Chief Black Kettle was a Cheyenne leader who resisted American settlement of Cheyenne lands in Kansas and Colorado in the 1850s. On November 29, 1864 at Sand Creek Village in Colorado, Chief Black Kettle's village was attacked by volunteer fighters while they were sleeping. When Chief Black Kettle awoke to the fighting, he raised white and American flags to surrender, but the volunteer fighters continued their attack, killing men, women, and children in the village.