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The document discusses Mexican independence from Spain in the early 19th century. Indigenous, Black, and mixed-race Mexicans were oppressed by Spanish colonizers. Vicente Guerrero led the independence movement using "The Plan of Iguala" to make all Mexicans equal and free. Miguel Hidalgo and lower class Mexicans rebelled against Spanish rule after Hidalgo's "Grito de Dolores" speech calling for independence, though he was later captured and killed after one year of fighting.
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1. In the late 18th century, revolutionary ideals from North America threatened European control over Latin America and inspired independence movements among the Creole elite classes.
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This document provides a summary of the book "Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States" by Miryam Hernandez. The book covers Mexican history from the early 1500s when Spanish explorers first arrived in North America through the late 1900s. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico, Mexican settlement of the American Southwest, periods of heavy Mexican immigration to the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the Mexican American civil rights movement, and trends among Mexican American communities through the 1990s.
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The document summarizes three key events in Mexican history:
1) The Battle of Chapultepec on September 13, 1847 during the Mexican-American War, where six Mexican military cadets fought to the death against superior U.S. forces rather than retreat.
2) The start of the Mexican War of Independence on September 16, 1810, a struggle led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians seeking independence from Spain.
3) The Mexican Revolution beginning in 1910 as an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against dictator Porfirio Díaz, transforming into a multi-sided civil war that produced Mexico's 1917 constitution.
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Tejeros convention and biak na bato republic
The Tejeros Convention was a meeting held on March 22, 1897 in Cavite province where the Katipunan revolutionary forces elected Emilio Aguinaldo as President. Mariano Trías was elected Vice President and Artemio Ricarte as Captain-General. The convention was disorderly and the decisions made were considered illegitimate. This led to the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato on November 1, 1897, with its first constitution. Under this agreement, Aguinaldo and other revolutionaries went into exile in Hong Kong after receiving remuneration in exchange for surrendering their arms.
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