRICANS.
 NONETHELESS, THE APO CONTINUED TO PLAY A PROMINENT RESISTANCE ROLE IN
SHAPING BLACK POLITICAL THOUGHT AND ACTION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH
CENTURY

7. THE RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM IN SOUTH
AFRICA

8. THE RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM
CONTINUE..
 THE RESPONSE TO WHITE DOMINATION.
 THE RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM WAS A RESPONSE TO WHITE DOMINATION AND TO RE-
GAIN THE VOTING RIGHTS OF THE SOUTH AFRICANS
 IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS FOUGHT FOR THE RIGHTS OF
AFRICAN PEOPLE AND WORKED FOR THEIR POLITICAL RIGHTS
 NB: BLACK AFRICANS WERE NOT THE ONLY GROUP OF PEOPLE TO FACE DISCRIMINATION IN
THE TERRITORIES THAT BECAME SOUTH AFRICA
 INDIANS AND COLOURED PEOPLE ALSO EXPERIENCED INJUSTICE AND EXCLUSION FROM
POLITICAL LIFE
 THE APO WAS FORMED IN 1902 (PREVIOUS SLIDE)
 THE AFRICAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION LATER CHANGED TO THE NAME AFRICAN PEOPLE’S
ORGANIZATION IN 1919.

9. THE RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM
CONTINUE..
 THE APO WAS FOUNDED TO PROTECT THE INTEREST OF THE COLORED PEOPLE
AND LED BY JOHN TOBIN
 IT AIMED TO IMPROVE EDUCATION FOR COLORED PEOPLE AND EXTEND JOB
OPPORTUNITIES FOR THEM
 THIS ORGANIZATION USED NON- CONFRONTATIONAL METHODS SUCH AS
PETITIONS, DEPUTATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS.
 THE ORGANIZATION WAS SUPPORTED BY MIDDLE CLASS COLORED PEOPLE
 LATER AT THE STAGE THERE WAS A FORMATION OF THE SANNC (SOUTH AFRICAN
NATIONAL NATIVE CONGRESS) WHICH CONSISTED OF AFRICAN LEADERS
 THE SANNC AIMED AT ALSO PROTECTING THE POLITICAL FREEDOM OF THE
NATIVES

10. THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL NATIVE
CONGRESS (SANNC)

11. THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL NATIVE
CONGRESS
 THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIVE NATIONAL CONGRESS (SANNC), LATER KNOWN AS
THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC) WAS FOUNDED ON THE 8 JANUARY1912.
 THE ANC IS A NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT.
 IT WAS FORMED IN 1912 TO UNITE THE AFRICAN PEOPLE AND SPEARHEAD THE
STRUGGLE FOR FUNDAMENTAL POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE.
 THE ANC'S KEY OBJECTIVE IS THE CREATION OF A UNITED, NON-RACIAL, NON-
SEXIST AND DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
 THE SANNC DREW TRADITIONAL LEADERS AND THE EDUCATED ELITE TOGETHER
 AMONG THE EDUCATED ELITE WERE ITS FIRST PRESIDENT, JOHN DUBE, AND SOL
PLAATJIE THE SANNC FIRST GENERAL SECRETARY

12. THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL NATIVE
CONGRESS
CONTINUE..
 THE SANNC FOUGHT FOR THE RIGHTS OF THE AFRICAN PEOPLE BECAUSE IT
KNEW THAT THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT WOULD DECIDE THE RIGHTS OF THE
AFRICAN PEOPLE
 THE ANC WORKED HARD TO BRING ALL AFRICANS TOGETHER TO DEFEND
THEIR FREEDOMS AND RIGHTS
 THE LEADERS OF THE SANNC INCLUDED NOT ONLY THE PRESIDENT ( REV,
JOHN DUBE) ,THE GENERAL SECRETARY ( SOL PLAATJE) BUT PIXLEY SEME
ALSO PLAYED A ROLE AS THE LAWYER WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL THE
DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED FOR THE FORMATION OF THE SANNC

13. THE 1913 LAND ACT
 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD IN THE19TH CENTURY LED TO A
RAPIDLY CHANGING SOCIETY IN THE 20TH CENTURY.
 THE MINING COMPANIES NEEDED A LARGE CHEAP WORK FORCE AND SO
LAWS WERE DESIGNED TO RESTRICT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR
AFRICANS AND FORCE THEM INTO WORKING ON THE MINES

14. THE EFFECTS OF THE 1913 LAND ACT ON
BLACK SOUTH AFRICANS
 IN 1913 THE NATIVE LAND ACT WAS PASSED.
 THIS SEVERELY RESTRICTED AFRICAN RIGHTS TO BUY, RENT ,USE LAND
EXCEPT IN THE SPECIFIED RESERVES.
 THE BLACK SOUTH AFRICANS WERE MOVED INTO SEPARATE HOMESTEADS FAR
FROM WHITE SOUTH AFRICANS
 THE LAW CREATED RESERVES FOR THE BLACK MAJORITY THAT WERE
APPROXIMATELY 7 PERCENT (LATER INCREASED TO 13 PERCENT) OF THE TOTAL
LAND IN SOUTH AFRICA.
 PEOPLE LOST THEIR LAND AND WERE FORCED TO LIVE IN OVERCROWDED
AREAS, CAUSING POVERTY AND STARVATION

15. THE NEW SOUTH AFRICA
 IN 1940 THE ANC ENTERED A NEW CHAPTER IN ITS HISTORY UNDER THE
LEADERSHIP OF DR ALFRED XUMA.
 XUMA IMPROVED THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ANC BY MAKING IT MORE
CENTRALISED.
 THIS BUILT INCREASED CONFIDENCE IN THE ORGANISATION AND MEMBERSHIP
GREW
 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY IN 1944, XUMA WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR BRINGING THE ANC
YOUTH LEAGUE (ANCYL) MEMBERS INTO THE EXECUTIVE.
PEOPLE LIKE NELSON MANDELA, WALTER SISULU, OLIVER TAMBO, GOVAN MBEKI,
AND ANTON LEMBEDE INTRODUCED A MORE MILITANT APPROACH TO
RESISTANCE.

16.  THE SANNC LATER CHANGED TO ANC
 THERE WAS POLITICAL CLASHES BETWEEN APO AND SANNC
 THE FORMATION OF SANNC LATER BECAME ANC BROUGHT ABOUT SIGNIFICANT
CHANGE IN SOUTH AFRICA, TODAY ALL SOUTH AFRICAN CITIZENS HAVE THE
FREEDOM OF PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL AFFAIRS (VOTING) AND THEY CAN
VOTE FOR A POLITICAL PARTY OF THEIR CHOICE
CONCLUSION

17. REFERENCES